单题项测量:质疑、回应及建议
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摘要
研究者关于单题项测量的争论已久。支持者认为单题项测量具有时间和效率上的优势,而反对者则认为单题项测量的信效度均无法得到保障。通过定性和定量的回顾,归纳了单题项测量的优缺点,剖析了以往研究对单题项测量的种种质疑并逐一进行回应。通过系统梳理,发现单题项测量具有可以接受的信度和效度水平,且多题项测量的效标关联效度并没有显著优于单题项测量。最后,指出了单题项测量开发和使用过程中应该注意的事项。尽管多题项测量仍是当前研究界的主流测量方法,但未来研究者应当更加客观地看待单题项测量。学界应当充分理解单题项测量潜在的优点和适用范围,从而使单题项测量在管理心理学和社会科学研究中发挥其应有的作用。
Single-item measures have long been debated by researchers. Proponents advocate the efficiency of single-item measures, while opponents question reliability and validity of them. Through comprehensive qualitative and quantitative reviews, advantages and disadvantages of single-item measures are summarized,and doubts and debates in the literature are analyzed and responded specially. Through systematic review,results show that single-item measures have acceptable level of reliability and validity. More notably, the criterion-related validity of multi-item measures is not superior than single-item measures. With the review and current findings, issues that should be noted during the development and usage of single-item measures were addressed. Although multi-item measures are more acceptable, single-item measures may also have its legitimacy in academic research. That is, researchers should value the potential advantages and application scope of single-item measures, so that single-item measures can play its appropriate role in managerial psychology and social science research.
Single-item measures have long been debated by researchers. Proponents advocate the efficiency of single-item measures, while opponents question reliability and validity of them. Through comprehensive qualitative and quantitative reviews, advantages and disadvantages of single-item measures are summarized,and doubts and debates in the literature are analyzed and responded specially. Through systematic review,results show that single-item measures have acceptable level of reliability and validity. More notably, the criterion-related validity of multi-item measures is not superior than single-item measures. With the review and current findings, issues that should be noted during the development and usage of single-item measures were addressed. Although multi-item measures are more acceptable, single-item measures may also have its legitimacy in academic research. That is, researchers should value the potential advantages and application scope of single-item measures, so that single-item measures can play its appropriate role in managerial psychology and social science research.
引文
*Abdel-khalek,A.M.(2006).Measuring happiness with a single-item scale.Social Behavior and Personality:An International Journal,34(2),139-150.
Aiken,L.R.(1980).Content validity and reliability of single items or questionnaires.Educational and Psychological Measurement,40(4),955-959.
Ang,L.,&Eisend,M.(2017).Single versus multiple measurement of attitudes:A meta-analysis of advertising studies validates the single-item measure approach.Journal of Advertising Research,58(3),1-10.
Bergkvist,L.(2015).Appropriate use of single-item measures is here to stay.Marketing Letters,26(3),245-255.
Bergkvist,L.,&Rossiter,J.R.(2007).The predictive validity of multiple-item versus single-item measures of the same constructs.Journal of Marketing Research,44(2),175-184.
Borenstein,M.,Hedges,L.V.,Higgins,J.P.T.,&Rothstein,H.R.(2011).Introduction to meta-analysis.United Kingdom:John Wiley&Sons.
*Cheung,F.,&Lucas,R.E.(2014).Assessing the validity of single-item life satisfaction measures:Results from three large samples.Quality of Life Research,23(10),2809-2818.
Churchill,G.A.,&Peter,J.P.(1984).Research design effects on the reliability of rating scales:A meta-analysis.Journal of Marketing Research,21(4),360-375.
Credé,M.,Harms,P.,Niehorster,S.,&Gaye-Valentine,A.(2012).An evaluation of the consequences of using short measures of the big five personality traits.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,102(4),874-888.
*de Boer,A.G.E.M.,van Lanschot,J.J.B.,Stalmeier,J.W.,van Sandick,J.W.,Hulscher,J.B.F.,de Haes,J.C.J.M.,&Sprangers,M.A.G.(2004).Is a single-item visual analogue scale as valid,reliable and responsive as multi-item scales in measuring quality of life?Quality of Life Research,13(2),311-320.
*Denissen,J.J.A.,Geenen,R.,Selfhout,M.,&van Aken,M.A.G.(2010).Single-item big five ratings in a social network design.European Journal of Personality,22(1),37-54.
Diamantopoulos,A.,Sarstedt,M.,Fuchs,C.,Wilczynski,P.,&Kaiser,S.(2012).Guidelines for choosing between multi-item and single-item scales for construct measurement:A predictive validity perspective.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(3),434-449.
Elo,A.L.,Lepp?nen,A.,&Jahkola,A.(2003).Validity of a single-item measure of stress symptoms.Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment&Health,29(6),444-451.
Fisher,C.D.,&To,M.L.(2012).Using experience sampling methodology in organizational behavior.Journal of Organizational Behavior,33(7),865-877.
*Fisher,G.G.,Matthews,R.A.,&Gibbons,A.M.(2016).Developing and investigating the use of single-item measures in organizational research.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,21(1),3-23.
Franke,G.R.,Rapp,A.,&Andzulis,J.M.(2013).Using shortened scales in sales research:Risks,benefits,and strategies.Journal of Personal Selling&Sales Management,33(3),319-328.
Fu,Y-C.(2005).Measuring personal networks with daily contacts:A single-item survey question and the contact diary.Social Networks,27(3),169-186.
Fuchs,C.,&Diamantopoulos,A.(2009).Using single-item measures for construct measurement in management research:Conceptual issues and application guidelines.Die Betriebswirtschaft,69(2),195-210.
*Gardner,D.G.,Cummings,L.L.,Dunham,R.B.,&Pierce,J.L.(1998).Single-item versus multiple-item measurement scales:An empirical comparison.Educational and Psychological Measurement,58(6),898-915.
*Gogol,K.,Brunner,M.,Goetz,T.,Martin,R.,Ugen,S.,Keller,U.,…Preckel,F.(2014)."My questionnaire is too long!"The assessments of motivational-affective constructs with three-item and single-item measures.Contemporary Educational Psychology,39(3),188-205.
Gorsuch,R.L.,&Mcfarland,S.G.(1972).Single vs.Multiple-item scales for measuring religious values.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion,11(1),53-64.
*Gosling,S.D.,Rentfrow,P.J.,&Swann,W.B.(2003).Avery brief measure of the big-five personality domains.Journal of Research in Personality,37(6),504-528.
Hinkin,T.R.(1998).A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires.Organizational Research Methods,1(1),104-121.
*Hoeppner,B.B.,Kelly,J.F.,Urbanoski,K.A.,&Slaymaker,V.(2011).Comparative utility of a single-item vs.Multiple-item measure of self-efficacy in predicting relapse among young adults.Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment,41(3),305-312.
*Jordan,J.S.,&Turner,B.A.(2008).The feasibility of single-item measures for organizational justice.Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science,12(4),237-257.
*Kim,H-J.,&Abraham,I.(2017).Measurement of fatigue:Comparison of the reliability and validity of single-item and short measures to a comprehensive measure.International Journal of Nursing Studies,65,35-43.
*Konrath,S.,Meier,B.P.,&Bushman,B.J.(2018).Development and validation of the single item trait empathy scale(SITES).Journal of Research in Personality,73,111-122.
*Konrath,S.,Meier,B.P.,&Bushman,B.J.(2014).Development and validation of the single item narcissism scale(SINS).Plos One,9(8),e103459.
Konstabel,K.,L?nnqvist,J-E.,Leikas,S.,García,V.R.,Qin,H.,Verkasalo,M.,&Walkowitz,G.(2017).Measuring single constructs by single items:Constructing an even shorter version of the"short five"personality inventory.Plos One,12(8),e0182714.
Konstabel,K.,L?nnqvist,J-E.,Walkowitz,G.,Konstabel,K.,&Verkasalo,M.(2012).The‘short five’(S5):Measuring personality traits using comprehensive single items.European Journal of Personality,26(1),13-29.
*Kwon,H.,&Trail,G.(2005).The feasibility of single-item measures in sport loyalty research.Sport Management Review,8(1),69-88.
*Loo,R.(2002).A caveat on using single-item versus multiple-item scales.Journal of Managerial Psychology,17(1),68-75.
*Macias,C.,Gold,P.B.,?ngür,D.,Cohen,B.M.,&Panch,T.(2015).Are single-item global ratings useful for assessing health status?Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings,22(4),1-14.
*Matthias,S.,&Magdalena,B.(2014).Meta-analytic guidelines for evaluating single-item reliabilities of personality instruments.Assessment,21(3),272-285.
Mosel,J.N.(1953).Single-item tests for personnel screening.Educational and Psychological Measurement,13(2),179-192.
Nair,A.,Ataseven,C.,Habermann,M.,&Dreyfus,D.(2016).Toward a continuum of measurement scales in just-in-time(JIT)research-an examination of the predictive validity of single-item and multiple-item measures.Operations Management Research,9(1-2),35-48.
*Nagy,M.S.(2002).Using a single-item approach to measure facet job satisfaction.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,75(1),77-86.
*Nichols,A.L.,&Webster,G.D.(2013).The single-item need to belong scale.Personality and Individual Differences,55(2),189-192.
*Nú?ez-Pe?a,M.I.,Guilera,G.,&Suárez-Pellicioni,M.(2014).The single-item math anxiety scale(SIMA):An alternative way of measuring mathematical anxiety.Personality and Individual Differences,60(4),S75-S76.
Oshagbemi,T.(1999).Overall job satisfaction:How good are single versus multiple-item measures?Journal of Managerial Psychology,14(5),388-403.
*Postmes,T.,Haslam,S.A.,&Jans,L.(2013).A single-item measure of social identification:Reliability,validity,and utility.British Journal of Social Psychology,52(4),597-617.
*Reysen,S.,Katzarska-Miller,I.,Nesbit,S.M.,&Pierce,L.(2013).Further validation of a single-item measure of social identification.European Journal of Social Psychology,43(6),463-470.
Riordan,B.C.,Cody,L.,Flett,J.A.M.,Conner,T.S.,Hunter,J.,&Scarf,D.(2018).The development of a single item FoMO(Fear of Missing Out)scale.Current Psychology,doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9824-8.
*Robins,R.W.,Hendin,H.M.,&Trzesniewski,K.H.(2001).Measuring global self-esteem:Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,27(2),151-161.
Roelen,C.A.,van Rhenen,W.,Groothoff,J.W.,van der Klink,J.J.,Twisk,J.W.,&Heymans,M.W.(2014).Work ability as prognostic risk marker of disability pension:Single-item work ability score versus multi-item work ability index.Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment&Health,40(4),428-431.
Roelen,C.A.M.,Heymans,M.W.,Twisk,J.W.R.,Laaksonen,M.,Pallesen,S.L.,Mager?y,N.,…Bjorvatn,B.(2015).Health measures in prediction models for high sickness absence:Single-item self-rated health versus multi-item SF-12.European Journal of Public Health,25(4),668-672.
*Russell,J.A.,Weiss,A.,Mendelsohn,G.A.(1989).Affect grid:A single-item scale of pleasure and arousal.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,57(3),493-502.
Sarstedt,M.,Diamantopoulos,A.,&Salzberger,T.(2016).Should we use single items?Better not.Journal of Business Research,69(8),3199-3203.
Sarstedt,M.,Diamantopoulos,A.,Salzberger,T.,&Baumgartner,P.(2016).Selecting single items to measure doubly concrete constructs:A cautionary tale.Journal of Business Research,69(8),3159-3167.
Sp?rrle,M.,&Bekk,M.(2014).Meta-analytic guidelines for evaluating single-item reliabilities of personality instruments.Assessment,21(3),272-285.
van der Linden,S.,&Rosenthal,S.A.(2016).Measuring narcissism with a single question?A replication and extension of the single-item narcissism scale(SINS).Personality and Individual Differences,90(3),238-241.
*van der Linden,S.,&Rosenthal,S.A.(2016).Measuring narcissism with a single question?A replication and extension of the single-item narcissism scale(SINS).Personality and Individual Differences,90(3),238-241.
*Wanous,J.P.,&Hudy,M.J.(2001).Single-item reliability:A replication and extension.Organizational Research Methods,4(4),361-375.
*Wanous,J.P.,Reichers,A.E.,&Hudy,M.J.(1997).Overall job satisfaction:How good are single-item measures?Journal of Applied Psychology,82(2),247-252.
Wohlgemuth,V.,&Wenzel,M.(2016).Dynamic capabilities and routinization.Journal of Business Research,69(5),1944-1948.
*Woods,S.A.,&Hampson,S.E.(2005).Measuring the big five with single items using a bipolar response scale.European Journal of Personality,19(5),373-390.
Zimmerman,M.,Ruggero,C.J.,Chelminski,I.,Young,D.,Posternak,M.A.,Friedman,M.,…Attiullah,N.(2006).Developing brief scales for use in clinical practice:The reliability and validity of single-item self-report measures of depression symptom severity,psychosocial impairment due to depression,and quality of life.Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,67(10),1536-1541.
1 用于统计分析的文献已在文后参考文献中标注星号(*)
2 表2和表3中用于元分析的文献已在参考文献中标注星号(*),这些文献主要是在Web of Science和Google Scholar中检索获得的,检索时间限定在1988年1月~2018年6月。效应值编码工作由两位作者独立开展,首轮一致性率超过90%,不一致的地方由两位作者共同核对修正。元分析软件为CMA 2.0,分析模型为随机效应模型(Borenstein et al., 2011)。
Aiken,L.R.(1980).Content validity and reliability of single items or questionnaires.Educational and Psychological Measurement,40(4),955-959.
Ang,L.,&Eisend,M.(2017).Single versus multiple measurement of attitudes:A meta-analysis of advertising studies validates the single-item measure approach.Journal of Advertising Research,58(3),1-10.
Bergkvist,L.(2015).Appropriate use of single-item measures is here to stay.Marketing Letters,26(3),245-255.
Bergkvist,L.,&Rossiter,J.R.(2007).The predictive validity of multiple-item versus single-item measures of the same constructs.Journal of Marketing Research,44(2),175-184.
Borenstein,M.,Hedges,L.V.,Higgins,J.P.T.,&Rothstein,H.R.(2011).Introduction to meta-analysis.United Kingdom:John Wiley&Sons.
*Cheung,F.,&Lucas,R.E.(2014).Assessing the validity of single-item life satisfaction measures:Results from three large samples.Quality of Life Research,23(10),2809-2818.
Churchill,G.A.,&Peter,J.P.(1984).Research design effects on the reliability of rating scales:A meta-analysis.Journal of Marketing Research,21(4),360-375.
Credé,M.,Harms,P.,Niehorster,S.,&Gaye-Valentine,A.(2012).An evaluation of the consequences of using short measures of the big five personality traits.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,102(4),874-888.
*de Boer,A.G.E.M.,van Lanschot,J.J.B.,Stalmeier,J.W.,van Sandick,J.W.,Hulscher,J.B.F.,de Haes,J.C.J.M.,&Sprangers,M.A.G.(2004).Is a single-item visual analogue scale as valid,reliable and responsive as multi-item scales in measuring quality of life?Quality of Life Research,13(2),311-320.
*Denissen,J.J.A.,Geenen,R.,Selfhout,M.,&van Aken,M.A.G.(2010).Single-item big five ratings in a social network design.European Journal of Personality,22(1),37-54.
Diamantopoulos,A.,Sarstedt,M.,Fuchs,C.,Wilczynski,P.,&Kaiser,S.(2012).Guidelines for choosing between multi-item and single-item scales for construct measurement:A predictive validity perspective.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(3),434-449.
Elo,A.L.,Lepp?nen,A.,&Jahkola,A.(2003).Validity of a single-item measure of stress symptoms.Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment&Health,29(6),444-451.
Fisher,C.D.,&To,M.L.(2012).Using experience sampling methodology in organizational behavior.Journal of Organizational Behavior,33(7),865-877.
*Fisher,G.G.,Matthews,R.A.,&Gibbons,A.M.(2016).Developing and investigating the use of single-item measures in organizational research.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,21(1),3-23.
Franke,G.R.,Rapp,A.,&Andzulis,J.M.(2013).Using shortened scales in sales research:Risks,benefits,and strategies.Journal of Personal Selling&Sales Management,33(3),319-328.
Fu,Y-C.(2005).Measuring personal networks with daily contacts:A single-item survey question and the contact diary.Social Networks,27(3),169-186.
Fuchs,C.,&Diamantopoulos,A.(2009).Using single-item measures for construct measurement in management research:Conceptual issues and application guidelines.Die Betriebswirtschaft,69(2),195-210.
*Gardner,D.G.,Cummings,L.L.,Dunham,R.B.,&Pierce,J.L.(1998).Single-item versus multiple-item measurement scales:An empirical comparison.Educational and Psychological Measurement,58(6),898-915.
*Gogol,K.,Brunner,M.,Goetz,T.,Martin,R.,Ugen,S.,Keller,U.,…Preckel,F.(2014)."My questionnaire is too long!"The assessments of motivational-affective constructs with three-item and single-item measures.Contemporary Educational Psychology,39(3),188-205.
Gorsuch,R.L.,&Mcfarland,S.G.(1972).Single vs.Multiple-item scales for measuring religious values.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion,11(1),53-64.
*Gosling,S.D.,Rentfrow,P.J.,&Swann,W.B.(2003).Avery brief measure of the big-five personality domains.Journal of Research in Personality,37(6),504-528.
Hinkin,T.R.(1998).A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires.Organizational Research Methods,1(1),104-121.
*Hoeppner,B.B.,Kelly,J.F.,Urbanoski,K.A.,&Slaymaker,V.(2011).Comparative utility of a single-item vs.Multiple-item measure of self-efficacy in predicting relapse among young adults.Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment,41(3),305-312.
*Jordan,J.S.,&Turner,B.A.(2008).The feasibility of single-item measures for organizational justice.Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science,12(4),237-257.
*Kim,H-J.,&Abraham,I.(2017).Measurement of fatigue:Comparison of the reliability and validity of single-item and short measures to a comprehensive measure.International Journal of Nursing Studies,65,35-43.
*Konrath,S.,Meier,B.P.,&Bushman,B.J.(2018).Development and validation of the single item trait empathy scale(SITES).Journal of Research in Personality,73,111-122.
*Konrath,S.,Meier,B.P.,&Bushman,B.J.(2014).Development and validation of the single item narcissism scale(SINS).Plos One,9(8),e103459.
Konstabel,K.,L?nnqvist,J-E.,Leikas,S.,García,V.R.,Qin,H.,Verkasalo,M.,&Walkowitz,G.(2017).Measuring single constructs by single items:Constructing an even shorter version of the"short five"personality inventory.Plos One,12(8),e0182714.
Konstabel,K.,L?nnqvist,J-E.,Walkowitz,G.,Konstabel,K.,&Verkasalo,M.(2012).The‘short five’(S5):Measuring personality traits using comprehensive single items.European Journal of Personality,26(1),13-29.
*Kwon,H.,&Trail,G.(2005).The feasibility of single-item measures in sport loyalty research.Sport Management Review,8(1),69-88.
*Loo,R.(2002).A caveat on using single-item versus multiple-item scales.Journal of Managerial Psychology,17(1),68-75.
*Macias,C.,Gold,P.B.,?ngür,D.,Cohen,B.M.,&Panch,T.(2015).Are single-item global ratings useful for assessing health status?Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings,22(4),1-14.
*Matthias,S.,&Magdalena,B.(2014).Meta-analytic guidelines for evaluating single-item reliabilities of personality instruments.Assessment,21(3),272-285.
Mosel,J.N.(1953).Single-item tests for personnel screening.Educational and Psychological Measurement,13(2),179-192.
Nair,A.,Ataseven,C.,Habermann,M.,&Dreyfus,D.(2016).Toward a continuum of measurement scales in just-in-time(JIT)research-an examination of the predictive validity of single-item and multiple-item measures.Operations Management Research,9(1-2),35-48.
*Nagy,M.S.(2002).Using a single-item approach to measure facet job satisfaction.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,75(1),77-86.
*Nichols,A.L.,&Webster,G.D.(2013).The single-item need to belong scale.Personality and Individual Differences,55(2),189-192.
*Nú?ez-Pe?a,M.I.,Guilera,G.,&Suárez-Pellicioni,M.(2014).The single-item math anxiety scale(SIMA):An alternative way of measuring mathematical anxiety.Personality and Individual Differences,60(4),S75-S76.
Oshagbemi,T.(1999).Overall job satisfaction:How good are single versus multiple-item measures?Journal of Managerial Psychology,14(5),388-403.
*Postmes,T.,Haslam,S.A.,&Jans,L.(2013).A single-item measure of social identification:Reliability,validity,and utility.British Journal of Social Psychology,52(4),597-617.
*Reysen,S.,Katzarska-Miller,I.,Nesbit,S.M.,&Pierce,L.(2013).Further validation of a single-item measure of social identification.European Journal of Social Psychology,43(6),463-470.
Riordan,B.C.,Cody,L.,Flett,J.A.M.,Conner,T.S.,Hunter,J.,&Scarf,D.(2018).The development of a single item FoMO(Fear of Missing Out)scale.Current Psychology,doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9824-8.
*Robins,R.W.,Hendin,H.M.,&Trzesniewski,K.H.(2001).Measuring global self-esteem:Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,27(2),151-161.
Roelen,C.A.,van Rhenen,W.,Groothoff,J.W.,van der Klink,J.J.,Twisk,J.W.,&Heymans,M.W.(2014).Work ability as prognostic risk marker of disability pension:Single-item work ability score versus multi-item work ability index.Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment&Health,40(4),428-431.
Roelen,C.A.M.,Heymans,M.W.,Twisk,J.W.R.,Laaksonen,M.,Pallesen,S.L.,Mager?y,N.,…Bjorvatn,B.(2015).Health measures in prediction models for high sickness absence:Single-item self-rated health versus multi-item SF-12.European Journal of Public Health,25(4),668-672.
*Russell,J.A.,Weiss,A.,Mendelsohn,G.A.(1989).Affect grid:A single-item scale of pleasure and arousal.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,57(3),493-502.
Sarstedt,M.,Diamantopoulos,A.,&Salzberger,T.(2016).Should we use single items?Better not.Journal of Business Research,69(8),3199-3203.
Sarstedt,M.,Diamantopoulos,A.,Salzberger,T.,&Baumgartner,P.(2016).Selecting single items to measure doubly concrete constructs:A cautionary tale.Journal of Business Research,69(8),3159-3167.
Sp?rrle,M.,&Bekk,M.(2014).Meta-analytic guidelines for evaluating single-item reliabilities of personality instruments.Assessment,21(3),272-285.
van der Linden,S.,&Rosenthal,S.A.(2016).Measuring narcissism with a single question?A replication and extension of the single-item narcissism scale(SINS).Personality and Individual Differences,90(3),238-241.
*van der Linden,S.,&Rosenthal,S.A.(2016).Measuring narcissism with a single question?A replication and extension of the single-item narcissism scale(SINS).Personality and Individual Differences,90(3),238-241.
*Wanous,J.P.,&Hudy,M.J.(2001).Single-item reliability:A replication and extension.Organizational Research Methods,4(4),361-375.
*Wanous,J.P.,Reichers,A.E.,&Hudy,M.J.(1997).Overall job satisfaction:How good are single-item measures?Journal of Applied Psychology,82(2),247-252.
Wohlgemuth,V.,&Wenzel,M.(2016).Dynamic capabilities and routinization.Journal of Business Research,69(5),1944-1948.
*Woods,S.A.,&Hampson,S.E.(2005).Measuring the big five with single items using a bipolar response scale.European Journal of Personality,19(5),373-390.
Zimmerman,M.,Ruggero,C.J.,Chelminski,I.,Young,D.,Posternak,M.A.,Friedman,M.,…Attiullah,N.(2006).Developing brief scales for use in clinical practice:The reliability and validity of single-item self-report measures of depression symptom severity,psychosocial impairment due to depression,and quality of life.Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,67(10),1536-1541.
1 用于统计分析的文献已在文后参考文献中标注星号(*)
2 表2和表3中用于元分析的文献已在参考文献中标注星号(*),这些文献主要是在Web of Science和Google Scholar中检索获得的,检索时间限定在1988年1月~2018年6月。效应值编码工作由两位作者独立开展,首轮一致性率超过90%,不一致的地方由两位作者共同核对修正。元分析软件为CMA 2.0,分析模型为随机效应模型(Borenstein et al., 2011)。