以文化大事件为触媒的城市再生模式初探--“欧洲文化之都”的实践和启示
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摘要
在国外,举办以文化活动为主题的大事件是一个文化导向城市再生的方案策略。目前国内对"大事件"这一学术课题的研究并不充分,更缺少与文化大事件相关的深入研究。本文以欧洲较为知名的品牌性文化事件"欧洲文化之都"作为研究对象探讨其对城市再生的触媒作用;并以利物浦作为重点案例,总结其成功经验,如清晰的主题目标与连贯详细的实施计划、创新的管理模式与多方的公众参与、平衡的物质发展与项目收支等;最后提出文化导向下城市再生的文化大事件模式,并探讨其在中国的适应性,对中国未来的城市更新实践提出启示,建议从理念转变、规划转变、管理转变三个角度真正实现城市的文化再生。
In the West, hosting mega-events based on culture is a strategy for urban regeneration. Currently, there are insufficient academic studies on "mega-events' ' in China and there are even less studies on mega-events based on or related to culture. This paper focuses on a notable cultural mega-event of Europe called the "European Capital of Culture" as the research object and explores its impact on urban regeneration. Liverpool is used as a successful example of gaining regeneration achievement through "European Capital of Culture", and useful experiences are concluded, such as a clear theme and consistent and detailed plan, innovative management model and multi public participation, balance between material development and project budget, etc. At last, cultural event as a culture-led urban regeneration mode is brought up. Insights and recommendations are drawn to inspire China's future urban regeneration practice. It can be concluded in three aspects of concept change, planning transformation and management transformation, so as to truly achieve the urban cultural regeneration.
In the West, hosting mega-events based on culture is a strategy for urban regeneration. Currently, there are insufficient academic studies on "mega-events' ' in China and there are even less studies on mega-events based on or related to culture. This paper focuses on a notable cultural mega-event of Europe called the "European Capital of Culture" as the research object and explores its impact on urban regeneration. Liverpool is used as a successful example of gaining regeneration achievement through "European Capital of Culture", and useful experiences are concluded, such as a clear theme and consistent and detailed plan, innovative management model and multi public participation, balance between material development and project budget, etc. At last, cultural event as a culture-led urban regeneration mode is brought up. Insights and recommendations are drawn to inspire China's future urban regeneration practice. It can be concluded in three aspects of concept change, planning transformation and management transformation, so as to truly achieve the urban cultural regeneration.
引文
[1]刘易斯·芒福德.城市发展史--起源、演变和前景[M].宋俊岭,倪文彦,译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[2]单霁翔.从“功能城市”走向“文化城市”发展路径辨析[J].文艺研究,2007(3):41-53.
[3]陆枭麟,王苑,张京祥,皇甫玥.全球性大事件及其影响效应研究评述[J].国际城市规划,2011(1):66-71.
[4]吴志强.重大事件对城市规划学科发展的意义及启示[J].城市规划学刊,2008(6):16-19.
[5]吴志强,干靓.世博会选址与城市空间发展[J].城市规划学刊,2005(4):10-15.
[6]British Library.Defining the Mega-event[DB/OL].http://www.bl.uk/sportandsociety/exploresocsci/sportsoc/mega/articles/defining.html.
[7]Lee C K,Taylor T.Critical Reflections on the Economic Impact Assessment o f a M e g a-E ve n t:T h e C a s e o f 2002 F I FA Wo r l d C u p[J].To u r i s m Management,2005,26(4):595-603.
[8]Dai G,Bao J.Spatial Distribution of Integrated Impact Index of Mega-event-ACase Study Of Expo’99 Kunming[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2008,18(3):214-223.
[9]Gaffney C.Between Discourse and Reality:The Un-sustainability of Megaevent Planning[J].Sustainability,2013,5(9):3926-3940.
[10]Hall C M.Sust ainable Mega-events:Beyond the Myth of Balanced Approaches to Mega-event Sustainability[J].Event Management,2012,16(2):119-131.
[11]李鹏影,刘建军.以城市事件为契机的旧工业区改造与再发展研究--以瑞典马尔默住宅展为例[J].国际城市规划,2015(2):87-94.
[12]何韶颖.基于文化活动的人文主义城市复兴[J].华中建筑,2007(2):86-87.
[13]Simeon M I,Buonincontri P.Cultural Event as a Territorial Marketing Tool:The Case of the Ravello Festival on the Italian Amalfi Coast[J].Journal of Hospitality Marketing&Management,2011,20(3-4):385-406.
[14]González RevertéF,Miralbell Izard O.The Role of Social and Intangible Factors in Cultural Event Planning in Catalonia[J].International Journal of Event and Festival Management,2011,2(1):37-53.
[15]Richards G,Wilson J.The Impact of Cultural Events on City Image:Rotterdam,Cultural Capital of Europe 2001[J].Urban Studies,2004,41(10):1931-1951.
[16]Shin H R,Stevens Q.Debates Around Cultural Re-imaging and Cultureled Urban Regeneration:The Politics of Two Festivals in Gwangju and Glasgow[J].Asian Journal of Social Science,2014,41(6):628-652.
[17]Luonila M,Johansson T.The Role of Festivals and Events in the Regional Development of Cities:Cases of Two Finnish Cities[J].Event Management,2015,19(2):211-226.
[18]Pappalepore I.Exploring the Intangible Impacts of Cultural Events on the Creative Sector:Experiences from the Cultural Olympiad Programmes of Torino 2006 and London 2012[J].European Urban and Regional Studies,2016,23(3):441-454.
[19]O’Callaghan C.Urban Anxieties and Creative Tensions in the European Capital of Culture 2005:‘It Couldn’t Just Be About Cork,Like’[J].International Journal of Cultural Policy,2012,18(2):185-204.
[20]中华人民共和国驻欧盟使团.欧洲文化之都[DB/OL].(2007-8-23).http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cebe/chn/sbgx/wh/D/t354715.htm.
[21]European Commission.European Capital of Culture[DB/OL].(2013).http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc413_en.htm.
[22]罗朗·德雷阿诺,让·玛利·埃尔耐克,赵淑美.2004欧洲文化之都:创意城市里尔[J].国际城市规划,2012(3):17-24.
[23]Bergsgard N A,Josendal K,Garcia B.A Cultural Mega Event’s Impact on Innovative Capabilities in Art Production:The Results of Stavanger Being the European Capital of Culture in 2008[J].International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development,2010,2(4):353-371.
[24]MKW Gmb H.Case Study on European Capitals of Culture(2003-2007)-Geppert/Nozar[J/OL].MKW Gmb H,2007.http://ecoc-doc-athens.eu/attachments/415_Case%20Study%20on%20European%20Capitals%20of%20Culture%202003-2007.pdf.
[25]新华网.记者手记:法国里尔的风采[EB/OL].(2011-12-17).http://news.xinhuanet.com/travel/2011-12/17/c_122437768.htm.
[26]Davies T.The Decade Af ter:Copenhagen 1996[C]//Bruges 2012Conference-The Decade After:The Legacy of European Capitals of Culture,Bruges,2012.
[27]ENWRS and Impacts 08.The Economic Impact of Visits Influenced by the Liverpool European Capital of Culture in 2008[R].Liverpool:2010.
[28]Essen 2010-Boosting the Creative Industries[DB/OL].Essen 2010,2010.http://www.essen-fuer-das-ruhrgebiet.ruhr2010.de/fileadmin/user_upload/ruhr2010.de/scripts/download.php?file=uploads%2Fmedia%2F2010-03_Beilage_Kreativwirtschaft_Englisch.pdf.
[29]Garcia B,Cox T.European Capitals of Culture:Success Strategies and Long-term Effects[DB/OL].European Parliament,2013:146.http://www.europarl.europa.eu/Reg Data/etudes/etudes/join/2013/513985/IPOL-CULT_ET(2013)513985_EN.pdf.
[30]Impacts 08.Volunteering for Culture:Exploring the Impact of Being an08 Volunteer[DB/OL].Impacts 08,2010.http://www.liv.ac.uk/impacts08/Publications/Volunteering For Culture.pdf.
[31]Richards G,Wilson J.The Impact of Cultural Events on City Image:Rotterdam,Cultural Capital of Europe 2001[J].Urban Studies,2004,41(10):1931-1951.
[32]Rotariu I.An Outline on How to Boost the Communication of a Tourist Destination by the European Cultural Capital Program[J].Sibiu Alma Mater,2007.
[33]Liverpool City Council.European Capital of Culture 2008,Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of Liverpool’s Bid[DB/OL].(2003).http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Society/documents/2003/06/10/finalreport.pdf
[34]O’Brien D.Who is in Charge?Liverpool,European Capital of Culture 2008and the Governance of Cultural Planning[J].Town Planning Review,2011,82(1):45-59.
[35]Liverpool Culture Company.Liverpool Culture Company,Strategic Business Plan 2005-2009[DB/OL].(2005).http://www.liverpool08.com/Images/Bis Plan2-sect-1-3_tcm79-48110_tcm146-122184.pdf.
[36]Impacts 08.European Capital of Culture and Liverpool’s Developer Market:Impacts and Interactions[DB/OL].(2008).http://www.liv.ac.uk/impacts08/Publications/Liverpool%27s_Developer_Market.pdf.
[37]O’Brien D,García B.Who Pays the Piper?Understanding the Experience of Organisations Sponsoring the Liverpool European Capital of Culture[J].2008.http://www.arvio2011.fi/assets/files/Who Paysthe Piper.pdf.
[38]郑憩,吕斌,谭肖红.国际旧城再生的文化模式及其启示[J].国际城市规划,2013(1):63-68.
[39]Evans G L.Cities of Culture and the Regeneration Game[J].London Journal of Tourism,Sport and Creative Industries,2011,5(6):5-18.
[40]Pier Luigi Sacco,Alessandro Crociata.A Conceptual Regulatory Framework for the Design and Evaluation of Complex,Participative Cultural Planning Strategies[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,37(5):1688-1706.
[41]陈振明.评西方的“新公共管理”范式[J].中国社会科学,2000(6):73-82,207.
(1)如利物浦2008耗资1.6亿英镑和融资10亿英镑新建“利物浦体育与会议中心”(The Arena and Convention Centre Liverpool)与巨型购物中心“利物浦一号”(Liverpool One)。详见:新华网.综述:利物浦以“欧洲文化之都”促城市复兴[DB/OL].2008.http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-01/13/content_7414807.htm
(1)“里尔3000”每2~3年举办一次,并已在2006年、2009年、2012年分别成功组织了印度主题(Bombaysers de Lille 3000)、特大号欧洲(Lille3000-Europe XXL)主题以及“奇妙”(Fantastic)主题的里尔3000文化活动。
(2)如当年成立的“儿童艺术实验室”和“斑马别墅”项目组织机构如今仍在为孩子们提供优质的艺术教育服务。详见:欧洲文化之都让生活更美好[DB/OL].新华网,2011.http://ucwap.ifeng.com/news/jsxw/news?aid=28286246&mid=8w6g Fg&p=3
(3)如2010年“欧洲文化之都”德国埃森鲁尔为再现昔日鲁尔区的产业盛况,促成人与旧工业空间的互动,用现代的艺术表现手法设计了一个名为“矿井标志”(Schachzeichen)的活动,用几百个巨型黄色热气球对应当年的矿井位置悬挂于80 m的高空,场面壮观。详见:张兴国,周挺.2010年“欧洲文化之都”活动--德国埃森鲁尔旧工业区转型新路径[J].新建筑,2011(4):108-111.
(1)三个层面包括:(1)可持续的文化基础设施(sustainable cultural infrastructure)。增加和改善文化基础设施,并鼓励文化和创意产业(cultural and creative industries)部门新产品、新流程和新企业的产生;(2)包容且充满活力的社区(an inclusive and dynamic community)。增强文化活动的地方参与度并促进社区融合;(3)先进的欧洲城市(a premier European city)。在市中心和社区更新方面改善城市基础设施的覆盖范围和质量。
(2)如2004、2005、2006年分别为信念之年、海洋之年、表演之年,主题活动一直延续到2010年。
(3)如由八大当地艺术与文化机构组成的利物浦艺术再生联合会(Liverpool Arts Regeneration Consortium)便主要负责它的会员单位所承担的文化项目与利物浦文化公司的对接工作,双方形成一种宽松且良好的公私伙伴关系。
[2]单霁翔.从“功能城市”走向“文化城市”发展路径辨析[J].文艺研究,2007(3):41-53.
[3]陆枭麟,王苑,张京祥,皇甫玥.全球性大事件及其影响效应研究评述[J].国际城市规划,2011(1):66-71.
[4]吴志强.重大事件对城市规划学科发展的意义及启示[J].城市规划学刊,2008(6):16-19.
[5]吴志强,干靓.世博会选址与城市空间发展[J].城市规划学刊,2005(4):10-15.
[6]British Library.Defining the Mega-event[DB/OL].http://www.bl.uk/sportandsociety/exploresocsci/sportsoc/mega/articles/defining.html.
[7]Lee C K,Taylor T.Critical Reflections on the Economic Impact Assessment o f a M e g a-E ve n t:T h e C a s e o f 2002 F I FA Wo r l d C u p[J].To u r i s m Management,2005,26(4):595-603.
[8]Dai G,Bao J.Spatial Distribution of Integrated Impact Index of Mega-event-ACase Study Of Expo’99 Kunming[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2008,18(3):214-223.
[9]Gaffney C.Between Discourse and Reality:The Un-sustainability of Megaevent Planning[J].Sustainability,2013,5(9):3926-3940.
[10]Hall C M.Sust ainable Mega-events:Beyond the Myth of Balanced Approaches to Mega-event Sustainability[J].Event Management,2012,16(2):119-131.
[11]李鹏影,刘建军.以城市事件为契机的旧工业区改造与再发展研究--以瑞典马尔默住宅展为例[J].国际城市规划,2015(2):87-94.
[12]何韶颖.基于文化活动的人文主义城市复兴[J].华中建筑,2007(2):86-87.
[13]Simeon M I,Buonincontri P.Cultural Event as a Territorial Marketing Tool:The Case of the Ravello Festival on the Italian Amalfi Coast[J].Journal of Hospitality Marketing&Management,2011,20(3-4):385-406.
[14]González RevertéF,Miralbell Izard O.The Role of Social and Intangible Factors in Cultural Event Planning in Catalonia[J].International Journal of Event and Festival Management,2011,2(1):37-53.
[15]Richards G,Wilson J.The Impact of Cultural Events on City Image:Rotterdam,Cultural Capital of Europe 2001[J].Urban Studies,2004,41(10):1931-1951.
[16]Shin H R,Stevens Q.Debates Around Cultural Re-imaging and Cultureled Urban Regeneration:The Politics of Two Festivals in Gwangju and Glasgow[J].Asian Journal of Social Science,2014,41(6):628-652.
[17]Luonila M,Johansson T.The Role of Festivals and Events in the Regional Development of Cities:Cases of Two Finnish Cities[J].Event Management,2015,19(2):211-226.
[18]Pappalepore I.Exploring the Intangible Impacts of Cultural Events on the Creative Sector:Experiences from the Cultural Olympiad Programmes of Torino 2006 and London 2012[J].European Urban and Regional Studies,2016,23(3):441-454.
[19]O’Callaghan C.Urban Anxieties and Creative Tensions in the European Capital of Culture 2005:‘It Couldn’t Just Be About Cork,Like’[J].International Journal of Cultural Policy,2012,18(2):185-204.
[20]中华人民共和国驻欧盟使团.欧洲文化之都[DB/OL].(2007-8-23).http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cebe/chn/sbgx/wh/D/t354715.htm.
[21]European Commission.European Capital of Culture[DB/OL].(2013).http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc413_en.htm.
[22]罗朗·德雷阿诺,让·玛利·埃尔耐克,赵淑美.2004欧洲文化之都:创意城市里尔[J].国际城市规划,2012(3):17-24.
[23]Bergsgard N A,Josendal K,Garcia B.A Cultural Mega Event’s Impact on Innovative Capabilities in Art Production:The Results of Stavanger Being the European Capital of Culture in 2008[J].International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development,2010,2(4):353-371.
[24]MKW Gmb H.Case Study on European Capitals of Culture(2003-2007)-Geppert/Nozar[J/OL].MKW Gmb H,2007.http://ecoc-doc-athens.eu/attachments/415_Case%20Study%20on%20European%20Capitals%20of%20Culture%202003-2007.pdf.
[25]新华网.记者手记:法国里尔的风采[EB/OL].(2011-12-17).http://news.xinhuanet.com/travel/2011-12/17/c_122437768.htm.
[26]Davies T.The Decade Af ter:Copenhagen 1996[C]//Bruges 2012Conference-The Decade After:The Legacy of European Capitals of Culture,Bruges,2012.
[27]ENWRS and Impacts 08.The Economic Impact of Visits Influenced by the Liverpool European Capital of Culture in 2008[R].Liverpool:2010.
[28]Essen 2010-Boosting the Creative Industries[DB/OL].Essen 2010,2010.http://www.essen-fuer-das-ruhrgebiet.ruhr2010.de/fileadmin/user_upload/ruhr2010.de/scripts/download.php?file=uploads%2Fmedia%2F2010-03_Beilage_Kreativwirtschaft_Englisch.pdf.
[29]Garcia B,Cox T.European Capitals of Culture:Success Strategies and Long-term Effects[DB/OL].European Parliament,2013:146.http://www.europarl.europa.eu/Reg Data/etudes/etudes/join/2013/513985/IPOL-CULT_ET(2013)513985_EN.pdf.
[30]Impacts 08.Volunteering for Culture:Exploring the Impact of Being an08 Volunteer[DB/OL].Impacts 08,2010.http://www.liv.ac.uk/impacts08/Publications/Volunteering For Culture.pdf.
[31]Richards G,Wilson J.The Impact of Cultural Events on City Image:Rotterdam,Cultural Capital of Europe 2001[J].Urban Studies,2004,41(10):1931-1951.
[32]Rotariu I.An Outline on How to Boost the Communication of a Tourist Destination by the European Cultural Capital Program[J].Sibiu Alma Mater,2007.
[33]Liverpool City Council.European Capital of Culture 2008,Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of Liverpool’s Bid[DB/OL].(2003).http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Society/documents/2003/06/10/finalreport.pdf
[34]O’Brien D.Who is in Charge?Liverpool,European Capital of Culture 2008and the Governance of Cultural Planning[J].Town Planning Review,2011,82(1):45-59.
[35]Liverpool Culture Company.Liverpool Culture Company,Strategic Business Plan 2005-2009[DB/OL].(2005).http://www.liverpool08.com/Images/Bis Plan2-sect-1-3_tcm79-48110_tcm146-122184.pdf.
[36]Impacts 08.European Capital of Culture and Liverpool’s Developer Market:Impacts and Interactions[DB/OL].(2008).http://www.liv.ac.uk/impacts08/Publications/Liverpool%27s_Developer_Market.pdf.
[37]O’Brien D,García B.Who Pays the Piper?Understanding the Experience of Organisations Sponsoring the Liverpool European Capital of Culture[J].2008.http://www.arvio2011.fi/assets/files/Who Paysthe Piper.pdf.
[38]郑憩,吕斌,谭肖红.国际旧城再生的文化模式及其启示[J].国际城市规划,2013(1):63-68.
[39]Evans G L.Cities of Culture and the Regeneration Game[J].London Journal of Tourism,Sport and Creative Industries,2011,5(6):5-18.
[40]Pier Luigi Sacco,Alessandro Crociata.A Conceptual Regulatory Framework for the Design and Evaluation of Complex,Participative Cultural Planning Strategies[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,37(5):1688-1706.
[41]陈振明.评西方的“新公共管理”范式[J].中国社会科学,2000(6):73-82,207.
(1)如利物浦2008耗资1.6亿英镑和融资10亿英镑新建“利物浦体育与会议中心”(The Arena and Convention Centre Liverpool)与巨型购物中心“利物浦一号”(Liverpool One)。详见:新华网.综述:利物浦以“欧洲文化之都”促城市复兴[DB/OL].2008.http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-01/13/content_7414807.htm
(1)“里尔3000”每2~3年举办一次,并已在2006年、2009年、2012年分别成功组织了印度主题(Bombaysers de Lille 3000)、特大号欧洲(Lille3000-Europe XXL)主题以及“奇妙”(Fantastic)主题的里尔3000文化活动。
(2)如当年成立的“儿童艺术实验室”和“斑马别墅”项目组织机构如今仍在为孩子们提供优质的艺术教育服务。详见:欧洲文化之都让生活更美好[DB/OL].新华网,2011.http://ucwap.ifeng.com/news/jsxw/news?aid=28286246&mid=8w6g Fg&p=3
(3)如2010年“欧洲文化之都”德国埃森鲁尔为再现昔日鲁尔区的产业盛况,促成人与旧工业空间的互动,用现代的艺术表现手法设计了一个名为“矿井标志”(Schachzeichen)的活动,用几百个巨型黄色热气球对应当年的矿井位置悬挂于80 m的高空,场面壮观。详见:张兴国,周挺.2010年“欧洲文化之都”活动--德国埃森鲁尔旧工业区转型新路径[J].新建筑,2011(4):108-111.
(1)三个层面包括:(1)可持续的文化基础设施(sustainable cultural infrastructure)。增加和改善文化基础设施,并鼓励文化和创意产业(cultural and creative industries)部门新产品、新流程和新企业的产生;(2)包容且充满活力的社区(an inclusive and dynamic community)。增强文化活动的地方参与度并促进社区融合;(3)先进的欧洲城市(a premier European city)。在市中心和社区更新方面改善城市基础设施的覆盖范围和质量。
(2)如2004、2005、2006年分别为信念之年、海洋之年、表演之年,主题活动一直延续到2010年。
(3)如由八大当地艺术与文化机构组成的利物浦艺术再生联合会(Liverpool Arts Regeneration Consortium)便主要负责它的会员单位所承担的文化项目与利物浦文化公司的对接工作,双方形成一种宽松且良好的公私伙伴关系。