女性主义抵抗政治:巴特勒对《安提戈涅》的阐释
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摘要
2017年,国际社会发生的一系列女性主义抗议活动使女性主义再度成为一个热词,女性主义抵抗政治由此也成为当代政治哲学研究的新课题。美国当代女性主义哲学家朱迪斯·巴特勒一直关注女性主义抵抗政治,不仅将其贯穿于自己的整个理论体系之中,而且使其成为一种鼓舞当代女性主义运动的实践力量。尽管巴特勒的理论观点晦涩难懂,但从她《安提戈涅的诉求:生与死的亲缘关系》一书中可以分析出其女性主义抵抗政治理论的四个要素:肯定抵抗政治的意义;关注抵抗行为中的易受伤害者;从权力与主体之间的关系分析父权制文化和政治的排除性本质;确立为承认而斗争的目标。
In 2017,a series of feminist movements worldwide made "feminism" once again as a hot word.Feminist resistance politics has thus become a new topic in contemporary political philosophy.Judith Butler,a contemporary American feminist philosopher,has been paying attention to the study of this issue.Her ideas of feminist resistance politics are not only penetrate into her entire theories,but make a practical influence on the contemporary feminist movements as an inspiring force.Although Butler's allusive style is difficult to follow,from her book Antigone'sClaim:Kinship Between Life & Death,it is possible to extract the four elements of her theory of feminist resistance politics,that is,affirming the significance of resistance politics,concerning about vulnerable groups in resistance actions,analyzing the"exclusion"nature of"patriarchal politics and culture"based on the relationship between power and subject,and establishing the goal of"the struggle for recognition".
In 2017,a series of feminist movements worldwide made "feminism" once again as a hot word.Feminist resistance politics has thus become a new topic in contemporary political philosophy.Judith Butler,a contemporary American feminist philosopher,has been paying attention to the study of this issue.Her ideas of feminist resistance politics are not only penetrate into her entire theories,but make a practical influence on the contemporary feminist movements as an inspiring force.Although Butler's allusive style is difficult to follow,from her book Antigone'sClaim:Kinship Between Life & Death,it is possible to extract the four elements of her theory of feminist resistance politics,that is,affirming the significance of resistance politics,concerning about vulnerable groups in resistance actions,analyzing the"exclusion"nature of"patriarchal politics and culture"based on the relationship between power and subject,and establishing the goal of"the struggle for recognition".
引文
(1)据《好奇心日报》载,韦氏词典评出了2017年度词语,是“女性主义”,参见https://news.uc.cn/a_8927011465222451983/20180106。
(1)《安提戈涅》是古希腊剧作家索福克勒斯(约公元前496-前406)完成的一部悲剧作品。索福克勒斯生活在雅典奴隶主民主制盛世,一生创作了130余部戏剧,被亚里士多德称赞为能把“人应当有的样子”作为原则来写作悲剧的人。
(2)例如,美国当代女作家乔伊斯·卡罗尔·奥茨认为:“《安提戈涅》的悲剧使人想到,悲剧是由执着于一种特殊的生活方式或者一种本质造成的,安提戈涅的悲剧是她自己,而不是别人。我受到启发:这也许是悲剧的本质---尽管很简单。感情用事的人相信事在人为,或者至少应该力争做到。这种人是不可能理解这一点的。这正是存在的悲剧---普遍性的为难。”安提戈涅式的性格在于她不是由于无法适应社会与现实而罹难,而是由于她拒绝妥协与顺应,她不是由于无法分辨真实与想象而濒于疯狂,而在于她顽强、固执地生活在她心造的世界之中。参见戴锦华:《阿黛尔·雨果的故事:一个心灵个例病案》,载《电影艺术》,1993(3)。这些评论试图揭示安提戈涅的悲剧命运以及这种命运与其性格的关联,然而,巴特勒的分析却深入到抵抗政治层面。
(3)(4)(5)Judith Butler.Antigone's Claim:Kinship Between Life&Death.New York:Columbia University Press,2000,p.1,p.1,p.3.
(1)在《俄狄浦斯王》中,特拜城创建者的第四代子孙拉伊奥斯由于诱拐过他人之子,在向阿波罗求子时接到一个神示:宙斯已经决定了你的命运,你会死在自己儿子手上。于是,拉伊奥斯的夫人在儿子出生三天后便让人在其双脚根部各钉一钉,命一牧人把他弃之山中。然而,牧人却把他送给邻国国王收养,取名为俄狄浦斯,意为“脚肿的”。而后俄狄浦斯继承王位,弑父娶母,生下二女安提戈涅和伊斯墨涅以及二子埃特奥克勒斯和波吕涅克斯。
(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)索福克勒斯:《奥狄浦斯王》,64、71、81、70、84页,北京,人民文学出版社,2002。
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)Judith Butler.Antigone's Claim:Kinship Between Life&Death.New York:Columbia University Press,2000,p.1,p.4,p.3,p.12,p.13,p.32,p.32,p.32,p.3.
(1)Judith Butler.Antigone's Claim:Kinship Between Life&Death.New York:Columbia University Press,2000,p.15.
(2)(3)(4)Luce Irigaray.Speculum of the Other Woman.Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1985,p.218,p.222,p.222.
(1)威廉·贝纳、彼得·科茨:《环境与历史:美国和南非驯化自然的比较》,3页,南京,译林出版社,2011。
(2)(3)(4)(5)Judith Butler.Antigone's Claim:Kinship Between Life&Death.New York:Columbia University Press,2000,p.18,p.19,p.21,p.29.
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)Judith Butler.Antigone's Claim:Kinship Between Life&Death.New York:Columbia University Press,2000,p.35,p.35,p.35,p.36,p.46,p.49.
(1)(2)(3)(4)Judith Butler.Antigone's Claim:Kinship Between Life&Death.New York:Columbia University Press,2000,pp.51-52,p.54,p.81,p.82.
(5)(6)Nukhet Sirman.“When Antigone Is a Man:Feminist‘Trouble’in the Late Colony”.Judith Butler,Zeynep Gambetti,and Leticia Sabsay(eds.).Vulnerability in Resistance.Durham:Duke University Press,2016,p.191,p.191.
(1)Judith Butler.“Rethinking Vulnerability and Resistance”.Judith Butler,Zeynep Gambetti,and Leticia Sabsay(eds.).Vulnerability in Resistance.Durham:Duke University Press,2016,p.14.
(2)(3)Judith Butler.Antigone's Claim:Kinship Between Life&Death.New York:Columbia University Press,2000,pp.80-81,p.81.
(4)Axel Honneth.The Struggle For Recognition:The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts.Cambridge,UK:Polity Press,1995,p.5.
(5)南茜·弗雷泽、阿克塞尔·霍耐尔:《再分配,还是承认?---一个政治哲学对话》,1页,上海,上海人民出版社,2009。
(6)加斯帕·格里芬:《荷马史诗中的胜与死》,1页,北京,北京大学出版社,2015。
(1)(2)朱迪斯·巴特勒:《脆弱不安的生命---哀悼与暴力的力量》,1-2、121-122页,开封,河南大学出版社,2013。
(3)Judith Butler.“Rethinking Vulnerability and Resistance”.Judith Butler,Zeynep Gambetti,and Leticia Sabsay(eds.).Vulnerability in Resistance.Durham:Duke University Press,2016,p.14.
(1)《安提戈涅》是古希腊剧作家索福克勒斯(约公元前496-前406)完成的一部悲剧作品。索福克勒斯生活在雅典奴隶主民主制盛世,一生创作了130余部戏剧,被亚里士多德称赞为能把“人应当有的样子”作为原则来写作悲剧的人。
(2)例如,美国当代女作家乔伊斯·卡罗尔·奥茨认为:“《安提戈涅》的悲剧使人想到,悲剧是由执着于一种特殊的生活方式或者一种本质造成的,安提戈涅的悲剧是她自己,而不是别人。我受到启发:这也许是悲剧的本质---尽管很简单。感情用事的人相信事在人为,或者至少应该力争做到。这种人是不可能理解这一点的。这正是存在的悲剧---普遍性的为难。”安提戈涅式的性格在于她不是由于无法适应社会与现实而罹难,而是由于她拒绝妥协与顺应,她不是由于无法分辨真实与想象而濒于疯狂,而在于她顽强、固执地生活在她心造的世界之中。参见戴锦华:《阿黛尔·雨果的故事:一个心灵个例病案》,载《电影艺术》,1993(3)。这些评论试图揭示安提戈涅的悲剧命运以及这种命运与其性格的关联,然而,巴特勒的分析却深入到抵抗政治层面。
(3)(4)(5)Judith Butler.Antigone's Claim:Kinship Between Life&Death.New York:Columbia University Press,2000,p.1,p.1,p.3.
(1)在《俄狄浦斯王》中,特拜城创建者的第四代子孙拉伊奥斯由于诱拐过他人之子,在向阿波罗求子时接到一个神示:宙斯已经决定了你的命运,你会死在自己儿子手上。于是,拉伊奥斯的夫人在儿子出生三天后便让人在其双脚根部各钉一钉,命一牧人把他弃之山中。然而,牧人却把他送给邻国国王收养,取名为俄狄浦斯,意为“脚肿的”。而后俄狄浦斯继承王位,弑父娶母,生下二女安提戈涅和伊斯墨涅以及二子埃特奥克勒斯和波吕涅克斯。
(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)索福克勒斯:《奥狄浦斯王》,64、71、81、70、84页,北京,人民文学出版社,2002。
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)Judith Butler.Antigone's Claim:Kinship Between Life&Death.New York:Columbia University Press,2000,p.1,p.4,p.3,p.12,p.13,p.32,p.32,p.32,p.3.
(1)Judith Butler.Antigone's Claim:Kinship Between Life&Death.New York:Columbia University Press,2000,p.15.
(2)(3)(4)Luce Irigaray.Speculum of the Other Woman.Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1985,p.218,p.222,p.222.
(1)威廉·贝纳、彼得·科茨:《环境与历史:美国和南非驯化自然的比较》,3页,南京,译林出版社,2011。
(2)(3)(4)(5)Judith Butler.Antigone's Claim:Kinship Between Life&Death.New York:Columbia University Press,2000,p.18,p.19,p.21,p.29.
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)Judith Butler.Antigone's Claim:Kinship Between Life&Death.New York:Columbia University Press,2000,p.35,p.35,p.35,p.36,p.46,p.49.
(1)(2)(3)(4)Judith Butler.Antigone's Claim:Kinship Between Life&Death.New York:Columbia University Press,2000,pp.51-52,p.54,p.81,p.82.
(5)(6)Nukhet Sirman.“When Antigone Is a Man:Feminist‘Trouble’in the Late Colony”.Judith Butler,Zeynep Gambetti,and Leticia Sabsay(eds.).Vulnerability in Resistance.Durham:Duke University Press,2016,p.191,p.191.
(1)Judith Butler.“Rethinking Vulnerability and Resistance”.Judith Butler,Zeynep Gambetti,and Leticia Sabsay(eds.).Vulnerability in Resistance.Durham:Duke University Press,2016,p.14.
(2)(3)Judith Butler.Antigone's Claim:Kinship Between Life&Death.New York:Columbia University Press,2000,pp.80-81,p.81.
(4)Axel Honneth.The Struggle For Recognition:The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts.Cambridge,UK:Polity Press,1995,p.5.
(5)南茜·弗雷泽、阿克塞尔·霍耐尔:《再分配,还是承认?---一个政治哲学对话》,1页,上海,上海人民出版社,2009。
(6)加斯帕·格里芬:《荷马史诗中的胜与死》,1页,北京,北京大学出版社,2015。
(1)(2)朱迪斯·巴特勒:《脆弱不安的生命---哀悼与暴力的力量》,1-2、121-122页,开封,河南大学出版社,2013。
(3)Judith Butler.“Rethinking Vulnerability and Resistance”.Judith Butler,Zeynep Gambetti,and Leticia Sabsay(eds.).Vulnerability in Resistance.Durham:Duke University Press,2016,p.14.