微喷带施肥灌溉对小麦玉米产量和水肥利用的影响
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摘要
在2013-2015年两个连续的冬小麦-夏玉米生育期内,选用带宽为65 cm的双翼型微喷带,底肥(种肥)选用控失肥,总施肥量为当地地面灌溉高产推荐施肥量的70%,作物生育季当20 cm深度土壤基质势降低到-40 kPa时进行施肥灌溉,因夏玉米生育期正值雨季,除播种后灌溉,大喇叭口期和花粒期主要采用微喷带进行追肥。试验结果表明:①微喷带施肥灌溉水肥一体化可分别提高冬小麦和夏玉米的产量7.9%和17.1%;②冬小麦总耗水量平均为439.6 mm。整个生育期灌水量所占的比例最大,平均为36.4%,其次是土壤储水量的消耗量(35.6%),降水量占总耗水量的23.7%,地下水的补给量占的比例最小,仅4.3%。冬小麦水分利用效率平均达到1.7 kg/m~3,提高了21%。0～50 cm土壤储水量的消耗量占整个土层土壤储水量的消耗量最大,高达40%。③冬小麦和夏玉米的灌溉水利用效率分别平均为4.5和13.8 kg/m~3,分别提高了103%和62%,N和P的肥料偏生产力分别均提高了58%和67%。土壤养分主要分布在0～40 cm土层内,100～140 cm土层硝态氮含量降低了92%,显著减少了养分淋失,有效提高了肥料利用效率。因此华北平原地区微喷带施肥灌溉可提高冬小麦夏玉米的产量、水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率和肥料利用效率。
The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of fertigation with micro-sprinkling hoses on yield of wheat and maize,water use,and water and fertilizer use efficiency,to develop a fertigation schedule with micro-sprinkling hoses for wheat and maize.Field experiments were conducted in two consecutive winter wheat-summer maize growing seasons 2013-2015.Under fertigation with microsprinkling hoses,the total nutrients provided through fertigation plus base or seed fertilizer(controlled loss fertilizer)applications were 70%of the local fertilizer amount.The results showed that compared with local surface irrigation,the yields of wheat and maize under fertigation with micro-sprinkling hoses were increased by 7.9%and 17.1%respectively.The average water consumption of winter wheat was 439.6 mm,and the irrigation amount was the largest proportion and accounted for 36.4%,the consumption of soil water storage and precipitation accounted for 35.6%and 23.7%,the groundwater recharge was the lowest,only 4.3%.The consumption of soil water storage in 0～50 cm accounted for 40%of the total soil layers.The water use efficiency for winter wheat was 1.7 kg/m~3and increased by 21%compared with surface irrigation.The irrigation water use efficiency for winter wheat and summer maize were 4.5 and 13.8 kg/m~3,increased by 103%and62%,respectively.The partial factor productivity for winter wheat and summer maize were significantly improved by 58%and 67%under fertigation with micro-sprinkling hoses.The nutrient mainly distributed in 0～40 cm layers and the content in 100～140 cm layers was significantly decreased by 92%.The yield,water use efficiency,irrigation water and fertilizer use efficiency were increased under fertigation with micro-sprinkling hoses with the controlled loss fertilizer as base or seed fertilizer in North China Plain.
The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of fertigation with micro-sprinkling hoses on yield of wheat and maize,water use,and water and fertilizer use efficiency,to develop a fertigation schedule with micro-sprinkling hoses for wheat and maize.Field experiments were conducted in two consecutive winter wheat-summer maize growing seasons 2013-2015.Under fertigation with microsprinkling hoses,the total nutrients provided through fertigation plus base or seed fertilizer(controlled loss fertilizer)applications were 70%of the local fertilizer amount.The results showed that compared with local surface irrigation,the yields of wheat and maize under fertigation with micro-sprinkling hoses were increased by 7.9%and 17.1%respectively.The average water consumption of winter wheat was 439.6 mm,and the irrigation amount was the largest proportion and accounted for 36.4%,the consumption of soil water storage and precipitation accounted for 35.6%and 23.7%,the groundwater recharge was the lowest,only 4.3%.The consumption of soil water storage in 0～50 cm accounted for 40%of the total soil layers.The water use efficiency for winter wheat was 1.7 kg/m~3and increased by 21%compared with surface irrigation.The irrigation water use efficiency for winter wheat and summer maize were 4.5 and 13.8 kg/m~3,increased by 103%and62%,respectively.The partial factor productivity for winter wheat and summer maize were significantly improved by 58%and 67%under fertigation with micro-sprinkling hoses.The nutrient mainly distributed in 0～40 cm layers and the content in 100～140 cm layers was significantly decreased by 92%.The yield,water use efficiency,irrigation water and fertilizer use efficiency were increased under fertigation with micro-sprinkling hoses with the controlled loss fertilizer as base or seed fertilizer in North China Plain.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017.
[2]胡实,莫兴国,林忠辉.冬小麦种植区域的可能变化对黄淮海地区农业水资源盈亏的影响[J].地理研究,2017,36(5):861-871.
[3]NY/T 1361-2007,中华人民共和国农业行业标准-农业灌溉设备,微喷带[S].
[4]周斌,封俊,张学军,等.微喷带单孔喷水量分布的基本特征研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(4):101-103.
[5]张学军,吴政文,丁小明,等.微喷带水量分布特性试验分析[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(4):66-69.
[6]翟学军.河北小麦、玉米微灌水肥一体化技术研究与示范[C]∥2012全国高效节水灌溉先进技术与设备应用专刊.中国水利技术信息中心,2012:6.
[7]王荣香,康专苗.2种灌溉施肥方式对香蕉生长和果实品质的影响[J].热带农业科学,2014,34(11):18-21,29.
[8]马海洋,石伟琦,刘亚男,等.不同灌溉施肥模式对菠萝产量及水肥利用效率的影响[J].热带作物学报,2016,37(10):1 882-1 888.
[9]满建国,王东,于振文,等.不同带长微喷带灌溉对土壤水分布与冬小麦耗水特性及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,(8):2 186-2 196.
[10]董志强,张丽华,李谦,等微喷灌模式下冬小麦产量和水分利用特性[J].作物学报,2016,42(5):725-733.
[11]张洁梅,武继承,杨永辉,等.不同节水灌溉方式对小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].节水灌溉,2016,(8):30~32,37.
[12]崔吉晓,檀海斌,吴佳迪,等.微喷灌水肥一体化对河北夏玉米生长及产量的影响[J].玉米科学,2017,25(3):105-110.
[13]刘占卯,兰印超,石学萍,等.河北冬小麦、夏玉米一年两作微喷水肥一体化技术规程[J].新疆农垦科技,2017,40(3):47-50.
[14]马京津,高晓清,曲迎乐.华北地区春季和夏季降水特征及与气候相关的分析[J].气候与环境研究,2006,11(3):321-329.
[15]Hodnett M G,Bell J P,Ah Koon P D,et al.The control of drip irrigation of sugarcane using“index”tensiometers:Some comparisons with control by the water budget method[J].Agricultural Water Management.1990,17(1):189-207.
[16]Olson S M,Rhoads F M.Effect of water quantity on fall tomato production in North Florida[C]∥Proc.Fla.State Hort.Soc.,1992,105:334-336.
[17]Man Jianguo,Yu Junsheng,White Philip J,et al.Effects of supplemental irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses on water distribution in soil and grain yield of winter wheat[J].Field Crops Research,2014,(161):26-37.
[18]满建国,王东,张永丽,等.不同喷射角微喷带灌溉对土壤水分布与冬小麦耗水特性及产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(24):5 098-5 112.
[19]白珊珊,万书勤,康跃虎,等.作物遮挡下不同微喷带灌溉关键参数研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(1):27-32.
[20]白珊珊,万书勤,康跃虎,等.微喷带组合灌溉灌水均匀性研究[J].节水灌溉,2015,(5):1-4,8.
[21]白珊珊.微灌土壤水分调控对冬小麦生长及耗水过程的影响研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2015.
[22]熊顺贵.基础土壤学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版,2001.
[23]康跃虎.实用型滴灌灌溉计划制定方法[J].节水灌溉,2004,(3):11-12,15.
[24]Kang Yaohu,Wang Fengxin,Liu Haijun,et al..Potato evapotranspiration and yield under different drip irrigation regimes[J].Irrigation Science,2004,23:133-143.
[25]Kang Yaohu,Wan Shuqin.Effect of soil water potential on radish(Raphanus sativus L.)growth and water use under drip irrigation[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2005,106(3):275-292.
[26]张英华,张琪,徐学欣,等.适宜微喷灌灌水频率及氮肥量提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(5):88-95.
[27]万书勤,汪然,康跃虎,等.微咸水滴灌施肥灌溉对马铃薯生长和水肥利用的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2016,35(7):1-7,15.
[28]Feng Zhiwen,Wan Shuqin,Kang Yaohu,et al.Drip fertigation regime for potato on sandy soil[J].Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture,2017,29(6):476-484.
[29]Zhou Linglin,Cai Dongqing,He Lulu,et al.Fabrication of a highperformance fertilizer to control the loss of water and nutrient using micro/nano networks[J].ACS Sustainable Chemistry&Engineering,2015,3(4):645-653.
[30]白珊珊,万书勤,康跃虎,等.不同控失肥对冬小麦产量和肥料农学效率的影响[J].华北农学报,2017,32(1):149-155.
[31]白珊珊,万书勤,康跃虎,等.雨养条件下控失肥对夏玉米产量的影响[J].中国农村水利水电,2016,(9):46-49,56.
[32]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[33]王占彪,王猛,尹小刚,等.气候变化背景下华北平原夏玉米各生育期水热时空变化特征[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(4):473-481.
[34]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):915-924.
[35]刘润梅,范茂攀,汤利,等.云南省水稻生产中的肥料偏生产力分析[J].云南农业大学学报(自然科学),2012,27(1):117-122.
[2]胡实,莫兴国,林忠辉.冬小麦种植区域的可能变化对黄淮海地区农业水资源盈亏的影响[J].地理研究,2017,36(5):861-871.
[3]NY/T 1361-2007,中华人民共和国农业行业标准-农业灌溉设备,微喷带[S].
[4]周斌,封俊,张学军,等.微喷带单孔喷水量分布的基本特征研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(4):101-103.
[5]张学军,吴政文,丁小明,等.微喷带水量分布特性试验分析[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(4):66-69.
[6]翟学军.河北小麦、玉米微灌水肥一体化技术研究与示范[C]∥2012全国高效节水灌溉先进技术与设备应用专刊.中国水利技术信息中心,2012:6.
[7]王荣香,康专苗.2种灌溉施肥方式对香蕉生长和果实品质的影响[J].热带农业科学,2014,34(11):18-21,29.
[8]马海洋,石伟琦,刘亚男,等.不同灌溉施肥模式对菠萝产量及水肥利用效率的影响[J].热带作物学报,2016,37(10):1 882-1 888.
[9]满建国,王东,于振文,等.不同带长微喷带灌溉对土壤水分布与冬小麦耗水特性及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,(8):2 186-2 196.
[10]董志强,张丽华,李谦,等微喷灌模式下冬小麦产量和水分利用特性[J].作物学报,2016,42(5):725-733.
[11]张洁梅,武继承,杨永辉,等.不同节水灌溉方式对小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].节水灌溉,2016,(8):30~32,37.
[12]崔吉晓,檀海斌,吴佳迪,等.微喷灌水肥一体化对河北夏玉米生长及产量的影响[J].玉米科学,2017,25(3):105-110.
[13]刘占卯,兰印超,石学萍,等.河北冬小麦、夏玉米一年两作微喷水肥一体化技术规程[J].新疆农垦科技,2017,40(3):47-50.
[14]马京津,高晓清,曲迎乐.华北地区春季和夏季降水特征及与气候相关的分析[J].气候与环境研究,2006,11(3):321-329.
[15]Hodnett M G,Bell J P,Ah Koon P D,et al.The control of drip irrigation of sugarcane using“index”tensiometers:Some comparisons with control by the water budget method[J].Agricultural Water Management.1990,17(1):189-207.
[16]Olson S M,Rhoads F M.Effect of water quantity on fall tomato production in North Florida[C]∥Proc.Fla.State Hort.Soc.,1992,105:334-336.
[17]Man Jianguo,Yu Junsheng,White Philip J,et al.Effects of supplemental irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses on water distribution in soil and grain yield of winter wheat[J].Field Crops Research,2014,(161):26-37.
[18]满建国,王东,张永丽,等.不同喷射角微喷带灌溉对土壤水分布与冬小麦耗水特性及产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(24):5 098-5 112.
[19]白珊珊,万书勤,康跃虎,等.作物遮挡下不同微喷带灌溉关键参数研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(1):27-32.
[20]白珊珊,万书勤,康跃虎,等.微喷带组合灌溉灌水均匀性研究[J].节水灌溉,2015,(5):1-4,8.
[21]白珊珊.微灌土壤水分调控对冬小麦生长及耗水过程的影响研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2015.
[22]熊顺贵.基础土壤学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版,2001.
[23]康跃虎.实用型滴灌灌溉计划制定方法[J].节水灌溉,2004,(3):11-12,15.
[24]Kang Yaohu,Wang Fengxin,Liu Haijun,et al..Potato evapotranspiration and yield under different drip irrigation regimes[J].Irrigation Science,2004,23:133-143.
[25]Kang Yaohu,Wan Shuqin.Effect of soil water potential on radish(Raphanus sativus L.)growth and water use under drip irrigation[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2005,106(3):275-292.
[26]张英华,张琪,徐学欣,等.适宜微喷灌灌水频率及氮肥量提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(5):88-95.
[27]万书勤,汪然,康跃虎,等.微咸水滴灌施肥灌溉对马铃薯生长和水肥利用的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2016,35(7):1-7,15.
[28]Feng Zhiwen,Wan Shuqin,Kang Yaohu,et al.Drip fertigation regime for potato on sandy soil[J].Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture,2017,29(6):476-484.
[29]Zhou Linglin,Cai Dongqing,He Lulu,et al.Fabrication of a highperformance fertilizer to control the loss of water and nutrient using micro/nano networks[J].ACS Sustainable Chemistry&Engineering,2015,3(4):645-653.
[30]白珊珊,万书勤,康跃虎,等.不同控失肥对冬小麦产量和肥料农学效率的影响[J].华北农学报,2017,32(1):149-155.
[31]白珊珊,万书勤,康跃虎,等.雨养条件下控失肥对夏玉米产量的影响[J].中国农村水利水电,2016,(9):46-49,56.
[32]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[33]王占彪,王猛,尹小刚,等.气候变化背景下华北平原夏玉米各生育期水热时空变化特征[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(4):473-481.
[34]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):915-924.
[35]刘润梅,范茂攀,汤利,等.云南省水稻生产中的肥料偏生产力分析[J].云南农业大学学报(自然科学),2012,27(1):117-122.