基于自我错觉的最小自我研究:具身建构论的立场
|
摘要
以时间延展性为标准自我被划分为最小自我和叙事自我。具身建构论认为最小自我的核心概念就是区别自我和非我,对自我的建构论主张的辩护应当重新回到对身体本身的重视上。最小自我的病理学研究和错觉研究均表明通过对拥有感和自主感本身,及其不同类别和相关受损的研究来探讨最小的自我、自我和他者的区别将是当前研究中卓有成效的路径。未来有关具身建构论的深化应该重视对自我成分的建构、结构的建构以及过程的建构的探讨。
According to whether it is extended in time, self can be divided into two important parts—— minimal self and narrative self. Embodied constructivism holds the idea that distinguishing self from non-self is the core concept of minimal self. Therefore, defending the construction theory of self should emphasize the importance of the body itself. According to pathology and illusion studies of minimal self, investigating minimal self and self-other distinction by studying sense of ownership, sense of agency, as well as their deficits in certain disorders will be one fruitful path in current researches of self. Future studies could be focused on the discussion of the constructions of components, structures and processes of the self.
According to whether it is extended in time, self can be divided into two important parts—— minimal self and narrative self. Embodied constructivism holds the idea that distinguishing self from non-self is the core concept of minimal self. Therefore, defending the construction theory of self should emphasize the importance of the body itself. According to pathology and illusion studies of minimal self, investigating minimal self and self-other distinction by studying sense of ownership, sense of agency, as well as their deficits in certain disorders will be one fruitful path in current researches of self. Future studies could be focused on the discussion of the constructions of components, structures and processes of the self.
引文
陈巍.(2016).神经现象学:整合脑与意识经验的认知科学哲学进路.北京:中国社会科学出版社.
陈巍,单春雷,袁逖飞.(2016).异己手症候群述评:现象学精神病理学与认知神经科学的双重角度.应用心理学研究(台湾),64,135-171.
李恒威,董达.(2015).演化中的意识机制--达马西奥的意识观.哲学研究,(12),106-113.
瓦雷拉,F.,汤普森,E.,罗施,E.(2010).具身心智:认知科学和人类经验(李恒威,李恒熙,王球,于霞译).杭州:浙江大学出版社.
张静.(2017).自我和自我错觉--基于橡胶手和虚拟手错觉的研究.北京:中国社会科学出版社.
张静,陈巍.(2016).身体意象可塑吗?--同步性和距离参照系对身体拥有感的影响.心理学报,48(28),933-945.
张静,李恒威.(2016).自我表征的可塑性:基于橡胶手错觉的研究.心理科学,39(2),299-304.
Apps,M.A.,&Tsakiris,M.(2014).The free-energy self:Apredictive coding account of self-recognition.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,41,85-97.
Armel,K.C.,&Ramachandran,V.S.(2003).Projecting sensations to external objects:Evidence from skin conductance response.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,270(1523),1499-1506.
Bottini,G.,Bisiach,E.,Sterzi,R.,&Vallarc,G.(2002).Feeling touches in someone else's hand.Neuroreport,13(2),249-252.
Botvinick,M.,&Cohen,J.(1998).Rubber hands'feel'touch that eyes see.Nature,391(6669),756-756.
Brozzoli,C.,Gentile,G.,Petkova,V.I.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2011).f MRI adaptation reveals a cortical mechanism for the coding of space near the hand.The Journal of Neuroscience,31(24),9023-9031.
Christoff,K.,Cosmelli,D.,Legrand,D.,&Thompson,E.(2011).Specifying the self for cognitive neuroscience.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,15(3),104-112.
Clark,A.(2013).Whatever next?Predictive brains,situated agents,and the future of cognitive science.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,36(3),181-204.
David,N.(2012).New frontiers in the neuroscience of the sense of agency.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,6,161.
David,N.,Newen,A.,&Vogeley,K.(2008).The“sense of agency”and its underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms.Consciousness and Cognition,17(2),523-534.
Demiryürek,B.E.,Gündogdu,A.A.,Acar,B.A.,&Alagoz,A.N.(2016).Paroxysmal posterior variant alien hand syndrome associated with parietal lobe infarction:Case presentation.Cognitive Neurodynamics,10(5),453-455.
Ehrsson,H.H.,Wiech,K.,Weiskopf,N.,Dolan,R.J.,&Passingham,R.E.(2007).Threatening a rubber hand that you feel is yours elicits a cortical anxiety response.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,104(23),9828-9833.
Farrer,C.,Bouchereau,M.,Jeannerod,M.,&Franck,N.(2008).Effect of distorted visual feedback on the sense of agency.Behavioural Neurology,19(1-2),53-57.
Franklin,D.W.,&Wolpert,D.M.(2011).Computational mechanisms of sensorimotor control.Neuron,72(3),425-442.
Friston,K.(2005).A theory of cortical responses.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,360(1456),815-836.
Friston,K.(2010).The free-energy principle:A unified brain theory?Nature Reviews Neuroscience,11(2),127-138.
Gallagher,S.(2000).Philosophical conceptions of the self:Implications for cognitive science.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,4(1),14-21.
Gallese,V.,&Sinigaglia,C.(2010).The bodily self as power for action.Neuropsychologia,48,746-755.
Gentile,G.,Guterstam,A.,Brozzoli,C.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2013).Disintegration of multisensory signals from the real hand reduces default limb self-attribution:An f MRIstudy.The Journal of Neuroscience,33(33),13350-13366.
Guterstam,A.,Petkova,V.I.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2011).The illusion of owning a third arm.PLo S One,6(2),e17208.
Haggard,P.(2008).Human volition:Towards a neuroscience of will.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,9(12),934-946.
Haggard,P.,&Chambon,V.(2012).Sense of agency.Current Biology,22(10),R390-R392.
Haggard,P.(2017).Sense of agency in the human brain.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,18(4),196-207.
Hertza,J.,Davis,A.S.,Barisa,M.,&Lemann,E.R.(2012).Atypical sensory alien hand syndrome:A case study.Applied Neuropsychology,19(1),71-77.
Ionta,S.,Heydrich,L.,Lenggenhager,B.,Mouthon,M.,Fornari,E.,Chapuis,D.,...Blanke,O.(2011).Multisensory mechanisms in temporo-parietal cortex support self-location and first-person perspective.Neuron,70(2),363-374.
Jeannerod,M.(2003).The mechanism of self-recognition in humans.Behavioural Brain Research,142(1-2),1-15.
Kalckert,A.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2014).The moving rubber hand illusion revisited:Comparing movements and visuotactile stimulation to induce illusory ownership.Consciousness and Cognition,26,117-132.
Klein,S.B.(2012).“What is the self?”:Approaches to a very elusive question.Social Cognition,30(4),363-366.
Kühn,S.,Brass,M.,&Haggard,P.(2013).Feeling in control:Neural correlates of experience of agency.Cortex,49(7),1935-1942.
Limanowski,J.,&Blankenburg,F.(2015).Network activity underlying the illusory self‐-attribution of a dummy arm.Human Brain Mapping,36(6),2284-2304.
Llorens,R.,Borrego,A.,Palomo,P.,Cebolla,A.,Noé,E.,i Badia,S.B.,&Ba?os,R.(2017).Body schema plasticity after stroke:Subjective and neurophysiological correlates of the rubber hand illusion.Neuropsychologia,96,61-69.
Ma,K.,&Hommel,B.(2015).Body-ownership for actively operated non-corporeal objects.Consciousness and Cognition,36,75-86.
Makin,T.R.,Holmes,N.P.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2008).On the other hand:Dummy hands and peripersonal space.Behavioural Brain Research,191(1),1-10.
Manto,M.,Bower,J.M.,Conforto,A.B.,Delgado-García,J.M.,da Guarda,S.N.F.,Gerwig,M.,...Timmann,D.(2012).Consensus paper:Roles of the cerebellum in motor control-the diversity of ideas on cerebellar involvement in movement.The Cerebellum,11(2),457-487.
Moore,J.W.,&Obhi,S.S.(2012).Intentional binding and the sense of agency:A review.Consciousness and Cognition,21(1),546-561.
Petkova,V.I.,Khoshnevis,M.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2011).The perspective matters!Multisensory integration in ego-centric reference frames determines full-body ownership.Frontiers in Psychology,2,35.
Riemer,M.,Kleinb?hl,D.,H?lzl,R.,&Trojan,J.(2013).Action and perception in the rubber hand illusion.Experimental Brain Research,229(3),383-393.
Sidarus,N.,Vuorre,M.,&Haggard,P.(2017).How action selection influences the sense of agency:An ERP study.Neuro Image,150,1-13.
Suzuki,K.,Garfinkel,S.N.,Critchley,H.D.,&Seth,A.K.(2013).Multisensory integration across exteroceptive and interoceptive domains modulates self-experience in the rubber-hand illusion.Neuropsychologia,51(13),2909-2917.
Synofzik,M.,Lindner,A.,&Thier,P.(2008).The cerebellum updates predictions about the visual consequences of one's behavior.Current Biology,18(11),814-818.
Synofzik,M.,Vosgerau,G.,&Newen,A.(2008).I move,therefore I am:A new theoretical framework to investigate agency and ownership.Consciousness and Cognition,17(2),411-424.
Tajadura-Jiménez,A.,Grehl,S.,&Tsakiris,M.(2012).The other in me:Interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self.PLo S One,7(7),e40682.
Thompson,E.(2014).Waking,dreaming,being:Self and consciousness in neuroscience,meditation,and philosophy.New York:Columbia University Press.
Tsakiris,M.(2010).My body in the brain:A neurocognitive model of body-ownership.Neuropsychologia,48(3),703-712.
Tsakiris,M.,Carpenter,L.,James,D.,&Fotopoulou,A.(2010).Hands only illusion:Multisensory integration elicits sense of ownership for body parts but not for non-corporeal objects.Experimental Brain Research,204(3),343-352.
Tsakiris,M.,Hesse,M.D.,Boy,C.,Haggard,P.,&Fink,G.R.(2007).Neural signatures of body ownership:A sensory network for bodily self-consciousness.Cerebral Cortex,17(10),2235-2244.
Vosgerau,G.,&Newen,A.(2007).Thoughts,motor actions,and the self.Mind&Language,22(1),22-43.
Wittgenstein,L.(1958).The blue and brown books.Oxford:Basil Blackwell.
Zhang,J.,&Hommel,B.(2016).Body ownership and response to threat.Psychological Research,80(6),1020-1029.
Zhang,J.,Ma,K.,&Hommel,B.(2015).The virtual hand illusion is moderated by context-induced spatial reference frames.Frontiers in Psychology,6,1659.
Zheng,Z.Z.,Mac Donald,E.N.,Munhall,K.G.,&Johnsrude,I.S.(2011).Perceiving a stranger's voice as being one's own:A‘rubber voice’illusion?PLo S One,6(4),e18655.
1身体图式(body schema)是一种知觉-运动系统能力,能够持续控制姿态和动作。它是一种自动的程序系统,无需知觉监控就可以运作。例如,当我们穿过安检门、在电梯上保持平衡、坐在椅子上转圈或伸手取咖啡杯时,身体图式确保我们的身体具有无意识、自动化地完成上述活动的能力。
陈巍,单春雷,袁逖飞.(2016).异己手症候群述评:现象学精神病理学与认知神经科学的双重角度.应用心理学研究(台湾),64,135-171.
李恒威,董达.(2015).演化中的意识机制--达马西奥的意识观.哲学研究,(12),106-113.
瓦雷拉,F.,汤普森,E.,罗施,E.(2010).具身心智:认知科学和人类经验(李恒威,李恒熙,王球,于霞译).杭州:浙江大学出版社.
张静.(2017).自我和自我错觉--基于橡胶手和虚拟手错觉的研究.北京:中国社会科学出版社.
张静,陈巍.(2016).身体意象可塑吗?--同步性和距离参照系对身体拥有感的影响.心理学报,48(28),933-945.
张静,李恒威.(2016).自我表征的可塑性:基于橡胶手错觉的研究.心理科学,39(2),299-304.
Apps,M.A.,&Tsakiris,M.(2014).The free-energy self:Apredictive coding account of self-recognition.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,41,85-97.
Armel,K.C.,&Ramachandran,V.S.(2003).Projecting sensations to external objects:Evidence from skin conductance response.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,270(1523),1499-1506.
Bottini,G.,Bisiach,E.,Sterzi,R.,&Vallarc,G.(2002).Feeling touches in someone else's hand.Neuroreport,13(2),249-252.
Botvinick,M.,&Cohen,J.(1998).Rubber hands'feel'touch that eyes see.Nature,391(6669),756-756.
Brozzoli,C.,Gentile,G.,Petkova,V.I.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2011).f MRI adaptation reveals a cortical mechanism for the coding of space near the hand.The Journal of Neuroscience,31(24),9023-9031.
Christoff,K.,Cosmelli,D.,Legrand,D.,&Thompson,E.(2011).Specifying the self for cognitive neuroscience.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,15(3),104-112.
Clark,A.(2013).Whatever next?Predictive brains,situated agents,and the future of cognitive science.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,36(3),181-204.
David,N.(2012).New frontiers in the neuroscience of the sense of agency.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,6,161.
David,N.,Newen,A.,&Vogeley,K.(2008).The“sense of agency”and its underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms.Consciousness and Cognition,17(2),523-534.
Demiryürek,B.E.,Gündogdu,A.A.,Acar,B.A.,&Alagoz,A.N.(2016).Paroxysmal posterior variant alien hand syndrome associated with parietal lobe infarction:Case presentation.Cognitive Neurodynamics,10(5),453-455.
Ehrsson,H.H.,Wiech,K.,Weiskopf,N.,Dolan,R.J.,&Passingham,R.E.(2007).Threatening a rubber hand that you feel is yours elicits a cortical anxiety response.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,104(23),9828-9833.
Farrer,C.,Bouchereau,M.,Jeannerod,M.,&Franck,N.(2008).Effect of distorted visual feedback on the sense of agency.Behavioural Neurology,19(1-2),53-57.
Franklin,D.W.,&Wolpert,D.M.(2011).Computational mechanisms of sensorimotor control.Neuron,72(3),425-442.
Friston,K.(2005).A theory of cortical responses.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,360(1456),815-836.
Friston,K.(2010).The free-energy principle:A unified brain theory?Nature Reviews Neuroscience,11(2),127-138.
Gallagher,S.(2000).Philosophical conceptions of the self:Implications for cognitive science.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,4(1),14-21.
Gallese,V.,&Sinigaglia,C.(2010).The bodily self as power for action.Neuropsychologia,48,746-755.
Gentile,G.,Guterstam,A.,Brozzoli,C.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2013).Disintegration of multisensory signals from the real hand reduces default limb self-attribution:An f MRIstudy.The Journal of Neuroscience,33(33),13350-13366.
Guterstam,A.,Petkova,V.I.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2011).The illusion of owning a third arm.PLo S One,6(2),e17208.
Haggard,P.(2008).Human volition:Towards a neuroscience of will.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,9(12),934-946.
Haggard,P.,&Chambon,V.(2012).Sense of agency.Current Biology,22(10),R390-R392.
Haggard,P.(2017).Sense of agency in the human brain.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,18(4),196-207.
Hertza,J.,Davis,A.S.,Barisa,M.,&Lemann,E.R.(2012).Atypical sensory alien hand syndrome:A case study.Applied Neuropsychology,19(1),71-77.
Ionta,S.,Heydrich,L.,Lenggenhager,B.,Mouthon,M.,Fornari,E.,Chapuis,D.,...Blanke,O.(2011).Multisensory mechanisms in temporo-parietal cortex support self-location and first-person perspective.Neuron,70(2),363-374.
Jeannerod,M.(2003).The mechanism of self-recognition in humans.Behavioural Brain Research,142(1-2),1-15.
Kalckert,A.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2014).The moving rubber hand illusion revisited:Comparing movements and visuotactile stimulation to induce illusory ownership.Consciousness and Cognition,26,117-132.
Klein,S.B.(2012).“What is the self?”:Approaches to a very elusive question.Social Cognition,30(4),363-366.
Kühn,S.,Brass,M.,&Haggard,P.(2013).Feeling in control:Neural correlates of experience of agency.Cortex,49(7),1935-1942.
Limanowski,J.,&Blankenburg,F.(2015).Network activity underlying the illusory self‐-attribution of a dummy arm.Human Brain Mapping,36(6),2284-2304.
Llorens,R.,Borrego,A.,Palomo,P.,Cebolla,A.,Noé,E.,i Badia,S.B.,&Ba?os,R.(2017).Body schema plasticity after stroke:Subjective and neurophysiological correlates of the rubber hand illusion.Neuropsychologia,96,61-69.
Ma,K.,&Hommel,B.(2015).Body-ownership for actively operated non-corporeal objects.Consciousness and Cognition,36,75-86.
Makin,T.R.,Holmes,N.P.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2008).On the other hand:Dummy hands and peripersonal space.Behavioural Brain Research,191(1),1-10.
Manto,M.,Bower,J.M.,Conforto,A.B.,Delgado-García,J.M.,da Guarda,S.N.F.,Gerwig,M.,...Timmann,D.(2012).Consensus paper:Roles of the cerebellum in motor control-the diversity of ideas on cerebellar involvement in movement.The Cerebellum,11(2),457-487.
Moore,J.W.,&Obhi,S.S.(2012).Intentional binding and the sense of agency:A review.Consciousness and Cognition,21(1),546-561.
Petkova,V.I.,Khoshnevis,M.,&Ehrsson,H.H.(2011).The perspective matters!Multisensory integration in ego-centric reference frames determines full-body ownership.Frontiers in Psychology,2,35.
Riemer,M.,Kleinb?hl,D.,H?lzl,R.,&Trojan,J.(2013).Action and perception in the rubber hand illusion.Experimental Brain Research,229(3),383-393.
Sidarus,N.,Vuorre,M.,&Haggard,P.(2017).How action selection influences the sense of agency:An ERP study.Neuro Image,150,1-13.
Suzuki,K.,Garfinkel,S.N.,Critchley,H.D.,&Seth,A.K.(2013).Multisensory integration across exteroceptive and interoceptive domains modulates self-experience in the rubber-hand illusion.Neuropsychologia,51(13),2909-2917.
Synofzik,M.,Lindner,A.,&Thier,P.(2008).The cerebellum updates predictions about the visual consequences of one's behavior.Current Biology,18(11),814-818.
Synofzik,M.,Vosgerau,G.,&Newen,A.(2008).I move,therefore I am:A new theoretical framework to investigate agency and ownership.Consciousness and Cognition,17(2),411-424.
Tajadura-Jiménez,A.,Grehl,S.,&Tsakiris,M.(2012).The other in me:Interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self.PLo S One,7(7),e40682.
Thompson,E.(2014).Waking,dreaming,being:Self and consciousness in neuroscience,meditation,and philosophy.New York:Columbia University Press.
Tsakiris,M.(2010).My body in the brain:A neurocognitive model of body-ownership.Neuropsychologia,48(3),703-712.
Tsakiris,M.,Carpenter,L.,James,D.,&Fotopoulou,A.(2010).Hands only illusion:Multisensory integration elicits sense of ownership for body parts but not for non-corporeal objects.Experimental Brain Research,204(3),343-352.
Tsakiris,M.,Hesse,M.D.,Boy,C.,Haggard,P.,&Fink,G.R.(2007).Neural signatures of body ownership:A sensory network for bodily self-consciousness.Cerebral Cortex,17(10),2235-2244.
Vosgerau,G.,&Newen,A.(2007).Thoughts,motor actions,and the self.Mind&Language,22(1),22-43.
Wittgenstein,L.(1958).The blue and brown books.Oxford:Basil Blackwell.
Zhang,J.,&Hommel,B.(2016).Body ownership and response to threat.Psychological Research,80(6),1020-1029.
Zhang,J.,Ma,K.,&Hommel,B.(2015).The virtual hand illusion is moderated by context-induced spatial reference frames.Frontiers in Psychology,6,1659.
Zheng,Z.Z.,Mac Donald,E.N.,Munhall,K.G.,&Johnsrude,I.S.(2011).Perceiving a stranger's voice as being one's own:A‘rubber voice’illusion?PLo S One,6(4),e18655.
1身体图式(body schema)是一种知觉-运动系统能力,能够持续控制姿态和动作。它是一种自动的程序系统,无需知觉监控就可以运作。例如,当我们穿过安检门、在电梯上保持平衡、坐在椅子上转圈或伸手取咖啡杯时,身体图式确保我们的身体具有无意识、自动化地完成上述活动的能力。