我的身体是“我”的吗?——从橡胶手错觉看自主感和拥有感
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摘要
我们习以为常的自我识别能力扮演着将人类区别于很多物种的重要角色。近年来,伴随具身认知科学的兴起,自主感与拥有感被视为构成自我识别的两类基本体验,相关的研究已经成为认知哲学内部的前沿主题。橡胶手错觉研究作为一种多感觉整合领域内的有效范式,革新了自主感和拥有感研究的方法论,也为哲学家深入考察这两种体验之间的区别、联系以及影响因素提供了跨学科的启示。
Although it seems ordinary, the capacity of self-recognition plays an important part in distinguishing between human and many other species. In recent years, with the development of embodied cognitive science and sense of agency and sense of ownership, the two basic experiences which can help us recognize ourselves, have been the frontiers of philosophy of cognition. Rubber hand illusion, as an effective paradigm to study the topics of multisensory integration, not only innovated the methodology of sense of agency and sense of ownership, but also provided an interdisciplinary enlightenment for philosophers to go deeper into the connection, relationships and influencing factors between sense of agency and sense of ownership.
Although it seems ordinary, the capacity of self-recognition plays an important part in distinguishing between human and many other species. In recent years, with the development of embodied cognitive science and sense of agency and sense of ownership, the two basic experiences which can help us recognize ourselves, have been the frontiers of philosophy of cognition. Rubber hand illusion, as an effective paradigm to study the topics of multisensory integration, not only innovated the methodology of sense of agency and sense of ownership, but also provided an interdisciplinary enlightenment for philosophers to go deeper into the connection, relationships and influencing factors between sense of agency and sense of ownership.
引文
[1]Graziano,M.S.,Botvinick,M.M.'How the Brain Represents the Body:Insights from Neurophysiology and Psychology'[J].Common Mechanisms in Perception and Action:Attention and Performance XIX,2002,136-157.
[2]Gallagher,S.'Philosophical Conceptions of the Self:Implications for Cognitive Science'[J].Trends in Cognitive Sciences,2000,4(1):14-21.
[3]Haggard,P.'Conscious Intention and Motor Cognition'[J].Trends in Cognitive Sciences,2005,9(6):290-295.
[4]Humphrey,N.'How to Solve the Mind-body Problem'[J].Journal of Consciousness Studies,2000,7(4):5-5.
[5]Apps,M.A.,Tsakiris,M.'The Free-energy Self:APredictive Coding Account of Self-recognition'[J].Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,2014,41,85-97.
[6]Gallup,G.G.'Chimpanzees:Self-recognition'[J].Science,1970,167(3914):86-87.
[7]Chang,L.,Fang,Q.,Zhang,S.,Poo,M.-M.,Gong,N.'Mirror-induced Self-directed Behaviors in Rhesus Monkeys after Visual-somatosensory Training'[J].Current Biology,2015,25(2):212-217.
[8]陈巍,郭本禹:具身生成的意识经验:神经现象学的透视[J].华东师范大学学报:教育科学版,2012(13),60-66.
[9]Roessler,J.,Eilan,N.Agency and Self-awareness:Issues in Philosophy and Psychology[M].New York:Oxford Univ.Press,2003,49.
[10]Balconi,M.,Bortolotti,A.'Body and Self-awareness:Functional and Dysfunctional Mechanisms'[A],Neuropsychology of the Sense of Agency[C],Balconi,M.(Eds)Springer,2010,173-189.
[11]Gallagher,S.'Self Reference and Schizophrenia'[A],Exploring the Self:Philosophical and Psychopathological Perspective on Self-experience[C],Zahavi,D.(Eds)Amsterdam:John Benjamins Pub.Co.,2000,203-239.
[12]Tsakiris,M.,Schutz-Bosbach,S.,Gallagher,S.'On Agency and Body-ownership:Phenomenological and Neurocognitive Reflections'[J].Consciousness and Cognition,2007,16(3):645-60.
[13]de Vignemont,F.'Embodiment,Ownership and Disownership'[J].Consciousness and Cognition,2011:20(1):82-93.
[14]Ionta,S.,Heydrich,L.,Lenggenhager,B.,Mouthon,M.,Fornari,E.,Chapuis,D.,et al.'Multisensory Mechanisms in Temporo-Parietal Cortex Support Self-Location and First-Person Perspective'[J].Neuron,2011,70(2):363-374.
[15]Blanke,O.'Multisensory brain mechanisms of bodily selfconsciousness'[J].Nature Reviews Neuroscience,2012,13(8):556-751.
[16]Botvinick,M.,Cohen,J.'Rubber Dands'feel'Touch that Eyes See'[J].Nature,1998,391(6669):756-756.
[17]Armel,K.C.,Ramachandran,V.S.'Projecting Sensations to External Objects:Evidence from Skin Conductance Response'[J].Proceedigns of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences,2003,270(1523):1499-1506.
[18]Paladino,M.P.,Mazzurega,M.,Pavani,F.,Schubert,T.W.'Synchronous Multisensory Stimulation Blurs Selfother Boundaries'[J].Psychological Science,2010,21(9):1202-1207.
[19]Tsakiris,M.,Haggard,P.'The Rubber Hand Illusion Revisited:Visuotactile Integration and Self-attribution'[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human,2005,31(1):80-91.
[20]Schütz-Bosbach,S.,Tausche,P.,Weiss,C.'Roughness Perception During the Rubber Hand Illusion'[J].Brain and Cognition,2009,70(1):136-144.
[21]Haans,A.,IJssesteijn,W.A.,de Kort,Y.A.W.'The Effect of Similarities in Skin Texture and Hand Shape on Perceived Ownership of a Fake Limb'[J].Body Image,2008,5(4):389-394.
[22]Kalckert,A.,Ehrsson,H.H.'Moving a Rubber Hand that Feels Like Your Own:A Dissociation of Ownership and Agency'[J].Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,2012,6,40.
[23]Bermúdez,J.L.'Bodily Awareness and Selfconsciousness'[A],Gallagher,S.(Eds)Oxford Handbook of the Self[C],New York:Oxford Univ.Press,2011,157-159.
[24]de Vigemong,F.,The Mark of Bodily Ownership[J].Analysis,2013,73(4):643-651.
[25]Frith,C.D.,Blakemore,S.J.,Wolpert,D.M.'Explaining the Symptoms of Schizophrenia:Abnormalities in the Awareness of Action'[J].Brain Research Reviews,2000,31(2-3):357-363.
[26]Gallagher,S.How the Body Shapes the Mind[M].New York:Clarendon Press,2005,284.
[27]David,N.,Newen,A.,Vogeley,K.'The"sense of agency"and Its Underlying Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms'[J].Consciousness and Cognition,2008,17(2):523-534.
[28]Synofzik,M.,Vosgerau,G.,Newen,A.'Beyond the Comparator Model:A Multifactorial Two-step Account of Agency'[J].Consciousness and Cognition,2008,17(1),219-239.
[29]Synofzik,M.,Vosgerau,G.,Newen,A.'I Move,Therefore I am:A New Theoretical Framework to Investigate Agency and Ownership'[J].Consciousness and Cognition,2008,17(2):411-424.
[30]Preston,C.,Newport,G.'Self-denial and the Role of Intentions in the Attrbution of Agency'[J].Consciousness and Cognition,2010,19(4):986-998.
[31]Tsakiris,M.,Prabhu,G.,Haggard,P.'Having a Body Versus Moving Your Body:How Agency Structures Body-ownership'[J].Consciousness and Cognition,2006,15(2):423-432.
[32]Carruthers,G.'Who am I in out of Body Experiences?Implications from OBEs for the Explanandum of a Theory of Self-consciousness'[J].Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences,2015,14:183-197.
[33]Schilbach,L.,Timmermans,B.,Reddy,V.,Costall,A.,Bente,G.,Schlicht,T.,et al.'Toward a Second-person Neuroscience'[J].Behavioral and Brain Sciences,2013,36(4):393-414.
(1)“agent”这个术语在当代认知科学与心智哲学中具有重要地位,其概指能独立行动并按照自己的自由意志做出选择的个体。与之对应的“agency”则主要意指个体能按自己自由意志活动与选择的能力。该术语目前存在多种译法,如智能体、施动者、行动者等,甚至有学者直接将其翻译为“我”。我们认为,按照其最初的内涵,自主性应该是“agent”的核心,故尝试将其译为“自主体”。对应的“agency”译为“自主性”。
[2]Gallagher,S.'Philosophical Conceptions of the Self:Implications for Cognitive Science'[J].Trends in Cognitive Sciences,2000,4(1):14-21.
[3]Haggard,P.'Conscious Intention and Motor Cognition'[J].Trends in Cognitive Sciences,2005,9(6):290-295.
[4]Humphrey,N.'How to Solve the Mind-body Problem'[J].Journal of Consciousness Studies,2000,7(4):5-5.
[5]Apps,M.A.,Tsakiris,M.'The Free-energy Self:APredictive Coding Account of Self-recognition'[J].Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,2014,41,85-97.
[6]Gallup,G.G.'Chimpanzees:Self-recognition'[J].Science,1970,167(3914):86-87.
[7]Chang,L.,Fang,Q.,Zhang,S.,Poo,M.-M.,Gong,N.'Mirror-induced Self-directed Behaviors in Rhesus Monkeys after Visual-somatosensory Training'[J].Current Biology,2015,25(2):212-217.
[8]陈巍,郭本禹:具身生成的意识经验:神经现象学的透视[J].华东师范大学学报:教育科学版,2012(13),60-66.
[9]Roessler,J.,Eilan,N.Agency and Self-awareness:Issues in Philosophy and Psychology[M].New York:Oxford Univ.Press,2003,49.
[10]Balconi,M.,Bortolotti,A.'Body and Self-awareness:Functional and Dysfunctional Mechanisms'[A],Neuropsychology of the Sense of Agency[C],Balconi,M.(Eds)Springer,2010,173-189.
[11]Gallagher,S.'Self Reference and Schizophrenia'[A],Exploring the Self:Philosophical and Psychopathological Perspective on Self-experience[C],Zahavi,D.(Eds)Amsterdam:John Benjamins Pub.Co.,2000,203-239.
[12]Tsakiris,M.,Schutz-Bosbach,S.,Gallagher,S.'On Agency and Body-ownership:Phenomenological and Neurocognitive Reflections'[J].Consciousness and Cognition,2007,16(3):645-60.
[13]de Vignemont,F.'Embodiment,Ownership and Disownership'[J].Consciousness and Cognition,2011:20(1):82-93.
[14]Ionta,S.,Heydrich,L.,Lenggenhager,B.,Mouthon,M.,Fornari,E.,Chapuis,D.,et al.'Multisensory Mechanisms in Temporo-Parietal Cortex Support Self-Location and First-Person Perspective'[J].Neuron,2011,70(2):363-374.
[15]Blanke,O.'Multisensory brain mechanisms of bodily selfconsciousness'[J].Nature Reviews Neuroscience,2012,13(8):556-751.
[16]Botvinick,M.,Cohen,J.'Rubber Dands'feel'Touch that Eyes See'[J].Nature,1998,391(6669):756-756.
[17]Armel,K.C.,Ramachandran,V.S.'Projecting Sensations to External Objects:Evidence from Skin Conductance Response'[J].Proceedigns of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences,2003,270(1523):1499-1506.
[18]Paladino,M.P.,Mazzurega,M.,Pavani,F.,Schubert,T.W.'Synchronous Multisensory Stimulation Blurs Selfother Boundaries'[J].Psychological Science,2010,21(9):1202-1207.
[19]Tsakiris,M.,Haggard,P.'The Rubber Hand Illusion Revisited:Visuotactile Integration and Self-attribution'[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human,2005,31(1):80-91.
[20]Schütz-Bosbach,S.,Tausche,P.,Weiss,C.'Roughness Perception During the Rubber Hand Illusion'[J].Brain and Cognition,2009,70(1):136-144.
[21]Haans,A.,IJssesteijn,W.A.,de Kort,Y.A.W.'The Effect of Similarities in Skin Texture and Hand Shape on Perceived Ownership of a Fake Limb'[J].Body Image,2008,5(4):389-394.
[22]Kalckert,A.,Ehrsson,H.H.'Moving a Rubber Hand that Feels Like Your Own:A Dissociation of Ownership and Agency'[J].Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,2012,6,40.
[23]Bermúdez,J.L.'Bodily Awareness and Selfconsciousness'[A],Gallagher,S.(Eds)Oxford Handbook of the Self[C],New York:Oxford Univ.Press,2011,157-159.
[24]de Vigemong,F.,The Mark of Bodily Ownership[J].Analysis,2013,73(4):643-651.
[25]Frith,C.D.,Blakemore,S.J.,Wolpert,D.M.'Explaining the Symptoms of Schizophrenia:Abnormalities in the Awareness of Action'[J].Brain Research Reviews,2000,31(2-3):357-363.
[26]Gallagher,S.How the Body Shapes the Mind[M].New York:Clarendon Press,2005,284.
[27]David,N.,Newen,A.,Vogeley,K.'The"sense of agency"and Its Underlying Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms'[J].Consciousness and Cognition,2008,17(2):523-534.
[28]Synofzik,M.,Vosgerau,G.,Newen,A.'Beyond the Comparator Model:A Multifactorial Two-step Account of Agency'[J].Consciousness and Cognition,2008,17(1),219-239.
[29]Synofzik,M.,Vosgerau,G.,Newen,A.'I Move,Therefore I am:A New Theoretical Framework to Investigate Agency and Ownership'[J].Consciousness and Cognition,2008,17(2):411-424.
[30]Preston,C.,Newport,G.'Self-denial and the Role of Intentions in the Attrbution of Agency'[J].Consciousness and Cognition,2010,19(4):986-998.
[31]Tsakiris,M.,Prabhu,G.,Haggard,P.'Having a Body Versus Moving Your Body:How Agency Structures Body-ownership'[J].Consciousness and Cognition,2006,15(2):423-432.
[32]Carruthers,G.'Who am I in out of Body Experiences?Implications from OBEs for the Explanandum of a Theory of Self-consciousness'[J].Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences,2015,14:183-197.
[33]Schilbach,L.,Timmermans,B.,Reddy,V.,Costall,A.,Bente,G.,Schlicht,T.,et al.'Toward a Second-person Neuroscience'[J].Behavioral and Brain Sciences,2013,36(4):393-414.
(1)“agent”这个术语在当代认知科学与心智哲学中具有重要地位,其概指能独立行动并按照自己的自由意志做出选择的个体。与之对应的“agency”则主要意指个体能按自己自由意志活动与选择的能力。该术语目前存在多种译法,如智能体、施动者、行动者等,甚至有学者直接将其翻译为“我”。我们认为,按照其最初的内涵,自主性应该是“agent”的核心,故尝试将其译为“自主体”。对应的“agency”译为“自主性”。