盐碱胁迫下生物炭对甜菜生长的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究盐碱胁迫下施用不同比例生物炭对甜菜生长、内源激素含量和产质量的影响,为盐碱地的修复、开发和利用以及盐碱地甜菜的优质高产栽培提供依据。【方法】采用桶栽试验,以不添加生物炭为对照,设3个生物炭处理,即生物炭用量为风干土质量的1%,3%,5%,于子叶完全展开时测定甜菜幼苗出苗率,并于不同时期随机取样测定光合指标、叶绿素、干鲜质量以及植物内源激素和含糖率,分析各生育期施加生物炭对盐碱胁迫下甜菜生长的影响。【结果】施加1%,3%,5%的生物炭均可提高甜菜的出苗率,且施用量越大出苗率越高;不同生物炭处理可分别提高甜菜地上和地下干物质量以及根冠比,其中3%和5%处理较对照提升效果显著。甜菜叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率和气孔导度随生物炭用量的增加整体呈上升趋势。施加不同生物炭处理均降低了甜菜叶片ABA含量,且ABA含量随生物炭用量增大呈先下降再上升的趋势,3%处理下ABA含量最低;施加不同生物炭处理均可显著提高叶片CTK和GA3含量。随生物炭用量增大,块根产量增加,含糖率下降,产糖量增加且显著高于对照,其中3%处理的产糖量最高。【结论】生物炭对盐碱胁迫下甜菜生长和产质量有明显促进作用,以生物炭用量3%的产糖量最高。
【Objective】Effects of biochar at different ratios on growth,endogenous hormone content,yield and quality of sugar beet under alkali stress were investigated,which has significant contribution for the restoration,development and utilization of saline-alkali soil as well as high-quality and high-yielding cultivation of salt and alkali beet.【Method】Barrel tests were conducted with three biochar concentrations of 1%,3% and 5% of soil weight using alkaline treatment as control.The seedling rate was determined when the cotyledons were fully deployed.Samples were taken when the second pair of true leaves were developed and photosynthetic indexes,chlorophyll,fresh and fresh weight and endogenous hormones and sugar content were determined.The effects of different biochar concentrations on the growth of sugar beet under alkaline stress were analyzed.【Result】The application of 1%,3%and 5% biochar all improved the emergence rate of sugar beet,and higher application rate had higher seedling rate.All treatments increased the weights of ground and underground dry matter and the ratio of root to shoot,and the 3%and 5%treatments were better than alkali treatment.Beet leaf chlorophyll content,photosynthetic rate and stomatalconductance were increased with the increase of biochar amount.Biochar addition reduced ABA content of sugar beet leaves,and ABA decreased first and then increased with the increase of biochar concentration with the lowest in 3% treatment.The leaf CTK and GA3 contents were increased in all treatments.The yield of root increased with the increase of biochar concentration,and sugar content decreased,but the sugar yield increased and it was significantly higher than that of alkali treatment.The 3%treatment had the highest sugar yield.【Conclusion】Biochar could promote the growth and yield of sugar beet under salt and alkali stress,and 3% biochar treatment had the highest sugar yield.
【Objective】Effects of biochar at different ratios on growth,endogenous hormone content,yield and quality of sugar beet under alkali stress were investigated,which has significant contribution for the restoration,development and utilization of saline-alkali soil as well as high-quality and high-yielding cultivation of salt and alkali beet.【Method】Barrel tests were conducted with three biochar concentrations of 1%,3% and 5% of soil weight using alkaline treatment as control.The seedling rate was determined when the cotyledons were fully deployed.Samples were taken when the second pair of true leaves were developed and photosynthetic indexes,chlorophyll,fresh and fresh weight and endogenous hormones and sugar content were determined.The effects of different biochar concentrations on the growth of sugar beet under alkaline stress were analyzed.【Result】The application of 1%,3%and 5% biochar all improved the emergence rate of sugar beet,and higher application rate had higher seedling rate.All treatments increased the weights of ground and underground dry matter and the ratio of root to shoot,and the 3%and 5%treatments were better than alkali treatment.Beet leaf chlorophyll content,photosynthetic rate and stomatalconductance were increased with the increase of biochar amount.Biochar addition reduced ABA content of sugar beet leaves,and ABA decreased first and then increased with the increase of biochar concentration with the lowest in 3% treatment.The leaf CTK and GA3 contents were increased in all treatments.The yield of root increased with the increase of biochar concentration,and sugar content decreased,but the sugar yield increased and it was significantly higher than that of alkali treatment.The 3%treatment had the highest sugar yield.【Conclusion】Biochar could promote the growth and yield of sugar beet under salt and alkali stress,and 3% biochar treatment had the highest sugar yield.
引文
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[9] Lehmann J,Gaunt J,Rondon M.Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems,a review[J].Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,2006,11(2):395-419.
[10] Dong D,Feng Q,Mcgrouther K,et al.Effects of biochar amendment on rice growth and nitrogen retention in a waterlogged paddy field[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2015,15(1):153-162.
[11]袁帅,赵立欣,孟海波,等.生物炭主要类型、理化性质及其研究展望[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(5):1402-1417.Yuan S,Zhao L X,Meng H B,et al.Main types of biochar,physical and chemical properties and their research prospects[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2016,22(5):1402-1417.
[12]赵建坤,李江舟,杜章留,等.施用生物炭对土壤物理性质影响的研究进展[J].气象与环境学报,2016,32(3):95-101.Zhao J K,Li J Z,Du Z L,et al.Research progress on the effect of biochar on soil physical properties[J].Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2016,32(3):95-101.
[13] Dong X,Guan T,Li G,et al.Long-term effects of biochar amount on the content and composition of organic matter in soil aggregates under field conditions[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2016,16(5):1-17.
[14]张伟明,孟军,王嘉宇,等.生物炭对水稻根系形态与生理特性及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2013,39(8):1445-1451.Zhang W M,Meng J,Wang J Y,et al.Effects of biochar on the morphological and physiological characteristics and yield of rice roots[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2013,39(8):1445-1451.
[15] Zwieten L V,Kimber S,Morris S,et al.Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility[J].Plant and Soil,2010,327(1):235-246.
[16]Hossain M K,Strezov V,Chan K Y,et al.Agronomic properties of wastewater sludge biochar and bioavailability of metals in production of cherry tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum)[J].Chemosphere,2010,78(9):1167-1171.
[17]刘磊,李彩凤,郭广昊,等.NaCl+Na2SO4胁迫对甜菜根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响[J].核农学报,2016,30(10):2033-2040.Liu L,Li C F,Guo G H,et al.Effects of NaCl+Na2SO4stress on soil microorganism and enzyme activity in sugarbeet rhizosphere soil[J].Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2016,30(10):2033-2040.
[18]洪鑫.盐碱胁迫对甜菜生长及光合特性的影响[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2014.Hong X.Effects of saline-alkali stress on growth and photosynthetic characteristics of sugar beet[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2014.
[19] Zwieten L V,Kimber S,Morris S,et al.Influence of biochars on flux of N2O and CO2from Ferrosol[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,2010,48(6):555-568.
[20]房彬,李心清,赵斌,等.生物炭对旱作农田土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(8):1292-1297.Fang B,Li X Q,Zhao B,et al.Effects of biochar on soil physical and chemical properties and crop yield in dry farmland[J].Journal of Eco-Environment,2014,23(8):1292-1297.
[21]韩光明,孟军,曹婷,等.生物炭对菠菜根际微生物及土壤理化性质的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2012,43(5):515-520.Han G M,Meng J,Cao T,et al.Effects of biochar on spinach rhizosphere microorganisms and soil physical and chemical properties of spinach[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2012,43(5):515-520.
[22]勾芒芒,屈忠义.土壤中施用生物炭对番茄根系特征及产量的影响[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(8):1348-1352.Gou M M,Qu Z Y.Effects of biochar on tomato root characteristics and yield[J].Journal of Eco-Environment,2013,22(8):1348-1352.
[23]唐光木,葛春辉,徐万里,等.施用生物黑炭对新疆灰漠土肥力与玉米生长的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(9):1797-1802.Tang G M,Ge C H,Xu W L,et al.Effect of applying biochar on the quality of grey desert soil and maize cropping in Xinjiang,China[J].Journal of Agricultural Environmental Science,2011,30(9):1797-1802.
[24]夏阳.生物炭对滨海盐碱植物生长及根际土壤环境的影响[D].山东青岛:中国海洋大学,2015.Xia Y.Effects of biochar on growth and rhizosphere soil environment of coastal saline-alkali plants[D].Qingdao,Shandong:China Ocean University,2015.
[25]李六林,杨佩芳,田彩芳,等.树莓光合特性的研究[J].园艺学报,2003,30(3):314-316.Li L L,Yang P F,Tian C F,et al.Study on photosynthetic characteristics of raspberry[J].Journal of Horticulture,2003,30(3):314-316.
[26] Brantley K E,Brye K R,Savin M C,et al.Biochar source and application rate effects on soil water retention determined using wetting curves[J].Open Journal of Soil Science,2015,5(1):1-10.
[27]高继平,隋阳辉,张文忠,等.生物炭对水稻秧苗生长及内源激素的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2017,48(2):145-151.Gao J P,Sui Y H,Zhang W Z,et al.Effects of biochar on the growth and endogenous hormones of rice seedling.[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2017,48(2):145-151.
[28]唐春双,杨克军,李佐同,等.生物炭对玉米茎秆性状及产量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016,1(3):93-97,133.Tang C S,Yang K J,Li Z T,et al.Effects of biochar on stalk traits and yield of maize[J].Soil and Fertilizer in China,2016,1(3):93-97,133.
[29]刘国玲,王宏伟,蒋健,等.生物炭对郑单958生理生化指标及产量的影响[J].玉米科学,2016,24(4):105-109.Liu G L,Wang H W,Jiang J,et al.Effects of biochar on physiological and biochemical indexes and yield of Zhengdan958[J].Maize Science,2016,24(4):105-109.
[2]黄昌勇.面向21世纪课程教材:土壤学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:303.Huang C Y.Facing the 21st century curriculum materials:soil science[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000:303.
[3]曾洪学,王俊.盐害生理与植物抗盐性[J].生物学通报,2005,4(9):1-3.Zeng H X,Wang J.Salt hazard physiology and plant salt resistance[J].Biology Bulletin,2005,4(9):1-3.
[4]王春裕.诌议土壤盐渍化的生态防治[J].生态学杂志,1997,16(6):67-71.Wang C Y.Discussion on ecological control of soil salinization[J].Journal of Ecology,1997,16(6):67-71.
[5] Munns R,Tester M.Mechanisms of salinity tolerance[J].Annual Review of Plant Biology,2008,59(1):651-681.
[6] Parihar P,Singh S,Singh R,et al.Effect of salinity stress on plants and its tolerance strategies:a review[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(6):4056-4075.
[7] Niaz M.生物炭对植稻酸性土壤微生物群落和土壤肥力的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学,2015.Niaz M.Impact of biochar on microbial community and certility in acidic soils growing rice[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2015.
[8] Kimetu J M,Lehmann J,Krull E,et al.Stability and stabilisation of biochar and green manure in soil with different organic carbon contents[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,2010,48(7):577-585.
[9] Lehmann J,Gaunt J,Rondon M.Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems,a review[J].Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,2006,11(2):395-419.
[10] Dong D,Feng Q,Mcgrouther K,et al.Effects of biochar amendment on rice growth and nitrogen retention in a waterlogged paddy field[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2015,15(1):153-162.
[11]袁帅,赵立欣,孟海波,等.生物炭主要类型、理化性质及其研究展望[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(5):1402-1417.Yuan S,Zhao L X,Meng H B,et al.Main types of biochar,physical and chemical properties and their research prospects[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2016,22(5):1402-1417.
[12]赵建坤,李江舟,杜章留,等.施用生物炭对土壤物理性质影响的研究进展[J].气象与环境学报,2016,32(3):95-101.Zhao J K,Li J Z,Du Z L,et al.Research progress on the effect of biochar on soil physical properties[J].Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2016,32(3):95-101.
[13] Dong X,Guan T,Li G,et al.Long-term effects of biochar amount on the content and composition of organic matter in soil aggregates under field conditions[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2016,16(5):1-17.
[14]张伟明,孟军,王嘉宇,等.生物炭对水稻根系形态与生理特性及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2013,39(8):1445-1451.Zhang W M,Meng J,Wang J Y,et al.Effects of biochar on the morphological and physiological characteristics and yield of rice roots[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2013,39(8):1445-1451.
[15] Zwieten L V,Kimber S,Morris S,et al.Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility[J].Plant and Soil,2010,327(1):235-246.
[16]Hossain M K,Strezov V,Chan K Y,et al.Agronomic properties of wastewater sludge biochar and bioavailability of metals in production of cherry tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum)[J].Chemosphere,2010,78(9):1167-1171.
[17]刘磊,李彩凤,郭广昊,等.NaCl+Na2SO4胁迫对甜菜根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响[J].核农学报,2016,30(10):2033-2040.Liu L,Li C F,Guo G H,et al.Effects of NaCl+Na2SO4stress on soil microorganism and enzyme activity in sugarbeet rhizosphere soil[J].Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2016,30(10):2033-2040.
[18]洪鑫.盐碱胁迫对甜菜生长及光合特性的影响[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2014.Hong X.Effects of saline-alkali stress on growth and photosynthetic characteristics of sugar beet[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2014.
[19] Zwieten L V,Kimber S,Morris S,et al.Influence of biochars on flux of N2O and CO2from Ferrosol[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,2010,48(6):555-568.
[20]房彬,李心清,赵斌,等.生物炭对旱作农田土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(8):1292-1297.Fang B,Li X Q,Zhao B,et al.Effects of biochar on soil physical and chemical properties and crop yield in dry farmland[J].Journal of Eco-Environment,2014,23(8):1292-1297.
[21]韩光明,孟军,曹婷,等.生物炭对菠菜根际微生物及土壤理化性质的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2012,43(5):515-520.Han G M,Meng J,Cao T,et al.Effects of biochar on spinach rhizosphere microorganisms and soil physical and chemical properties of spinach[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2012,43(5):515-520.
[22]勾芒芒,屈忠义.土壤中施用生物炭对番茄根系特征及产量的影响[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(8):1348-1352.Gou M M,Qu Z Y.Effects of biochar on tomato root characteristics and yield[J].Journal of Eco-Environment,2013,22(8):1348-1352.
[23]唐光木,葛春辉,徐万里,等.施用生物黑炭对新疆灰漠土肥力与玉米生长的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(9):1797-1802.Tang G M,Ge C H,Xu W L,et al.Effect of applying biochar on the quality of grey desert soil and maize cropping in Xinjiang,China[J].Journal of Agricultural Environmental Science,2011,30(9):1797-1802.
[24]夏阳.生物炭对滨海盐碱植物生长及根际土壤环境的影响[D].山东青岛:中国海洋大学,2015.Xia Y.Effects of biochar on growth and rhizosphere soil environment of coastal saline-alkali plants[D].Qingdao,Shandong:China Ocean University,2015.
[25]李六林,杨佩芳,田彩芳,等.树莓光合特性的研究[J].园艺学报,2003,30(3):314-316.Li L L,Yang P F,Tian C F,et al.Study on photosynthetic characteristics of raspberry[J].Journal of Horticulture,2003,30(3):314-316.
[26] Brantley K E,Brye K R,Savin M C,et al.Biochar source and application rate effects on soil water retention determined using wetting curves[J].Open Journal of Soil Science,2015,5(1):1-10.
[27]高继平,隋阳辉,张文忠,等.生物炭对水稻秧苗生长及内源激素的影响[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2017,48(2):145-151.Gao J P,Sui Y H,Zhang W Z,et al.Effects of biochar on the growth and endogenous hormones of rice seedling.[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2017,48(2):145-151.
[28]唐春双,杨克军,李佐同,等.生物炭对玉米茎秆性状及产量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016,1(3):93-97,133.Tang C S,Yang K J,Li Z T,et al.Effects of biochar on stalk traits and yield of maize[J].Soil and Fertilizer in China,2016,1(3):93-97,133.
[29]刘国玲,王宏伟,蒋健,等.生物炭对郑单958生理生化指标及产量的影响[J].玉米科学,2016,24(4):105-109.Liu G L,Wang H W,Jiang J,et al.Effects of biochar on physiological and biochemical indexes and yield of Zhengdan958[J].Maize Science,2016,24(4):105-109.