正义与仁爱:罗尔斯和桑德尔的分歧
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摘要
罗尔斯在其正义理论中将正义作为社会制度的首要美德。然而,共同体主义者(也被称为社群主义者)桑德尔并不认为正义必然优先于仁爱等其他美德。桑德尔针对正义的优先性进行了三方面的批评:第一,罗尔斯所描述的经验性的正义环境不具有普遍性;第二,罗尔斯将原初状态的人们设定为相互冷淡的,忽略了人们之间可能存在的相互关爱的倾向;第三,罗尔斯反对以仁爱作为社会制度首要美德的重要理由——个人在认识论上的局限——是站不住脚的。
In his theory of justice,John Rawls considers justice as the first virtue of social constitution. Michael J. Sandel as a communitarianist,however,disagrees with Rawls on the priority of justice,and gives his criticism in the following three aspects: first,the empirical environment of justice described by Rawls does not exist universally; second,Rawls considers the people in the original position as disinterested to each other,which ignores the possibility that they might care about each other;third,the epistemological limitation of individuals,that is,Rawls' s argument against"benevolence"as the first virtue of social constitution,is untenable.
In his theory of justice,John Rawls considers justice as the first virtue of social constitution. Michael J. Sandel as a communitarianist,however,disagrees with Rawls on the priority of justice,and gives his criticism in the following three aspects: first,the empirical environment of justice described by Rawls does not exist universally; second,Rawls considers the people in the original position as disinterested to each other,which ignores the possibility that they might care about each other;third,the epistemological limitation of individuals,that is,Rawls' s argument against"benevolence"as the first virtue of social constitution,is untenable.
引文
[1][英]大卫·休谟.道德原则研究[M].曾晓平译.北京:商务印书馆,2004.
[2][美]约翰·罗尔斯.正义论[M].何怀宏,何包钢,廖申白译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[3][美]迈克尔·桑德尔.自由主义与正义的局限[M].万俊人,等译.南京:译林出版社,2011.
(1)“反思平衡”(reflective equilibrium)指原则和所考虑的判断之间的相互调整过程。罗尔斯在《正义论》中对这一推理方法进行了如下解释:“通过这样的反复来回:有时改正契约环境的条件;有时又撤销我们的判断使之符合原则,我们预期最后我们将达到这样一种对原初状态的描述:它既表达了合理的条件:又适合我们所考虑的并已及时修正和调整了的判断。这种情况我把它叫做反思的平衡。”[2](P20)
[2][美]约翰·罗尔斯.正义论[M].何怀宏,何包钢,廖申白译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[3][美]迈克尔·桑德尔.自由主义与正义的局限[M].万俊人,等译.南京:译林出版社,2011.
(1)“反思平衡”(reflective equilibrium)指原则和所考虑的判断之间的相互调整过程。罗尔斯在《正义论》中对这一推理方法进行了如下解释:“通过这样的反复来回:有时改正契约环境的条件;有时又撤销我们的判断使之符合原则,我们预期最后我们将达到这样一种对原初状态的描述:它既表达了合理的条件:又适合我们所考虑的并已及时修正和调整了的判断。这种情况我把它叫做反思的平衡。”[2](P20)