身体意象可塑吗?——同步性和距离参照系对身体拥有感的影响
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摘要
身体意象是个体在意识层面对与身体有关的知觉、态度及信念,它的稳定性与可塑性一直存在争论。本研究使用方位追踪仪、数据手套及投影仪,通过2个实验考查虚拟手错觉中距离参照系对身体拥有感的影响。实验1在虚拟环境中采用经典橡胶手错觉的变式,考察同步性和虚拟手位置对拥有感的影响;实验2引入距离参照系,考察在不同参照条件下被试对同一个位置的虚拟手在不同同步情况下的拥有感错觉。研究结果发现:(1)无论是同步性还是距离都会对虚拟手错觉中的拥有感产生影响,即同步比不同步条件下、距离近比距离远条件下拥有感显著;(2)不同的距离参照系对同一位置的拥有感体验影响差异显著,先近后远的呈现方式会减弱错觉而先远后近的呈现方式则会加强错觉。这一发现与身体拥有感是受稳定的身体意象调节的假设并不一致。
Body image consists of a system of perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs pertaining to one's own. The appearance of one's own body "from the outside", is thought to be an important component of body image, therefore many studies focus on the visual perceptual component of body image. The controversies concerning body image are not only between nature and nurture, but also about its stability. On the one hand, body image seems to play an important role whenever we need to recognize ourselves, it is easy for us to take it as a stable representation of our body. On the other hand, the studies of amputees who experience phantom limbs suggested a sense that one's body image is itself a "phantom", so it is also reasonable to think body image as something that is at least plastic. The rubber hand illusion(RHI) paradigm seems to be one of the appropriate ways to investigate this controversy about body image, since it could induce the experience of an artificial body part as becoming a real body part among normal people. This illusion was first reported by Botvinick and Cohen who placed a rubber hand in front of participants whose corresponding real hand was hidden from sight. When the real hand and the visible rubber hand were stroked in a synchronous fashion, participants reported to experience the rubber hand as being a part of their body. Studies concerning the factors affect the induction or reduction of RHI suggested that the RHI depends not only on synchronous stimulations, but also on the match between the rubber hand and pre-existing body images. However, till now, no studies have combined top-down and bottom-up to seek the answer for the plasticity of body image. In the present study, we adopted distance reference as a new factor to investigate the plasticity of body image. Our study included two experiments both of which were performed in a virtual environment. In the first experiment, we simulated the traditional rubber hand illusion to determine the influences of synchronicity and location on bodily sense of ownership in our setups. It was a 2-factorial between-participants design. The two factors were synchronicity(synchronous vs. asynchronous) and distance(near vs. far). In the second experiment, we introduced distance reference frame to investigate how participants felt differently about the virtual hand inthe same location, while there were different distance reference frames. There were two between-participants factors: synchronicity(synchronous vs. asynchronous) and distance reference frame(near-middle vs. far-middle). The near-middle reference frame was: participants experienced the middle position condition right after the near position condition; while the far-middle reference frame was: participants experienced the middle position condition right after the far position condition. The following results and conclusions were found by our study:(1) under normal situations, synchronicity and distance played an important role on our perception of ownership. People perceived more ownership whenever there were synchronous visuo-tactile stimulations than asynchronous ones, and also, more ownership when the virtual hand was right in front of them than in an anatomical impossible position.(2) Distance reference frame influenced peoples' perception on their own body, the size of the ownership illusion varied as a function of relative, rather than absolute location of the virtual hand. Our result suggests a considerable degree plasticity of body image underlying our body ownership.
Body image consists of a system of perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs pertaining to one's own. The appearance of one's own body "from the outside", is thought to be an important component of body image, therefore many studies focus on the visual perceptual component of body image. The controversies concerning body image are not only between nature and nurture, but also about its stability. On the one hand, body image seems to play an important role whenever we need to recognize ourselves, it is easy for us to take it as a stable representation of our body. On the other hand, the studies of amputees who experience phantom limbs suggested a sense that one's body image is itself a "phantom", so it is also reasonable to think body image as something that is at least plastic. The rubber hand illusion(RHI) paradigm seems to be one of the appropriate ways to investigate this controversy about body image, since it could induce the experience of an artificial body part as becoming a real body part among normal people. This illusion was first reported by Botvinick and Cohen who placed a rubber hand in front of participants whose corresponding real hand was hidden from sight. When the real hand and the visible rubber hand were stroked in a synchronous fashion, participants reported to experience the rubber hand as being a part of their body. Studies concerning the factors affect the induction or reduction of RHI suggested that the RHI depends not only on synchronous stimulations, but also on the match between the rubber hand and pre-existing body images. However, till now, no studies have combined top-down and bottom-up to seek the answer for the plasticity of body image. In the present study, we adopted distance reference as a new factor to investigate the plasticity of body image. Our study included two experiments both of which were performed in a virtual environment. In the first experiment, we simulated the traditional rubber hand illusion to determine the influences of synchronicity and location on bodily sense of ownership in our setups. It was a 2-factorial between-participants design. The two factors were synchronicity(synchronous vs. asynchronous) and distance(near vs. far). In the second experiment, we introduced distance reference frame to investigate how participants felt differently about the virtual hand inthe same location, while there were different distance reference frames. There were two between-participants factors: synchronicity(synchronous vs. asynchronous) and distance reference frame(near-middle vs. far-middle). The near-middle reference frame was: participants experienced the middle position condition right after the near position condition; while the far-middle reference frame was: participants experienced the middle position condition right after the far position condition. The following results and conclusions were found by our study:(1) under normal situations, synchronicity and distance played an important role on our perception of ownership. People perceived more ownership whenever there were synchronous visuo-tactile stimulations than asynchronous ones, and also, more ownership when the virtual hand was right in front of them than in an anatomical impossible position.(2) Distance reference frame influenced peoples' perception on their own body, the size of the ownership illusion varied as a function of relative, rather than absolute location of the virtual hand. Our result suggests a considerable degree plasticity of body image underlying our body ownership.
引文
Apps,M.A.J.,&Tsakiris,M.(2014).The free-energy self:Apredictive coding account of self-recognition.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,41,85-97.
Armel,K.C.,&Ramachandran,V.S.(2003).Projecting sensations to external objects:Evidence from skin conductance response.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B:Biological Sciences,270(1523),1499-1506.
Botvinick,M.,&Cohen,J.(1998).Rubber hands'feel'touch that eyes see.Nature,391(6669),756.
Brown,H.,Adams,R.A.,Parees,I.,Edwards,M.,&Friston,K.(2013).Active inference,sensory attenuation and illusions.Cognitive Processing,14(4),411-427.
Carruthers,G.(2013).Toward a cognitive model of the sense of embodiment in a(rubber)hand.Journal of Consciousness Studies,20(3-4),33-60.
Carruthers,G.(2015).Who am I in out of body experiences?Implications from OBEs for the explanandum of a theory of self-consciousness.Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences,14,183-197.
Christ,O.,&Reiner,M.(2014).Perspectives and possible applications of the rubber hand and virtual hand illusion in non-invasive rehabilitation:Technological improvements and their consequences.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,44(7),33-44.
Costantini,M.,&Haggard,P.(2007).The rubber hand illusion:Sensitivity and reference frame for body ownership.Consciousness and Cognition,16(2),229-240.
Davies,A.M.A.,White,R.C.,&Davies,M.(2013).Spatial limits on the nonvisual self-touch illusion and the visual rubber hand illusion:Subjective experience of the illusion and proprioceptive drift.Consciousness and Cognition,22(2),613-636.
De Ridder,D.,Vanneste,S.,&Freeman,W.(2014).The Bayesian brain:Phantom percepts resolve sensory uncertainty.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,44,4-15.
de Vignemont,F.(2010).Body schema and body image-Pros and cons.Neuropsychologia,48(3),669-680.
de Vignemont,F.(2011).Embodiment,ownership and disownership.Consciousness and Cognition,20,82-93.
Ehrsson,H.H.(2012).The concept of body ownership and its relation to multisensory integration.In B.E.Stein(Ed.),The new handbook of multisensory processing(pp.775-792).Massachusetts:MIT Press.
Farmer,H.,Tajadura-Jiménez,A.,&Tsakiris,M.(2012).Beyond the colour of my skin:How skin colour affects the sense of body-ownership.Consciousness and Cognition,21(3),1242-1256.
Friston,K.(2010).The free-energy principle:A unified brain theory?Nature Reviews Neuroscience,11(2),127-138.
Friston,K.,Rigoli,F.,Ognibene,D.,Mathys,C.,Fitz Gerald,T.,&Pezzulo,G.(2015).Active inference and epistemic value.Cognitive Neuroscience,6(4),187-224.
Friston,K.J.,&Stephan,K.E.(2007).Free-energy and the brain.Synthese,159,417-458.
Gallagher,S.(2005).How the body shapes the mind.New York:Cambridge University Press.
Gallagher,S.,&Meltzoff,A.N.(1996).The earliest sense of self and others:Merleau-Ponty and recent developmental studies.Philosophical Psychology,9(2),211-233.
Giummarra,M.J.,Georgiou-Karistianis,N.,Nicholls,M.E.R.,Gibson,S.J.,Chou,M.,&Bradshaw,J.L.(2010).Corporeal awareness and proprioceptive sense of the phantom.British Journal of Psychology,101,791-808.
Giummarra,M.J.,Gibson,S.J.,Georgiou-Karistianis,N.,&Bradshaw,J.L.(2008).Mechanisms underlying embodiment,disembodiment and loss of embodiment.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,32(1),143-160.
Glenberg,A.M.,Witt,J.K.,&Metcalfe,J.(2013).From the revolution to embodiment:25 years of cognitive psychology.Perspectives on Psychological Science,8(5),573-585.
Guterstam,A.,Abdulkaraim,Z.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2015).Illusory ownership of an invisible body reduces autonomic and subjective social anxiety responses.Scientific Reports,5,9831.
Guterstam,A.,Gentile,G.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2013).The invisible hand illusion:Multisensory integration leads to the embodiment of a discrete volume of empty space.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,25(7),1078-1099.
Guterstam,A.,Petkova,V.I.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2011).The illusion of owning a third arm.PLo S One,6(2),e17208.
Haans,A.,Kaiser,F.G.,Bouwhuis,D.G.,&IJsselsteijn,W.A.(2012).Individual differences in the rubber-hand illusion:Predicting self-reports of people's personal experiences.Acta Psychologica,141(2),169-177.
Hohwy,J.,&Paton,B.(2010).Explaining away the body:Experiences of supernaturally caused touch and touch on non-hand objects within the rubber hand illusion.PLo S One,5(2),e9416.
Kalckert,A.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2014).The moving rubber hand illusion revisited:Comparing movements and visuotactile stimulation to induce illusory ownership.Consciousness and Cognition,26,117-132.
Keizer,A.,Smeets,M.A.M.,Postma,A.,van Elburg,A.,&Dijkerman,H.C.(2014).Does the experience of ownership over a rubber hand change body size perception in anorexia nervosa patients?Neuropsychologia,62,26-37.
Kostopoulou,M.,Varsou,E.,&Stalikas,A.(2013).Thought-shape fusion in anorexia and bulimia nervosa:Acomparative experimental study.Eating and Weight Disorders,18(3),245-253.
Lloyd,D.M.(2007).Spatial limits on referred touch to an alien limb may reflect boundaries of visuo-tactile peripersonal space surrounding the hand.Brain and Cognition,64(1),104-109.
Ma,K.,&Hommel,B.(2013).The virtual-hand illusion:Effects of impact and threat on perceived ownership and affective resonance.Frontiers in Psychology,4,604.
Ma,K.,&Hommel,B.(2015).Body-ownership for actively operated non-corporeal objects.Consciousness and Cognition,36,75-86.
Maister,L.,Slater,M.,Sanchez-Vives,M.V.,&Tsakiris,M.(2015).Changing bodies changes minds:Owning another body affects social cognition.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,19(1),6-12.
Mc Geoch,P.D.,&Ramachandran,V.S.(2012).The appearance of new phantom fingers post-amputation in a phocomelus.Neurocase,18(2),95-97.
Paladino,M.-P.,Mazzurega,M.,Pavani,F.,&Schubert,T.W.(2010).Synchronous multisensory stimulation blurs self-other boundaries.Psychological Science,21(9),1202-1207.
Petkova,V.I.,Bj?rnsdotter,M.,Gentile,G.,Jonsson,T.,Li,T.-Q.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2011).From part-to whole-body ownership in the multisensory brain.Current Biology,21(13),1118-1122.
Phillipou,A.,Rossell,S.,Gurvich,C.,Castle,D.J.,Troje,N.F.,&Abel,L.A.(2016).Body image in anorexia nervosa:Body size estimation utilising a biological motion task and eyetracking.European Eating Disorders Review,24,131-138.
Ramachandran,V.S.,Brang,D.,Mc Geoch,P.,&Rosar,W.(2009).Sexual and food preference in apotemnophilia and anorexia:Interactions between"beliefs"and"needs"regulated by two-way connections between body image and limbic structures.Perception,38(5),775-777.
Ramachandran,V.S.,Levi,L.,Stone,L.,Rogers-Ramachandran,D.,Mc Kinney,R.,Stalcup,M.,...Flippin,A.(1996).Illusions of body image:What they reveal about human nature.In L.Rodolfo&P.S.Churchland(Eds.),The mind-brain continuum:Sensory processes(pp.29-60).Massachusetts:MIT Press.
Ramachandran,V.S.,Rogers-Ramachandran,D.,&Cobb,S.(1995).Touching the phantom limb.Nature,377(6549),489-490.
Sanchez-Vives,M.V.,Spanlang,B.,Frisoli,A.,Bergamasco,M.,&Slater,M.(2010).Virtual hand illusion induced by visuomotor correlations.PLo S One,5(4),e10381.
Shimada,S.,Fukuda,K.,&Hiraki,K.(2009).Rubber hand illusion under delayed visual feedback.PLo S One,4(7),e6185.
S?rensen,J.B.(2005).The alien-hand experiment.Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences,4,73-90.
Suzuki,K.,Garfinkel,S.N.,Critchley,H.D.,&Seth,A.K.(2013).Multisensory integration across exteroceptive and interoceptive domains modulates self-experience in the rubber-hand illusion.Neuropsychologia,51(13),2909-2917.
Tsakiris,M.(2008).Looking for myself:Current multisensory input alters self-face recognition.PLo S One,3(12),e4040.
Tsakiris,M.(2010).My body in the brain:A neurocognitive model of body-ownership.Neuropsychologia,48(3),703-712.
Tsakiris,M.,Carpenter,L.,James,D.,&Fotopoulou,A.(2010).Hands only illusion:Multisensory integration elicits sense of ownership for body parts but not for non-corporeal objects.Experimental Brain Research,204(3),343-352.
Tsakiris,M.,&Haggard,P.(2005).The rubber hand illusion revisited:Visuotactile integration and self-attribution.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,31(1),80-91.
Tsakiris,M.,Longo,M.R.,&Haggard,P.(2010).Having a body versus moving your body:Neural signatures of agency and body-ownership.Neuropsychologia,48(9),2740-2749.
Tsay,A.,Allen,T.J.,Proske,U.,&Giummarra,M.J.(2015).Sensing the body in chronic pain:A review of psychophysical studies implicating altered body representation.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,52,221-232.
Zhang,J.,&Hommel,B.(2015).Body ownership and response to threat.Psychological Research,1-10.
Zhang,J.,&Li,H.W.(2016).The plasticity of selfrepresentation:Based on the studies of rubber hand illusion.Psychological Science,39(2),299-304.[张静,李恒威.(2016).自我表征的可塑性:基于橡胶手错觉的研究.心理科学,39(2),299-304.]
Zopf,R.,Savage,G.,&Williams,M.A.(2010).Crossmodal congruency measures of lateral distance effects on the rubber hand illusion.Neurophychologia,48(3),713-725.
Zopf,R.,Truong,S.,Finkbeiner,M.,Friedman,J.,&Williams,M.A.(2011).Viewing and feeling touch modulates hand position for reaching.Neuropsychologia,49(5),1287-1293.
Armel,K.C.,&Ramachandran,V.S.(2003).Projecting sensations to external objects:Evidence from skin conductance response.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B:Biological Sciences,270(1523),1499-1506.
Botvinick,M.,&Cohen,J.(1998).Rubber hands'feel'touch that eyes see.Nature,391(6669),756.
Brown,H.,Adams,R.A.,Parees,I.,Edwards,M.,&Friston,K.(2013).Active inference,sensory attenuation and illusions.Cognitive Processing,14(4),411-427.
Carruthers,G.(2013).Toward a cognitive model of the sense of embodiment in a(rubber)hand.Journal of Consciousness Studies,20(3-4),33-60.
Carruthers,G.(2015).Who am I in out of body experiences?Implications from OBEs for the explanandum of a theory of self-consciousness.Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences,14,183-197.
Christ,O.,&Reiner,M.(2014).Perspectives and possible applications of the rubber hand and virtual hand illusion in non-invasive rehabilitation:Technological improvements and their consequences.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,44(7),33-44.
Costantini,M.,&Haggard,P.(2007).The rubber hand illusion:Sensitivity and reference frame for body ownership.Consciousness and Cognition,16(2),229-240.
Davies,A.M.A.,White,R.C.,&Davies,M.(2013).Spatial limits on the nonvisual self-touch illusion and the visual rubber hand illusion:Subjective experience of the illusion and proprioceptive drift.Consciousness and Cognition,22(2),613-636.
De Ridder,D.,Vanneste,S.,&Freeman,W.(2014).The Bayesian brain:Phantom percepts resolve sensory uncertainty.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,44,4-15.
de Vignemont,F.(2010).Body schema and body image-Pros and cons.Neuropsychologia,48(3),669-680.
de Vignemont,F.(2011).Embodiment,ownership and disownership.Consciousness and Cognition,20,82-93.
Ehrsson,H.H.(2012).The concept of body ownership and its relation to multisensory integration.In B.E.Stein(Ed.),The new handbook of multisensory processing(pp.775-792).Massachusetts:MIT Press.
Farmer,H.,Tajadura-Jiménez,A.,&Tsakiris,M.(2012).Beyond the colour of my skin:How skin colour affects the sense of body-ownership.Consciousness and Cognition,21(3),1242-1256.
Friston,K.(2010).The free-energy principle:A unified brain theory?Nature Reviews Neuroscience,11(2),127-138.
Friston,K.,Rigoli,F.,Ognibene,D.,Mathys,C.,Fitz Gerald,T.,&Pezzulo,G.(2015).Active inference and epistemic value.Cognitive Neuroscience,6(4),187-224.
Friston,K.J.,&Stephan,K.E.(2007).Free-energy and the brain.Synthese,159,417-458.
Gallagher,S.(2005).How the body shapes the mind.New York:Cambridge University Press.
Gallagher,S.,&Meltzoff,A.N.(1996).The earliest sense of self and others:Merleau-Ponty and recent developmental studies.Philosophical Psychology,9(2),211-233.
Giummarra,M.J.,Georgiou-Karistianis,N.,Nicholls,M.E.R.,Gibson,S.J.,Chou,M.,&Bradshaw,J.L.(2010).Corporeal awareness and proprioceptive sense of the phantom.British Journal of Psychology,101,791-808.
Giummarra,M.J.,Gibson,S.J.,Georgiou-Karistianis,N.,&Bradshaw,J.L.(2008).Mechanisms underlying embodiment,disembodiment and loss of embodiment.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,32(1),143-160.
Glenberg,A.M.,Witt,J.K.,&Metcalfe,J.(2013).From the revolution to embodiment:25 years of cognitive psychology.Perspectives on Psychological Science,8(5),573-585.
Guterstam,A.,Abdulkaraim,Z.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2015).Illusory ownership of an invisible body reduces autonomic and subjective social anxiety responses.Scientific Reports,5,9831.
Guterstam,A.,Gentile,G.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2013).The invisible hand illusion:Multisensory integration leads to the embodiment of a discrete volume of empty space.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,25(7),1078-1099.
Guterstam,A.,Petkova,V.I.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2011).The illusion of owning a third arm.PLo S One,6(2),e17208.
Haans,A.,Kaiser,F.G.,Bouwhuis,D.G.,&IJsselsteijn,W.A.(2012).Individual differences in the rubber-hand illusion:Predicting self-reports of people's personal experiences.Acta Psychologica,141(2),169-177.
Hohwy,J.,&Paton,B.(2010).Explaining away the body:Experiences of supernaturally caused touch and touch on non-hand objects within the rubber hand illusion.PLo S One,5(2),e9416.
Kalckert,A.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2014).The moving rubber hand illusion revisited:Comparing movements and visuotactile stimulation to induce illusory ownership.Consciousness and Cognition,26,117-132.
Keizer,A.,Smeets,M.A.M.,Postma,A.,van Elburg,A.,&Dijkerman,H.C.(2014).Does the experience of ownership over a rubber hand change body size perception in anorexia nervosa patients?Neuropsychologia,62,26-37.
Kostopoulou,M.,Varsou,E.,&Stalikas,A.(2013).Thought-shape fusion in anorexia and bulimia nervosa:Acomparative experimental study.Eating and Weight Disorders,18(3),245-253.
Lloyd,D.M.(2007).Spatial limits on referred touch to an alien limb may reflect boundaries of visuo-tactile peripersonal space surrounding the hand.Brain and Cognition,64(1),104-109.
Ma,K.,&Hommel,B.(2013).The virtual-hand illusion:Effects of impact and threat on perceived ownership and affective resonance.Frontiers in Psychology,4,604.
Ma,K.,&Hommel,B.(2015).Body-ownership for actively operated non-corporeal objects.Consciousness and Cognition,36,75-86.
Maister,L.,Slater,M.,Sanchez-Vives,M.V.,&Tsakiris,M.(2015).Changing bodies changes minds:Owning another body affects social cognition.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,19(1),6-12.
Mc Geoch,P.D.,&Ramachandran,V.S.(2012).The appearance of new phantom fingers post-amputation in a phocomelus.Neurocase,18(2),95-97.
Paladino,M.-P.,Mazzurega,M.,Pavani,F.,&Schubert,T.W.(2010).Synchronous multisensory stimulation blurs self-other boundaries.Psychological Science,21(9),1202-1207.
Petkova,V.I.,Bj?rnsdotter,M.,Gentile,G.,Jonsson,T.,Li,T.-Q.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2011).From part-to whole-body ownership in the multisensory brain.Current Biology,21(13),1118-1122.
Phillipou,A.,Rossell,S.,Gurvich,C.,Castle,D.J.,Troje,N.F.,&Abel,L.A.(2016).Body image in anorexia nervosa:Body size estimation utilising a biological motion task and eyetracking.European Eating Disorders Review,24,131-138.
Ramachandran,V.S.,Brang,D.,Mc Geoch,P.,&Rosar,W.(2009).Sexual and food preference in apotemnophilia and anorexia:Interactions between"beliefs"and"needs"regulated by two-way connections between body image and limbic structures.Perception,38(5),775-777.
Ramachandran,V.S.,Levi,L.,Stone,L.,Rogers-Ramachandran,D.,Mc Kinney,R.,Stalcup,M.,...Flippin,A.(1996).Illusions of body image:What they reveal about human nature.In L.Rodolfo&P.S.Churchland(Eds.),The mind-brain continuum:Sensory processes(pp.29-60).Massachusetts:MIT Press.
Ramachandran,V.S.,Rogers-Ramachandran,D.,&Cobb,S.(1995).Touching the phantom limb.Nature,377(6549),489-490.
Sanchez-Vives,M.V.,Spanlang,B.,Frisoli,A.,Bergamasco,M.,&Slater,M.(2010).Virtual hand illusion induced by visuomotor correlations.PLo S One,5(4),e10381.
Shimada,S.,Fukuda,K.,&Hiraki,K.(2009).Rubber hand illusion under delayed visual feedback.PLo S One,4(7),e6185.
S?rensen,J.B.(2005).The alien-hand experiment.Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences,4,73-90.
Suzuki,K.,Garfinkel,S.N.,Critchley,H.D.,&Seth,A.K.(2013).Multisensory integration across exteroceptive and interoceptive domains modulates self-experience in the rubber-hand illusion.Neuropsychologia,51(13),2909-2917.
Tsakiris,M.(2008).Looking for myself:Current multisensory input alters self-face recognition.PLo S One,3(12),e4040.
Tsakiris,M.(2010).My body in the brain:A neurocognitive model of body-ownership.Neuropsychologia,48(3),703-712.
Tsakiris,M.,Carpenter,L.,James,D.,&Fotopoulou,A.(2010).Hands only illusion:Multisensory integration elicits sense of ownership for body parts but not for non-corporeal objects.Experimental Brain Research,204(3),343-352.
Tsakiris,M.,&Haggard,P.(2005).The rubber hand illusion revisited:Visuotactile integration and self-attribution.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,31(1),80-91.
Tsakiris,M.,Longo,M.R.,&Haggard,P.(2010).Having a body versus moving your body:Neural signatures of agency and body-ownership.Neuropsychologia,48(9),2740-2749.
Tsay,A.,Allen,T.J.,Proske,U.,&Giummarra,M.J.(2015).Sensing the body in chronic pain:A review of psychophysical studies implicating altered body representation.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,52,221-232.
Zhang,J.,&Hommel,B.(2015).Body ownership and response to threat.Psychological Research,1-10.
Zhang,J.,&Li,H.W.(2016).The plasticity of selfrepresentation:Based on the studies of rubber hand illusion.Psychological Science,39(2),299-304.[张静,李恒威.(2016).自我表征的可塑性:基于橡胶手错觉的研究.心理科学,39(2),299-304.]
Zopf,R.,Savage,G.,&Williams,M.A.(2010).Crossmodal congruency measures of lateral distance effects on the rubber hand illusion.Neurophychologia,48(3),713-725.
Zopf,R.,Truong,S.,Finkbeiner,M.,Friedman,J.,&Williams,M.A.(2011).Viewing and feeling touch modulates hand position for reaching.Neuropsychologia,49(5),1287-1293.