切流-横轴流玉米脱粒系统改进设计及台架试验
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摘要
对玉米脱粒过程的研究,理论分析与数学建模存在着理想假设的局限性,整机田间试验受制于系统结构、环境条件而不能深入测试分析。为便于室内研究玉米脱粒过程,以4YL-4/5型收获机脱粒系统为参照,设计了切流-横轴流脱粒试验系统,结构设计模块化,可根据需要更换脱粒滚筒等关键零部件或调整技术参数,以便兼顾开展多种谷物脱粒试验研究。工作参数标定表明,试验台架可满足最高37 k W的工作负载,满足滚筒线速度为0~29.06 m/s、喂入量为0~8.08kg/s的谷物脱粒试验。在入口脱粒间隙为36 mm,出口间隙为12 mm,喂入量为2.6 kg/s的条件下,切流滚筒采用螺旋柱齿结构、横轴流滚筒采用柱齿-板齿结构形式,以不同的横轴流滚筒线速度为测试速度,对含水率在22%~32%的玉米果穗进行脱粒试验,试验表明:切流滚筒的脱粒物质量占比随着含水率的增加而减弱,当含水率在28%以下,切流滚筒与横轴流滚筒脱粒筛分段的脱粒能力几乎相当,当含水率高于28%,切流滚筒的脱粒物质量占比下降明显。脱粒系统在线速度15.84~18.72 m/s和含水率为22%~26%的条件下,籽粒破碎率指标满足国标规定值≤5%。在滚筒线速度为17.28 m/s、含水率为24%~26%区间内,脱粒系统的籽粒破碎率最低,平均值为1.7%。通过脱粒试验台,将玉米脱粒过程的试验研究与田间测试有效结合,可为玉米籽粒收获机脱粒系统的设计提供科学依据。
The research on the process of maize threshing, the theoretical analysis and the mathematical modeling have the limitation of ideal hypothesis. The field experiment of whole machine is subject to the system structure or the site and can not be deeply analyzed. Therefore, based on the situation of breeding varieties in Huang-Huai-Hai region, the characteristics of agricultural farming, and the status quo of harvesting machinery, in order to facilitate the study of corn threshing process indoors, with the 4 YL-4/5 harvester threshing system, the structural design is optimized, and a tangential flow-transverse axial flow threshing test system is designed. The technical parameters and threshing test scheme of threshing mechanism are studied to reduce the grain broken rate, which is the primary target, and at the same time, we explore the technological potential of the maize kernel harvesting and explore the technical bottlenecks that restrict the industrialization development of maize production in the region. The test bench consists of power system, feeding system, threshing system and auxiliary mechanism, and the structure design is modular, the concave threshing clearance can be adjusted, and different styles of threshing drums or concave plate sieve components can be replaced according to the need, in order to carry out a variety of grain threshing test research. The calibration of the working parameters indicates that the test system can meet the maximum load of 37 k W, and meet the test requirements of the threshing peripheral velocity between 0-29.06 m/s and the feeding amount between 0-8.08 kg/s. Based on the statistical analysis of the biological characteristics of tested maize ear, under the condition that the inlet threshing clearance is 36 mm, the outlet threshing clearance is 12 mm and the feeding amount is 2.6 kg/s, tangential flow feeding drum with spiral tooth structure and transverse axial flow drum with column tooth-plate tooth structure are used to thresh the corn ear with water content of 22%-32%, taking different peripheral velocities of transverse axial flow threshing drum as the test speed. The experiments show that, the threshing capacity of the tangential flow drum decreases with the increase of the moisture content. When the moisture content is below 28%, the threshing capacity of the tangential drum is almost equal to threshing sieving section of the transverse flow drum. When the water content is higher than 28%, the threshing capacity of the tangential flow drum decreases significantly. The grain broken rate index of the threshing system satisfies the national standard of equal to or lower than 5% under the condition of the drum peripheral velocity of 15.84-18.72 m/s and the moisture content of 22%-26%. With the drum peripheral velocity of 17.28 m/s and the moisture content of 24%-26%, the threshing system has the lowest grain broken rate with an average of 1.7%. Through the threshing test system, the theoretical analysis of maize threshing process can be effectively combined with the field experiment, and the related experimental conclusions provide a scientific basis for the design of the corn combine harvester threshing system.
The research on the process of maize threshing, the theoretical analysis and the mathematical modeling have the limitation of ideal hypothesis. The field experiment of whole machine is subject to the system structure or the site and can not be deeply analyzed. Therefore, based on the situation of breeding varieties in Huang-Huai-Hai region, the characteristics of agricultural farming, and the status quo of harvesting machinery, in order to facilitate the study of corn threshing process indoors, with the 4 YL-4/5 harvester threshing system, the structural design is optimized, and a tangential flow-transverse axial flow threshing test system is designed. The technical parameters and threshing test scheme of threshing mechanism are studied to reduce the grain broken rate, which is the primary target, and at the same time, we explore the technological potential of the maize kernel harvesting and explore the technical bottlenecks that restrict the industrialization development of maize production in the region. The test bench consists of power system, feeding system, threshing system and auxiliary mechanism, and the structure design is modular, the concave threshing clearance can be adjusted, and different styles of threshing drums or concave plate sieve components can be replaced according to the need, in order to carry out a variety of grain threshing test research. The calibration of the working parameters indicates that the test system can meet the maximum load of 37 k W, and meet the test requirements of the threshing peripheral velocity between 0-29.06 m/s and the feeding amount between 0-8.08 kg/s. Based on the statistical analysis of the biological characteristics of tested maize ear, under the condition that the inlet threshing clearance is 36 mm, the outlet threshing clearance is 12 mm and the feeding amount is 2.6 kg/s, tangential flow feeding drum with spiral tooth structure and transverse axial flow drum with column tooth-plate tooth structure are used to thresh the corn ear with water content of 22%-32%, taking different peripheral velocities of transverse axial flow threshing drum as the test speed. The experiments show that, the threshing capacity of the tangential flow drum decreases with the increase of the moisture content. When the moisture content is below 28%, the threshing capacity of the tangential drum is almost equal to threshing sieving section of the transverse flow drum. When the water content is higher than 28%, the threshing capacity of the tangential flow drum decreases significantly. The grain broken rate index of the threshing system satisfies the national standard of equal to or lower than 5% under the condition of the drum peripheral velocity of 15.84-18.72 m/s and the moisture content of 22%-26%. With the drum peripheral velocity of 17.28 m/s and the moisture content of 24%-26%, the threshing system has the lowest grain broken rate with an average of 1.7%. Through the threshing test system, the theoretical analysis of maize threshing process can be effectively combined with the field experiment, and the related experimental conclusions provide a scientific basis for the design of the corn combine harvester threshing system.
引文
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[2]李少昆,王克如,谢瑞芝,等.玉米子粒机械收获破碎率研究[J].作物杂志,2017(2):76-80.Li Shaokun,Wang Keru,Xie Ruizhi,et al.Grain breakage rate of maize by mechanical harvesting in China[J].Crops,2017(2):76-80.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[4]Mohamed A F,Abdel M.Mechanical properties of corn kernels[J].Misr J.Ag.Eng.,2009,26(4):1901-1922.
[5]李心平,李玉柱,马福丽,等.玉米种子抗压特性及裂纹生成规律[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(8):94-98.Li Xinping,Li Yuzhu,Ma Fuli,et al.Anti-pressing properties and crack formation law of corn seed[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(8):94-98.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]牛海华,赵武云,史增录.玉米籽粒力学特性的研究进展及应用[J].中国农机化,2011(2):101-104.Niu Haihua,Zhao Wuyun,Shi Zenglu.Progress of research and application in mechanical properties of corn kernel[J].Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2011(2):101-104.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]徐立章,李耀明,王显仁.谷物脱粒损伤的研究进展分析[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(1):303-307.Xu Lizhang,Li Yaoming,Wang Xianren.Research development of grain damage during threshing[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(1):303-307.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]Volkovas V,Petkevi?ius S,?pokas L.Establishment of maize grain elasticity on the basis of impact load[J].Mechanika,2006,6(62):64-67.
[9]侯明涛,张红梅,王万章,等.玉米籽粒物理机械特性及机械化收获适应性[J].江苏农业科学,2016,77(7):354-357.Hou Mingtao,Zhang Hongmei,Wang Wanzhang,et al.Physical and mechanical properties of maize kernels and adaptability of mechanized harvest[J].Journal of Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2016,77(7):354-357.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]张新伟,易克传,高连兴.玉米种子与脱粒部件碰撞过程中的接触力学分析[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(14):285-290.Zhang Xinwei,Yi Kechuan,Gao Lianxing.Contacting mechanics analysis during impact process between corn seeds and threshing component[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015,31(14):285-290.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]张克平,贾娟娟,吴劲锋.谷物力学特性研究进展[J].食品工业科技,2014,35(2):369-374.Zhang Keping,Jia Juanjuan,Wu Jinfeng.Research progress in the mechanical properties of cereal[J].Science and Technology of Food Industry,2014,35(2):369-374.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]相茂国,张道林,李春宁,等.影响玉米脱粒性能的因素分析与研究[J].农机化研究,2015(1):188-191.Xiang Maoguo,Zhang Daolin,Li Chunning,et al.Analysis of influence factor on corn threshing performance[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2015(1):188-191.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]Petkevi?ius S,?pokas L,Steponavi?ius D.Substantiation of technological parameters of wet maize ear threshing[J].Agronomy Research,2008,6(Supp.):271-280.
[14]?pokas L,Steponavi?ius D,Petkevi?ius S.Impact of technological parameters of threshing apparatus on grain damage[J].Agronomy Research,2008,6(Supp.):367-376.
[15]蔡超杰.玉米种穗脱粒装置的研究[D].北京:中国农业机械化科学研究院,2016.Cai Chaojie.Research on Seed Corn Threshing Device[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]赵武云.组合式螺旋板齿种子玉米脱粒装置研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2012.Zhao Wuyun.Research on Combined Type of Spiral Bar Tooth Threshing Mechanism for Seed Corn[D].Yangling:North West Agriculture and Forestry University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Petre I M.Combine Harvesters Theory,Modeling and Design[M].Boca Raton:Taylor&Francis Group,2016.
[18]Petre I M,Heinz-Dieter K.Modeling and simulation of grain threshing and separation in threshing units-Part I[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2008,60(1):96-104.
[19]Petre I M,Heinz-Dieter K.Modeling and simulation of grain threshing and separation in axial threshing units-Part II[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2008,60(1):105-109.
[20]Petre I M,Heinz-Dieter K.Mathematical model of material kinematics in an axial threshing unit[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2007,58(2):93-99.
[21]Petre I M.Mathematical model of threshing process in an axial unit with tangential feeding[C]//AIC 2002 Meeting CSAE/SCGR Program,Saskatoon,2002:1-8.
[22]Tijskens E,Ramon H,Baerdemaeker J D.Discrete element modelling for process simulation in agriculture[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2003,266(3):493-514.
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