生物炭添加对半干旱区土壤细菌群落的影响
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摘要
以半干旱区固原生态试验站生物炭修复4a的表层土壤为对象,采用高通量测序技术研究了不同添加类型(槐树皮生物炭、锯末生物炭)和比例(1%、3%、5%,质量百分比)的生物炭对土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响.结果表明,生物炭应用提高了土壤细菌群落的多样性,锯末生物炭优于槐树皮生物炭,且3%锯末生物炭对细菌群落的多样性影响最佳,其香农指数为6.22;优势门主要为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和Saccharibacteria,相对丰度共占76.80%～85.31%;优势纲有放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、酸杆菌纲(Acidobacteria),其相对丰度占48.13%～57.08%;属水平上,施加生物炭增加了芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)的相对丰度,降低了土微菌属(Pedomicrobium)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)的相对丰度;层级聚类及冗余分析(RDA)发现,施加生物炭对细菌群落结构有影响,其中,微生物量碳、含水率、铵态氮、有机碳对细菌群落结构的影响较大.细菌优势门与环境因子相关性热图分析表明,铵态氮与放线菌门、绿弯菌门呈显著相关性.铵态氮是影响细菌群落的主要理化因子.
Using surface soils collected from Guyuan Ecological Experiment Station in Semi-arid Region restored by biochar for4 years as research objects, th effects of two types of biochar(locust tree bark biochar、sawdust biochar) at three different mass percentages(1% 、 3% and 5%) on soil bacterial community diversities and structures were investigated by using Miseq high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the diversity of soil bacterial community was increased with biochar addition, and the diversities were higher in the treatment with sawdust biochar than that in the treatment with locust tree bark biochar.Further, 3% sawdust biochar addition had the best effect on bacterial community diversities, and its Shannon index was 6.22. The dominant taxa at phyla level were Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria and Saccharibacteria, with relative abundance of 76.80%～85.31%. The dominant taxa at class level were Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, with relative abundance of 48.13%～57.08%. At genus level, the relative abundance of the Bacillus, Nitrospira increased, while the relative abundance of the Pedomicrobium, Rhizobium decreased after biochar treatmetns. Hierarchical clustering and redundancy analysis(RDA) indicated that the application of biochar greatly affected the bacteria community structures. The microbial biomass carbon, water content, ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N), organic carbon contents had great influences on the variations of bacterial community structure. The heatmap of the correlation between taxa of dominant bacteria and environmental factors further indicated that NH_4~+-N concentration was significantly correlated with Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi. Therefore, the change in NH_4~+-N concentration caused by biochar addition was the key factor leading to the variations of soil bacterial communities.
Using surface soils collected from Guyuan Ecological Experiment Station in Semi-arid Region restored by biochar for4 years as research objects, th effects of two types of biochar(locust tree bark biochar、sawdust biochar) at three different mass percentages(1% 、 3% and 5%) on soil bacterial community diversities and structures were investigated by using Miseq high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the diversity of soil bacterial community was increased with biochar addition, and the diversities were higher in the treatment with sawdust biochar than that in the treatment with locust tree bark biochar.Further, 3% sawdust biochar addition had the best effect on bacterial community diversities, and its Shannon index was 6.22. The dominant taxa at phyla level were Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria and Saccharibacteria, with relative abundance of 76.80%～85.31%. The dominant taxa at class level were Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, with relative abundance of 48.13%～57.08%. At genus level, the relative abundance of the Bacillus, Nitrospira increased, while the relative abundance of the Pedomicrobium, Rhizobium decreased after biochar treatmetns. Hierarchical clustering and redundancy analysis(RDA) indicated that the application of biochar greatly affected the bacteria community structures. The microbial biomass carbon, water content, ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N), organic carbon contents had great influences on the variations of bacterial community structure. The heatmap of the correlation between taxa of dominant bacteria and environmental factors further indicated that NH_4~+-N concentration was significantly correlated with Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi. Therefore, the change in NH_4~+-N concentration caused by biochar addition was the key factor leading to the variations of soil bacterial communities.
引文
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[2] Gunes A, Inal A, Sahi N O, et al. Variations in mineral element concentrations of poultry manure biochar obtained at different pyrolysis temperatures, and their effects on crop growth and mineral nutrition[J]. Soil Use&Management, 2016,31(4):429-437.
[3] Gul S, Whalen J K, Thomas B W, et al. Physico-chemical properties and microbial responses in biochar-amended soils:mechanisms and future directions[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment, 2015,206:46-59.
[4]高超群.生物炭在土壤环境中的应用[J].安徽农学通报,2017,23(23):55-57.Gao C Q. Application of biochar in soil environment[J]. Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2017,23(23):55-57.
[5] Falkowski P G, Fenchel T, Delong E F. The microbial engines that drive Earth's biogeochemical cycles[J]. Science, 2008,320(5879):1034-1039
[6] Zhong W H, Gu T, Wang W, et al. The effects of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on soil microbial community and diversity[J]. Plant and Soil,2010,326(1/2):523.
[7] Zheng J, Chen J, Pan G, et al. Biochar decreased microbial metabolic quotient and shifted community composition four years after a single incorporation in a slightly acid rice paddy from southwest China[J].Science of the Total Environment, 2016,571:206-217.
[8] Xu N,Tan G, Wang H,et al. Effect of biochar additions to soil on nitrogen leaching, microbial biomass and bacterial community structure[J]. European Journal of Soil Biology, 2016,74:1-8.
[9] Cui E, Wu Y, Zuo Y, et al. Effect of different biochars on antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial community during chicken manure composting[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2016,203:11-17.
[10] Luo L, Gu J D. Alteration of extracellular enzyme activity and microbial abundance by biochar addition:Implication for carbon sequestration in subtropical mangrove sediment[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2016,182:29.
[11] Yao Q, Liu J,Yu Z, et al. Changes of bacterial community compositions after three years of biochar application in a black soil of northeast China[J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2017,113:11-21.
[12] Liao N, Li Q, Zhang W, et al. Effects of biochar on soil microbial community composition and activity in drip-irrigated desert soil[J].European Journal of Soil Biology, 2016,72:27-34.
[13] Chen J,Li S,Liang C, et al. Response of microbial community structure and function to short-term biochar amendment in an intensively managed bamboo(Phyllostachys praecox)plantation soil:Effect of particle size and addition rate[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,574:24-33.
[14] Hu L, Cao L, Zhang R. Bacterial and fungal taxon changes in soil microbial community composition induced by short-term biochar amendment in red oxidized loam soil[J]. World Journal of Microbiology&Biotechnology, 2014,30(3):1085.
[15] Dai Z, Barberan A, Li Y, et al. Bacterial community composition associated with pyrogenic organic matter(biochar)varies with pyrolysis temperature and colonization environment[J]. Msphere,2017,2(2):e00085-17.
[16] Andert J, Mumme J. Impact of pyrolysis and hydrothermal biochar on gas-emitting activity of soil microorganisms and bacterial and archaeal community composition[J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2015,96:225-239.
[17] Lehmann J, Rillig M C, Thies J, et al. Biochar effects on soil biota-A review[J]. Soil Biology&Biochemistry, 2011,43(9):1812-1836.
[18] Wang T T,Stewart C E,Sun C C, et al. Effects of biochar addition on evaporation in the five typical Loess Plateau soils[J]. CATENA,2018,162:29-39.
[19]郭艳亮,王丹丹,郑纪勇,等.生物炭添加对半干旱地区土壤温室气体排放的影响[J].环境科学,2015,36(9):3393-3400.Guo Y L, Wang D D, Zheng J Y, et al. Effect of biochar on soil greenhouse gas emissions in semi-arid region[J]. Environmental Science, 2015,36(9):3393-3400.
[20]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.3版[M].中国农业出版社,2000.Bao Shidan. Soil agro-chemistrical analysis 3[M]. China Agriculture Press, 2000.
[21] Vance E D, Brookes P C, Jenkinson D S. An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C[J]. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1987,19(6):703-707.
[22] Me bain A J, Bartolo R G, Catrenich c E, et al. Microbial characterization of biofilms in domestic drains and the establishment of stable biofilm microcosms[J]. Applied&Environmental Microbiology, 2003,69(1):177-85.
[23]杨亚东,王志敏,曾昭海.长期施肥和灌溉对土壤细菌数量、多样性和群落结构的影响[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(2):290-301.Yang Y D, Wang Z M, Zeng Z H. Effects of long-Term different fertilization and irrigation managements on soil bacterial abundance,diversity and composition[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018,51(2):290-301.
[24]王亚男,曾希柏,王玉忠,等,设施蔬菜种植年限对氮素循环微生物群落结构和丰度的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(4):1115-1124.Wang Y N, Zeng X B, Wang Y Z, et al. Effects of vegetable cultivation years on microbial biodiversity and abundance of nitrogen cycling in greenhouse soils[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2014,25(4):1115-1124.
[25]刘根林.转基因大豆对根际土壤微生物群落的影响及其多样性指数的度量[D].南京:南京大学,2012.Liu G L. Effects of transgenic soybeans on the rhizospheric soil microbial communities and their diversity indices measurement[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University, 2012.
[26] Doan T T, Bouvier C, Bettarel Y, et al. Influence of buffalo manure,compost,vermicompost and biochar amendments on bacterial and viral communities in soil and adjacent aquatic systems[J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2014,73(2):78-86.
[27] Nguyen T T N, Wallace H M, Xu C Y, et al. The effects of short term,long term and reapplication of biochar on soil bacteria[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018,636:142-151.
[28]乌英嘎,张贵龙,赖欣,等.生物炭施用对华北潮土土壤细菌多样性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(5):965-971.Wu Y G, Zhang G L, Lai X, et al. Effects of biochar applications on bacterial diversity in fluvor-aquic soil of north china[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2014,33(5):965-971.
[29]张玉洁,吴婷,赵娟,等.生物炭添加对秸秆还田土壤细菌群落结构和多样性影响[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(2):712-720.Zhang Y J, Wu T, Zhao J et al. Effect of biochar amendment on bacterial community structure and diversity in straw-amended soils[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2017,37(2):712-720.
[30]李力,刘娅,陆宇超,等.生物炭的环境效应及其应用的研究进展[J].环境化学,2011,30(8):141-1421.Li L, Liu Y, Lu Y C, et al. Review on environmental effects and applications of biochar[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2011,30(8):1411-1421.
[31]陈坤,徐晓楠,彭靖,等.生物炭及炭基肥对土壤微生物群落结构的影响[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(10):1920-1930.Chen K, Xu X N, Peng J, et al. Effects of biochar and biochar-based fertilizer on soil microbial community structure[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(10):1920-1930.
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