轴流式玉米脱粒装置钉齿元件优化与试验
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摘要
为降低黄淮海地区高含水率玉米果穗脱粒时的破碎率,以轴流钉齿式玉米籽粒收获机的脱粒系统为基础,通过对钉齿工作过程理论分析,优化设计一种弧面钉齿;利用离散元软件(Engineering discrete element method,EDEM),分别对梯形钉齿与弧面钉齿与果穗接触时的受力进行分析,得到梯形钉齿和弧面钉齿与果穗接触时受到的切向力均值分别24. 47、20. 65 N,法向力均值分别为50. 93、45. 47 N。分别采用Q235钢、丁腈橡胶套和聚氨酯橡胶材料制作弧面钉齿,以滚筒转速、脱粒间隙、喂入量为变量进行单因素试验,试验材料为籽粒含水率为28%的郑单958。结果表明,当果穗喂入量为10 kg/s、脱粒间隙为55 mm、滚筒转速为300 r/min,采用丁腈橡胶套弧面钉齿和聚氨酯橡胶弧面钉齿脱粒时,破碎率较传统梯形钉齿下降20%,未脱净率不大于1. 02%。该研究可为解决高含水率情况下果穗脱粒装置的设计提供参考。
Corn with high moisture content in Huang-Huai-Hai region of China had a high moisture when it was harvested,which caused high broken rate and un-threshing rate when mechanical harvesting and restricted the development of corn grain harvest. There were many current studies on corn threshing process at home and abroad. But most studies were on the structure of corn threshing machine. Based on the threshing system of axial flow corn threshing device,through the theoretical analysis of working process of spike-tooth,a kind of curved spike-tooth was designed and optimized to solve the problems.The distinct element method(DEM) was a numerical simulation method for dealing with discontinuous medium problems,which was widely used in the field of bulk material processing. Enhanced distinct element method(EDEM) software was a general computer aided engineering(CAE) analysis software based on the DEM,which was commonly used to simulate and analyze particle processing and operating system in industry and agricultural production. The discrete element simulation model of threshing process was established by using discrete element software EDEM,and the normal force and tangential force of trapezoid spike-tooth and curved spike-tooth were determined by studying the mechanism. The simulation result showed that the tangential force of trapezoid spike-tooth and curved spike-tooth was 24. 47 N and20. 65 N,respectively,and the average force of normal force was 50. 93 N and 45. 47 N,respectively.The threshing test was compared with the traditional trapezoidal spike-tooth with different materials. The result showed that breaking rate of Q235 trapezoid,Q235,NBR and polyurethane rubber was 10. 23%,9. 84%,8. 03% and 8. 35%,and un-threshing rate was 0. 53%,0. 92%,0. 77% and 1. 02%,respectively. The corn breaking rate was 20% lower than that of the traditional nail,and un-threshing rate was no more than 1. 02%. The single factor test was carried out with the factors of roller speed,threshing clearance and feeding amount as factors. Zhengdan 958 with grain moisture content of 28% wasset as test material. When using NBR nailed teeth,the feeding amount of corn ear was 10 kg/s,the threshing clearance was 55 mm,the drum speed was 300 r/min,the threshing results showed that breaking rate and un-threshing rate was 8. 03% and 0. 77%,respectively,which had the best threshing effect. The threshing roller was divided into four sections along the axis,and the distribution of the number of falling corn and corn breaking rate in the threshing test were analyzed. The results showed that the first two sections of the drum were the main threshing area of fruit spike,and the amount of falling grain was about 80% of total grain quantity,and the first section of drum was larger in the threshing of the fruit ear,and the corn breaking rate was the highest. The design of the curved spike-tooth not only had reasonable structure but also the material of spike-tooth was easy to replace and the threshing effect was good. It provided a reference for the design of spike threshing device in the case of high water cut.
Corn with high moisture content in Huang-Huai-Hai region of China had a high moisture when it was harvested,which caused high broken rate and un-threshing rate when mechanical harvesting and restricted the development of corn grain harvest. There were many current studies on corn threshing process at home and abroad. But most studies were on the structure of corn threshing machine. Based on the threshing system of axial flow corn threshing device,through the theoretical analysis of working process of spike-tooth,a kind of curved spike-tooth was designed and optimized to solve the problems.The distinct element method(DEM) was a numerical simulation method for dealing with discontinuous medium problems,which was widely used in the field of bulk material processing. Enhanced distinct element method(EDEM) software was a general computer aided engineering(CAE) analysis software based on the DEM,which was commonly used to simulate and analyze particle processing and operating system in industry and agricultural production. The discrete element simulation model of threshing process was established by using discrete element software EDEM,and the normal force and tangential force of trapezoid spike-tooth and curved spike-tooth were determined by studying the mechanism. The simulation result showed that the tangential force of trapezoid spike-tooth and curved spike-tooth was 24. 47 N and20. 65 N,respectively,and the average force of normal force was 50. 93 N and 45. 47 N,respectively.The threshing test was compared with the traditional trapezoidal spike-tooth with different materials. The result showed that breaking rate of Q235 trapezoid,Q235,NBR and polyurethane rubber was 10. 23%,9. 84%,8. 03% and 8. 35%,and un-threshing rate was 0. 53%,0. 92%,0. 77% and 1. 02%,respectively. The corn breaking rate was 20% lower than that of the traditional nail,and un-threshing rate was no more than 1. 02%. The single factor test was carried out with the factors of roller speed,threshing clearance and feeding amount as factors. Zhengdan 958 with grain moisture content of 28% wasset as test material. When using NBR nailed teeth,the feeding amount of corn ear was 10 kg/s,the threshing clearance was 55 mm,the drum speed was 300 r/min,the threshing results showed that breaking rate and un-threshing rate was 8. 03% and 0. 77%,respectively,which had the best threshing effect. The threshing roller was divided into four sections along the axis,and the distribution of the number of falling corn and corn breaking rate in the threshing test were analyzed. The results showed that the first two sections of the drum were the main threshing area of fruit spike,and the amount of falling grain was about 80% of total grain quantity,and the first section of drum was larger in the threshing of the fruit ear,and the corn breaking rate was the highest. The design of the curved spike-tooth not only had reasonable structure but also the material of spike-tooth was easy to replace and the threshing effect was good. It provided a reference for the design of spike threshing device in the case of high water cut.
引文
1李心平,高连兴.差速式玉米种子脱粒机的性能试验[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(12):102-106.LI Xinping,GAO Lianxing.Performance test on corn thresher with different-speed threshing parts[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2009,25(12):102-106.(in Chinese)
2李淑芳,张春宵,路明,等.玉米籽粒自然脱水速率研究进展[J].分子植物育种,2014,12(4):825-829.LI Shufang,ZHANG Chunxiao,LU Ming,et al.Research development of kernel dehydration rate in maize[J].Molecular Plant Breeding,2014,12(4):825-829.(in Chinese)
3徐立章,李耀明,王显仁.谷物脱粒损伤的研究进展分析[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(1):303-307.XU Lizhang,LI Yaoming,WANG Xianren.Research development of grain damage during threshing[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2009,25(1):303-307.(in Chinese)
4罗锡文,廖娟,胡炼,等.提高农业机械化水平促进农业可持续发展[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(1):1-11.LUO Xiwen,LIAO Juan,HU Lian,et al.Improving agricultural mechanization level to promote agricultural sustainable development[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(1):1-11.(in Chinese)
5 BABI'C L J,RADOJIN M,PAVKOV I,et al.Physical properties and compression loading behaviour of corn seed[J].International Agrophysics,2013,27(2):119-126.
6 MOHAMED A F,ABDEL M.Mechanical properties of corn kernels[J].Misr J.Ag.Eng.,2009,26(4):1901-1922.
7李心平,李玉柱,马福丽,等.玉米种子抗压特性及裂纹生成规律[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(8):94-98.LI Xinping,LI Yuzhu,MA Fuli,et al.Anti-pressing properties and crack formation law of corn seed[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(8):94-98.(in Chinese)
8牛海华,赵武云,史增录.玉米籽粒力学特性的研究进展及应用[J].中国农机化,2011(2):101-104.NIU Haihua,ZHAO Wuyun,SHI Zenglu.Progress of research and application in mechanical properties of corn kernel[J].Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2011(2):101-104.(in Chinese)
9 VOLKOVAS V,PETKEVIˇCIUS S,POKAS L.Establishment of maize grain elasticity on the basis of impact load[J].Mechanika,2006,6(62):64-67.
10侯明涛,张红梅,王万章,等.玉米籽粒物理机械特性及机械化收获适应性[J].江苏农业科学,2016,44(7):354-357.HOU Mingtao,ZHANG Hongmei,WANG Wanzhang,et al.Physical and mechanical properties of maize kernels and adaptability of mechanized harvest[J].Journal of Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2016,44(7):354-357.(in Chinese)
11张新伟,易克传,高连兴.玉米种子与脱粒部件碰撞过程中的接触力学分析[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(14):285-290.ZHANG Xinwei,YI Kechuan,GAO Lianxing.Contacting mechanics analysis during impact process between corn seeds and threshing component[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015,31(14):285-290.(in Chinese)
12周旭.玉米种子脱粒损伤机理与低损伤脱粒原理研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2006.ZHOU Xu.Research of the damage mechanism of seed corn and threshing technology with lower damage abstract[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University,2006.(in Chinese)
13李心平,高连兴,马福丽,等.玉米种子籽粒冲击损伤的试验[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2007,38(1):89-93.LI Xinping,GAO Lianxing,MA Fuli,et al.Experimental research of corn seed kernel on the impacting damage[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2007,38(1):89-93.(in Chinese)
14李晓峰,接鑫,张永丽,等.玉米种子内部机械裂纹检测与机理研究[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(12):143-147.LI Xiaofeng,JIE Xin,ZHANG Yongli,et al.Detecting and research on characteristics and mechanism of inner mechanical cracks of corn seed kernels[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2010,41(12):143-147.(in Chinese)
15 PETKEVIˇCIUS S,POKAS L,STEPONAVIˇCIUS D.Substantiation of technological parameters of wet maize ear threshing[J].Agronomy Research,2008,6(Supp.):271-280.
16POKAS L,STEPONAVIˇCIUS D,PETKEVIˇCIUS S.Impact of technological parameters of threshing apparatus on grain damage[J].Agronomy Research,2008,6(Supp.):367-376.
17蔡超杰.玉米种穗脱粒装置的研究[D].北京:中国农业机械化科学研究院,2016.CAI Chaojie.Research on seed corn threshing device[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences,2016.(in Chinese)
18李心平,马福丽,高连兴.差速式玉米种子脱粒机的设计[J].农业机械学报,2008,39(8):192-195.LI Xinping,MA Fuli,GAO Lianxing.Design on seed corn thresher with different speeds threshing parts[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2008,39(8):192-195.(in Chinese)
19侯守印,陈海涛.立式轴流大豆育种脱粒机参数优化[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(5):19-25.HOU Shouyin,CHEN Haitao.Parameters optimization of vertical axial flow thresher for soybean breeding[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(5):19-25.(in Chinese)
20李耀明,陈洋,徐立章,等.斜置切纵流联合收获机脱粒分离装置结构参数优化[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(9):56-61.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20160909&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.09.009.LI Yaoming,CHEN Yang,XU Lizhang,et al.Optimization of structural parameters for threshing and separating device in oblique tangential-longitudinal combine[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(9):56-61.(in Chinese)
21柳建安,李伟杰.螺旋挤搓式玉米脱粒机的设计[J].农机化研究,2010,32(8):82-85.LIU Jian'an,LI Weijie.The design of spiral corn sheller by extruding and rubbing method[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2010,32(8):82-85.(in Chinese)
22赵武云,郭康权.组合式螺旋板齿种子玉米脱粒机工作参数优化[J/OL].农业机械学报,2012,43(12):56-61.http:∥www.jcsam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20121211&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2012.12.011.ZHAO Wuyun,GUO Kangquan.Parameters optimization of combined spiral bar tooth thresher for maize seed[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(12):56-61.(in Chinese)
23何晓鹏,刘春和,师建芳,等.挤搓式玉米脱粒机的研制[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(2):105-108.HE Xiaopeng,LIU Chunhe,SHI Jianfang,et al.Research and design on corn sheller by extruding and rubbing method[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2003,19(2):105-108.(in Chinese)
24李心平,马义东,金鑫,等.玉米种子仿生脱粒机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2015,46(7):97-101.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20150715&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.07.015.LI Xinping,MA Yidong,JIN Xin,et al.Design and test of corn seed bionic thresher[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(7):97-101.(in Chinese)
25刘芳,吴小华,刘安石,等.减磨耐磨聚氨酯复合材料摩擦性能的研究[J].塑料工业,1997(4):76-78.LIU Fang,WU Xiaohua,LIU Anshi,et al.Studies of the friction property of wear-reducing and wear-resistant polyurethane composite materials[J].China Plastics Industry,1997(4):76-78.(in Chinese)
26刘保龄.透明混炼型聚氨酯橡胶的研究[J].橡胶工业,1999(7):415-417.
27屈哲,张东兴,杨丽,等.纵轴流玉米脱粒分离装置喂入量与滚筒转速试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2018,49(2):58-65.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20180208&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2018.02.008.QU Zhe,ZHANG Dongxing,YANG Li,et al.Experiment on feed rate and cylinder speed of longitudinal axial flow threshing and separating device for maize[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(2):58-65.(in Chinese)
28杨立权,王万章,张红梅,等.切流-横轴流玉米脱粒系统改进设计及台架试验[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(1):35-43.YANG Liquan,WANG Wanzhang,ZHANG Hongmei,et al.Improved design and bench test based on tangential flow-transverse axial flow maize threshing system[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2018,34(1):35-43.(in Chinese)
2李淑芳,张春宵,路明,等.玉米籽粒自然脱水速率研究进展[J].分子植物育种,2014,12(4):825-829.LI Shufang,ZHANG Chunxiao,LU Ming,et al.Research development of kernel dehydration rate in maize[J].Molecular Plant Breeding,2014,12(4):825-829.(in Chinese)
3徐立章,李耀明,王显仁.谷物脱粒损伤的研究进展分析[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(1):303-307.XU Lizhang,LI Yaoming,WANG Xianren.Research development of grain damage during threshing[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2009,25(1):303-307.(in Chinese)
4罗锡文,廖娟,胡炼,等.提高农业机械化水平促进农业可持续发展[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(1):1-11.LUO Xiwen,LIAO Juan,HU Lian,et al.Improving agricultural mechanization level to promote agricultural sustainable development[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(1):1-11.(in Chinese)
5 BABI'C L J,RADOJIN M,PAVKOV I,et al.Physical properties and compression loading behaviour of corn seed[J].International Agrophysics,2013,27(2):119-126.
6 MOHAMED A F,ABDEL M.Mechanical properties of corn kernels[J].Misr J.Ag.Eng.,2009,26(4):1901-1922.
7李心平,李玉柱,马福丽,等.玉米种子抗压特性及裂纹生成规律[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(8):94-98.LI Xinping,LI Yuzhu,MA Fuli,et al.Anti-pressing properties and crack formation law of corn seed[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(8):94-98.(in Chinese)
8牛海华,赵武云,史增录.玉米籽粒力学特性的研究进展及应用[J].中国农机化,2011(2):101-104.NIU Haihua,ZHAO Wuyun,SHI Zenglu.Progress of research and application in mechanical properties of corn kernel[J].Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2011(2):101-104.(in Chinese)
9 VOLKOVAS V,PETKEVIˇCIUS S,POKAS L.Establishment of maize grain elasticity on the basis of impact load[J].Mechanika,2006,6(62):64-67.
10侯明涛,张红梅,王万章,等.玉米籽粒物理机械特性及机械化收获适应性[J].江苏农业科学,2016,44(7):354-357.HOU Mingtao,ZHANG Hongmei,WANG Wanzhang,et al.Physical and mechanical properties of maize kernels and adaptability of mechanized harvest[J].Journal of Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2016,44(7):354-357.(in Chinese)
11张新伟,易克传,高连兴.玉米种子与脱粒部件碰撞过程中的接触力学分析[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(14):285-290.ZHANG Xinwei,YI Kechuan,GAO Lianxing.Contacting mechanics analysis during impact process between corn seeds and threshing component[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015,31(14):285-290.(in Chinese)
12周旭.玉米种子脱粒损伤机理与低损伤脱粒原理研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2006.ZHOU Xu.Research of the damage mechanism of seed corn and threshing technology with lower damage abstract[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University,2006.(in Chinese)
13李心平,高连兴,马福丽,等.玉米种子籽粒冲击损伤的试验[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2007,38(1):89-93.LI Xinping,GAO Lianxing,MA Fuli,et al.Experimental research of corn seed kernel on the impacting damage[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2007,38(1):89-93.(in Chinese)
14李晓峰,接鑫,张永丽,等.玉米种子内部机械裂纹检测与机理研究[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(12):143-147.LI Xiaofeng,JIE Xin,ZHANG Yongli,et al.Detecting and research on characteristics and mechanism of inner mechanical cracks of corn seed kernels[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2010,41(12):143-147.(in Chinese)
15 PETKEVIˇCIUS S,POKAS L,STEPONAVIˇCIUS D.Substantiation of technological parameters of wet maize ear threshing[J].Agronomy Research,2008,6(Supp.):271-280.
16POKAS L,STEPONAVIˇCIUS D,PETKEVIˇCIUS S.Impact of technological parameters of threshing apparatus on grain damage[J].Agronomy Research,2008,6(Supp.):367-376.
17蔡超杰.玉米种穗脱粒装置的研究[D].北京:中国农业机械化科学研究院,2016.CAI Chaojie.Research on seed corn threshing device[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences,2016.(in Chinese)
18李心平,马福丽,高连兴.差速式玉米种子脱粒机的设计[J].农业机械学报,2008,39(8):192-195.LI Xinping,MA Fuli,GAO Lianxing.Design on seed corn thresher with different speeds threshing parts[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2008,39(8):192-195.(in Chinese)
19侯守印,陈海涛.立式轴流大豆育种脱粒机参数优化[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(5):19-25.HOU Shouyin,CHEN Haitao.Parameters optimization of vertical axial flow thresher for soybean breeding[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(5):19-25.(in Chinese)
20李耀明,陈洋,徐立章,等.斜置切纵流联合收获机脱粒分离装置结构参数优化[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(9):56-61.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20160909&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.09.009.LI Yaoming,CHEN Yang,XU Lizhang,et al.Optimization of structural parameters for threshing and separating device in oblique tangential-longitudinal combine[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(9):56-61.(in Chinese)
21柳建安,李伟杰.螺旋挤搓式玉米脱粒机的设计[J].农机化研究,2010,32(8):82-85.LIU Jian'an,LI Weijie.The design of spiral corn sheller by extruding and rubbing method[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2010,32(8):82-85.(in Chinese)
22赵武云,郭康权.组合式螺旋板齿种子玉米脱粒机工作参数优化[J/OL].农业机械学报,2012,43(12):56-61.http:∥www.jcsam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20121211&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2012.12.011.ZHAO Wuyun,GUO Kangquan.Parameters optimization of combined spiral bar tooth thresher for maize seed[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(12):56-61.(in Chinese)
23何晓鹏,刘春和,师建芳,等.挤搓式玉米脱粒机的研制[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(2):105-108.HE Xiaopeng,LIU Chunhe,SHI Jianfang,et al.Research and design on corn sheller by extruding and rubbing method[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2003,19(2):105-108.(in Chinese)
24李心平,马义东,金鑫,等.玉米种子仿生脱粒机设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2015,46(7):97-101.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20150715&flag=1.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.07.015.LI Xinping,MA Yidong,JIN Xin,et al.Design and test of corn seed bionic thresher[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(7):97-101.(in Chinese)
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26刘保龄.透明混炼型聚氨酯橡胶的研究[J].橡胶工业,1999(7):415-417.
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