四川盆地海相页岩储层微裂缝类型及其对储层物性影响
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摘要
为厘清地下页岩储层中微裂缝对页岩储层物性的影响,基于四川盆地涪陵页岩气田龙马溪组页岩岩心样品,以氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜观测、覆压孔、渗实验与CT扫描重构结合等手段为基础,利用图像拼接、图像灰度识别和阈值二值化分割技术,探讨裂缝类型及其对储渗的影响。结果显示:龙马溪组页岩样品中发育层理缝、贴粒缝、溶蚀缝、成岩收缩缝、异常压力缝及构造缝6种类型。在页岩储层中,微裂缝可以增加储层孔隙度,主要起增加储层导流能力的作用。微裂缝可以形成裂缝网络,连通页岩储层各个储集空间;贴粒缝是最主要纵向连通通道,页理缝是最主要横向连通通道,两者在空间上可以组合出最好的裂缝网络通道;贴粒缝本身可以组成以贴粒缝为主的微裂缝裂缝网络通道,溶蚀缝能在局部范围内组成裂缝网络,增加页岩储层连通性。有微裂缝样品渗透率均值是无微裂缝页岩样品渗透率均值的62. 9倍,微裂缝对页岩储层渗透率具有很大影响。在地层条件下,页岩储层微裂缝在地下3 500 m以浅深度时,应为开启状态。考虑到页岩储层流体异常高压、沉积作用、构造作作用及其他岩石矿物特征,页岩微裂缝开启状态的深度可以适当增大。
The study analyzed the core samples from the Longmaxi Formation to investigate the types of fractures and their effects on reservoir properties by means of argon ion polishing-field emission scanning electron microscopy observation,experimental measurement of the porosity and permeability with overburden pressure,CT scanning and reconstruction,image mosaic,image grayscale recognition and threshold binarization,with a view to clarify the influence of microfractures on the physical properties of subsurface shale reservoir in Fuling shale gas field,Sichuan Basin. The results show that the microfractures for the shale samples can be divided into 6 types,including bedding fracture,particle edge fracture,dissolution fracture,diageneticcontraction fracture,abnormal pressure fracture and structural fracture. Microfractures can function to improve reservoir porosity and play an important role in increasing conductivity in shale reservoirs. Microfractures may form a net of fractures,connecting the various pores throughout the shale reservoir. Among them,particle edge fracturesare the main channels for vertical connection,while bedding fractures are mainly for lateral connection,both of which can be combined to form the best fracture network channels for shale reservoir. Effective fracture network can be composed by particle edge fractures in themselves,dissolution fractures can form fracture network in local area,improving the shale reservoir connectivity. The microfractures will exert a great influence on the permeability of shale reservoirs: the average permeability of microfracture samples is 62. 9 times the mean permeability of microfracture-free shale samples. Under normal formation conditions,the microfractures in the shale reservoir should be open when they are shallow at a depth of 3,500 meters. Given the abnormal high pressure,sedimentation,tectonism and other rock mineral characteristics ofshale reservoir fluid,the depth of the shale microfracture opening can be increased appropriately.
The study analyzed the core samples from the Longmaxi Formation to investigate the types of fractures and their effects on reservoir properties by means of argon ion polishing-field emission scanning electron microscopy observation,experimental measurement of the porosity and permeability with overburden pressure,CT scanning and reconstruction,image mosaic,image grayscale recognition and threshold binarization,with a view to clarify the influence of microfractures on the physical properties of subsurface shale reservoir in Fuling shale gas field,Sichuan Basin. The results show that the microfractures for the shale samples can be divided into 6 types,including bedding fracture,particle edge fracture,dissolution fracture,diageneticcontraction fracture,abnormal pressure fracture and structural fracture. Microfractures can function to improve reservoir porosity and play an important role in increasing conductivity in shale reservoirs. Microfractures may form a net of fractures,connecting the various pores throughout the shale reservoir. Among them,particle edge fracturesare the main channels for vertical connection,while bedding fractures are mainly for lateral connection,both of which can be combined to form the best fracture network channels for shale reservoir. Effective fracture network can be composed by particle edge fractures in themselves,dissolution fractures can form fracture network in local area,improving the shale reservoir connectivity. The microfractures will exert a great influence on the permeability of shale reservoirs: the average permeability of microfracture samples is 62. 9 times the mean permeability of microfracture-free shale samples. Under normal formation conditions,the microfractures in the shale reservoir should be open when they are shallow at a depth of 3,500 meters. Given the abnormal high pressure,sedimentation,tectonism and other rock mineral characteristics ofshale reservoir fluid,the depth of the shale microfracture opening can be increased appropriately.
引文
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[2]于炳松.页岩气储层的特殊性及其评价思路和内容[J].地学前缘,2012,19(3):252-258.Yu Bingsong. Particularity of shale gas reservoir and its evaluation[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2012,19(3):252-258.
[3] Nie H,Zhang J,Jiang S. Types and characteristics of the lower Silurian shale gas reservoirs in and around the Sichuan Basin[J]. Acta Geologic Sinica(English),2015,89(6):1973-1985.
[4] He Z,Nie H,Zhao J,et al. Types and origin of nanoscale pores and fractures in Wufeng and Longmaxi shale in Sichuan Basin and its periphery[J]. Journal of Nanoscience&Nanotechnology,2017,17(9):6626-6633.
[5]张哨楠,丁晓琪,万友利,等.致密碎屑岩中粘土矿物的形成机理与分布规律[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2012,34(3):174-182.Zhang Shaonan,Ding Xiaoqi,Wan Youli,et al. Formation mechanism and distribution of clay minerals of deeply tight siliciclastic reservoirs[J]. Journal of Southwest Petroleum University,2012,34(3):174-182.
[6] Chalmers G R,Bustin R M,Power I M. Characterization of gas shale pore systems by porosimetry,pycnometry,surface area,and field emission scanning electron microscopy/transmission electron microscopy image analyses:Examples from the Barnett,Woodford,Haynesville,Marcellus,and Doig unit[J]. AAPG Bulletin,2012,96(6):1099-1119.
[7]路菁,李军,武清钊,等.页岩油气储层有机碳含量测井评价方法研究及应用[J].科学技术与工程,2016,16(6):143-147.Lu Jing,Li Jun,Wu Qingzhao,et al. A study and an application on logging evaluation method of TOC in shale oil and gas reservoir[J].Science Technology&Engineering,2016,16(6):143-147.
[8]邵龙义,刘磊,文怀军,等.柴北缘盆地YQ-1井中侏罗统石门沟组泥页岩纳米孔隙特征及影响因素[J].地学前缘,2016,23(1):164-173.Shao Longyi,Liu Lei,Wen Huaijun,et al. Characteristics and influencing factors of nanopores in the Middle Jurassic Shimengou shale in well YQ-1 of the northern Qaidam Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2016,23(1):164-173.
[9]金武军,李军,王亮,等.页岩气储层孔隙系统的多尺度联合表征及评价——以焦石坝龙马溪组为例[J].科学技术与工程,2016,16(24):35-41.Jin Wujun,Li Jun,Wang Liang,et al. Multiscale joint characterization and evaluation ofpore system in shale gas reservoir——Taking Jiaoshiba Longmaxi Formation as an Example[J]. Science Technology&Engineering,2016,2016,16(24):35-41.
[10] Ronald a. Nelson. Geologic analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs[M]. Gulf,1985(04):1–38.
[11] Webster T. Observations on the Purbeck and Portland Beds[J].Transactions of the Geological Society of London(Part 1):37-44.
[12] Prutzmen P W. Petroleum in southern California[M]Superintendent of State Printing,1913.
[13] Narr W,Schechter D W,Thompson L B. Naturally fractured reservoir characterization[C]. 2006.
[14] Laubach S E,Eichhubl P,Hilgers C,et al. Structural diagenesis[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2010,32(12):1866-1872.
[15] Aplin A C,Fleet A J,Macquaker J H S. Muds and mudstones:Physical and fluid-flow properties[J]. Geological Society London Special Publications,1999,158(1):1-8.
[16] Curtis J B. Fractured shale-gas systems[J]. AAPG Bulletin,2002,86(11):1921-1938.
[17] King G E. Thirty years of gas shale fracturing:What have we learned?[C]∥Society of Petroleum Engineers,2010.
[18] Yan B,Wang Y,Killough J E. Beyond dual-porosity modeling for the simulation of complex flow mechanisms in shale reservoirs[J]. Computational Geosciences,2016,20(1):69-91.
[19] Gale J F W,Reed R M,Holder J. Natural fractures in the Barnett Shale and their importance for hydraulic fracture treatments[J].AAPG Bulletin,2015,91(4):603-622.
[20] Wenlong,Ding,Chao,et al. Fracture development in shale and its relationship to gas accumulation[J]. Geoscience Frontiers(English),2012,3(1):97-105.
[21]龙鹏宇.泥页岩裂缝发育特征及其对页岩气勘探和开发的影响[J].天然气地球科学,2011,22(3):525-532.Long Pengyu. Feature of muddy shale fissure and its effect for shale gas exploration and development[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience,2011,22(3):525-532.
[22]郭旭升,胡东风,魏祥峰,等.四川盆地焦石坝地区页岩裂缝发育主控因素及对产能的影响[J].石油与天然气地质,2016,37(6):799-808.Guo Xusheng,Hu Dongfeng,Wei Xiangfeng,et al. Main controlling factors on shale fractures and their influences on production capacity in Jiaoshiba area,the Sichuan Basin[J]. Oil&Gas Geology,2016,37(6):799-808.
[23]张金功,袁政文.泥质岩裂缝油气藏的成藏条件及资源潜力[J].石油与天然气地质,2002,23(4):336-338.Zhang Jingong,Yuan Zhengwen. Formation and potential of fractured mudstone reservoirs[J]. Oil&Gas Geology,2002,23(4):336-338.
[24]刘伟新,鲍芳,俞凌杰,等.川东南志留系龙马溪组页岩储层微孔隙结构及连通性研究[J].石油实验地质,2016,38(4):453-459.Liu Weixin,Bao Fang,Yu Lingjie,et al. Micro-pore structure and connectivity of the Silurian Longmaxi shales,southeastern Sichuan area[J]. Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2016,38(4):453-459.
[25]黄潇,张金川,李晓光,等.陆相页岩孔隙类型、特征及油气共聚过程探讨——以辽河坳陷西部凹陷为例[J].天然气地球科学,2015,26(7):1422-1432.Huang Xiao,Zhang Jinchuan,Li Xiaoguang,et al. Pore types and characteristics of continental shale and discussion on the process of oil and gas accumulation:A case study of the western sag of Liaohe depression[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience,2015,26(7):1422-1432.
[26]王同,熊亮,徐猛,等.川南地区下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩储层特征[J].石油实验地质,2016,38(2):197-203.Wang T,Xiong Liang,Xu Meng,et al. Shale reservoir characteristics of the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in the southern Sichuan Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2016,38(2):197-203.
[27]王濡岳,丁文龙,龚大建等.渝东南—黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩裂缝发育特征与主控因素分析[J].石油学报,2016,37(7):832-845.Wang Ruyue,Ding Wenlong,Gong Dajian,et al. Characteristics and controlling factors of fractures in Lower Cambrian Niutitang shale in southeastern Chongqing and northern Guizhou area[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(7):832-845.
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