氮肥减量施用对冬小麦产量及经济效益的影响
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摘要
氮肥对冬小麦生长影响较为明显。目前,农民有大量施用氮肥的习惯,过量施用氮肥会造成温室效应、土壤板结、地下水富营养化及土壤污染等一系列的负面效应。以2个不同产量冬小麦品种郑麦379、郑麦101为试验材料,调查了2个不同产量冬小麦品种在减量施氮肥条件下的农艺性状、产量和经济效益等指标,旨在为制定化肥施用减量指标及为氮肥在黄淮海区域的科学应用提供技术支撑。试验于2016—2017年在新乡市新乡县大西庄村农户试验地进行,于小麦主要生育期调查记载其株高、次生根数、穗长、群体等农艺性状指标,于成熟期考察其产量及产量构成因素各指标,并于整个播种到收割过程调查记录其生产成本费用。结果表明,在常规施用磷钾肥的基础上,普通尿素习惯施用量减少10%～20%及等量控释尿素减量20%不仅不会造成2个小麦品种大幅度减产,反而还会增加产投比,提高小麦经济效益,尤其以控释尿素减量20%效益增加最大;而普通尿素习惯施用量减少30%则会造成2个小麦品种的产量、收入和效益较大幅度减少。
The nitrogen fertilizer has an obvious effect on the growth of winter wheat.Today,farmers have a habit of applying large amounts of nitrogen fertilizer,excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer can cause a series of negative effects,such as greenhouse effect,soil consolidation,groundwater eutrophication and soil pollution.The experiment involved the two different yields wheat cultivar Zhengmai 379 and Zhengmai 101.We investigated the agronomic traits,yield and economic benefit indexes of the two different yields wheat cultivar under the condition of nitrogen reducing,to formulate fertilizer reduction index and to provide technical support for the scientific application of nitrogen fertilizer in the Huanghuaihai area.Field experiment was conducted in the Farmers Test Site in Daxizhuang village of Xinxiang county,Xinxiang(35°16′N,113°52′E)during the 2016-2017 growing season.The agronomic characters such as plant height,the number of secondary root,panicle length,group trait were recorded during the main growth and development period of wheat,and the yield and yield components were examined at maturity,and the production cost was recorded in the whole sowing-harvesting process.The results showed that on the basis of conventional application of phosphate potassium fertilizer,the amount of urea reduced by 10%-20% and the equivalent amount of controlled release urea reduced by 20% not only could not cause the yield of wheat cultivar decreasing,but also could increase production investment ratio,improve economic benefit,especially,20% reduction amount of controlled release urea had a maximum increase benefit.However,a 30% reduction amount in the conventional urea had a significant impact on the yield,income and benefit of the two wheat varieties.
The nitrogen fertilizer has an obvious effect on the growth of winter wheat.Today,farmers have a habit of applying large amounts of nitrogen fertilizer,excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer can cause a series of negative effects,such as greenhouse effect,soil consolidation,groundwater eutrophication and soil pollution.The experiment involved the two different yields wheat cultivar Zhengmai 379 and Zhengmai 101.We investigated the agronomic traits,yield and economic benefit indexes of the two different yields wheat cultivar under the condition of nitrogen reducing,to formulate fertilizer reduction index and to provide technical support for the scientific application of nitrogen fertilizer in the Huanghuaihai area.Field experiment was conducted in the Farmers Test Site in Daxizhuang village of Xinxiang county,Xinxiang(35°16′N,113°52′E)during the 2016-2017 growing season.The agronomic characters such as plant height,the number of secondary root,panicle length,group trait were recorded during the main growth and development period of wheat,and the yield and yield components were examined at maturity,and the production cost was recorded in the whole sowing-harvesting process.The results showed that on the basis of conventional application of phosphate potassium fertilizer,the amount of urea reduced by 10%-20% and the equivalent amount of controlled release urea reduced by 20% not only could not cause the yield of wheat cultivar decreasing,but also could increase production investment ratio,improve economic benefit,especially,20% reduction amount of controlled release urea had a maximum increase benefit.However,a 30% reduction amount in the conventional urea had a significant impact on the yield,income and benefit of the two wheat varieties.
引文
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[7]张杰,王备战,冯晓,等.氮肥调控对冬小麦干物质量、产量和氮素利用效率的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2014,23(4):516-520.
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[10]徐恒永,赵振东,张存良,等.氮肥对优质专用小麦产量和品质的影响Ⅰ.氮肥对产量及产量形成的影响[J].山东农业科学,2000(5):27-30.
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[13]李强,王朝辉,李富翠,等.氮肥管理与地膜覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响[J].作物学报,2014,40(1):93-100.
[14]刘洋,石慧清,龚月桦,等.硫氮配施对持绿型小麦氮素运转及叶片衰老的影响[J].西北植物学报,2012,32(6):1206-1213.
[15]闫翠萍,裴雪霞,王姣爱,等.秸秆还田与施氮对冬小麦生长发育及水肥利用率的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(2):271-275.
[16]邹晓锦,张鑫,安景文.氮肥减量后移对玉米产量和氮素吸收利用及农田氮素平衡的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2012,21(6):25-29.
[17]乔俊.太湖地区稻田不同轮作制度下氮肥管理及生态环境效应[D].南京:南京土壤研究所,2012.
[18]张玉鑫,王晓巍,王志伟,等.化肥减量配施生物菌肥对4种高原夏菜的影响[J].甘肃农业科技,2014,24(2):26-29.
[19]吴光磊.夏季氮肥运筹调控冬小麦-夏玉米两作体系氮素利用及氮肥残效研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2012.
[20]秦富,李先德,吕新业,等.河南小麦产业链各环节成本收益研究[J].农业经济问题,2008,13(5):13-19.
[21]胡明忠.河南省小麦经济发展研究[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2006.
[22]蔡海燕,郭利朋.河北省小麦生产成本与收益分析[J].山西农业大学学报(社会科学版),2015,21(11):1086-1089.
[23]李文轩.小麦肥料效应田间试验报告[J].青海农技推广,2015,27(3):19-20.
[24]徐进玉,张会平.小麦氮肥减量施用效果研究[J].河南农业,2017,19(3):43-44.
[2]刘骏,赵东成,简俊涛,等.河南省小麦产业技术体系现状及发展建议[J].河南农业,2014,43(18):12-13.
[3]邵元军,李建平,周振亚,等.河南省小麦产业区位动态变化实证分析[J].中国科技论坛,2010(12):135-141.
[4]张冬平,冯继红.我国小麦生产效率的DEA分析[J].农业技术经济,2005(3):48-54.
[5]赵献林,赵淑章.河南省优质小麦生产中存在的主要问题及其对策[J].中国农学通报,2002,18(2):97-99.
[6]崔振岭,陈新平,张福锁,等.华北平原小麦施肥现状及影响小麦产量的因素分析[J].华北农学报,2008,23(Z):224-229.
[7]张杰,王备战,冯晓,等.氮肥调控对冬小麦干物质量、产量和氮素利用效率的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2014,23(4):516-520.
[8]王晓楠,吴贳玉,付连双,等.氮肥处理对春小麦穗粒数形成阶段的影响[J].东北农业大学学报,2011,42(4):32-35.
[9]武文明,李金才,陈洪俭,等.氮肥运筹方式对孕穗期受渍冬小麦穗部结实特性与产量的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(10):1888-1896.
[10]徐恒永,赵振东,张存良,等.氮肥对优质专用小麦产量和品质的影响Ⅰ.氮肥对产量及产量形成的影响[J].山东农业科学,2000(5):27-30.
[11]杨永明,宗义湘,孙玉竹,等.河北省发展小麦经济的问题研究[J].湖北农业科学,2014,53(11):2707-2710.
[12]赵俊晔,于振文.我国小麦生产现状与发展小麦生产能力的思考[J].农业现代化研究,2005,26(5):344-348.
[13]李强,王朝辉,李富翠,等.氮肥管理与地膜覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响[J].作物学报,2014,40(1):93-100.
[14]刘洋,石慧清,龚月桦,等.硫氮配施对持绿型小麦氮素运转及叶片衰老的影响[J].西北植物学报,2012,32(6):1206-1213.
[15]闫翠萍,裴雪霞,王姣爱,等.秸秆还田与施氮对冬小麦生长发育及水肥利用率的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(2):271-275.
[16]邹晓锦,张鑫,安景文.氮肥减量后移对玉米产量和氮素吸收利用及农田氮素平衡的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2012,21(6):25-29.
[17]乔俊.太湖地区稻田不同轮作制度下氮肥管理及生态环境效应[D].南京:南京土壤研究所,2012.
[18]张玉鑫,王晓巍,王志伟,等.化肥减量配施生物菌肥对4种高原夏菜的影响[J].甘肃农业科技,2014,24(2):26-29.
[19]吴光磊.夏季氮肥运筹调控冬小麦-夏玉米两作体系氮素利用及氮肥残效研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2012.
[20]秦富,李先德,吕新业,等.河南小麦产业链各环节成本收益研究[J].农业经济问题,2008,13(5):13-19.
[21]胡明忠.河南省小麦经济发展研究[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2006.
[22]蔡海燕,郭利朋.河北省小麦生产成本与收益分析[J].山西农业大学学报(社会科学版),2015,21(11):1086-1089.
[23]李文轩.小麦肥料效应田间试验报告[J].青海农技推广,2015,27(3):19-20.
[24]徐进玉,张会平.小麦氮肥减量施用效果研究[J].河南农业,2017,19(3):43-44.