不同施肥对双季稻田径流氮磷流失特征的影响
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摘要
通过定位试验,研究了不施氮肥(WN)、单施化肥(HF)、猪粪替代20%氮肥(ZF)、沼渣沼液替代20%氮肥(ZYF)、堆肥替代20%氮肥(DF)、早稻绿肥、晚稻稻草代替20%氮肥(LDF)6种不同施肥处理下双季稻径流氮磷含量和累积流失负荷的影响。结果表明,水稻基肥和追肥后,径流水中全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、全磷和水溶性磷含量逐渐下降。HF处理双季稻季径流水中全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮平均含量最高,分别为5.91,3.65,0.82mg/L。相比HF处理,有机物料替代20%氮肥处理能够降低径流水中全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮的平均含量,其中以DF处理下降幅度最大,分别下降1.18,0.71,0.14mg/L;除DF处理外,有机物料替代20%氮肥能够增加径流水中全磷和水溶性磷的平均含量。相比HF处理,有机物料替代20%氮肥能够减少氮素径流流失负荷,以DF处理总氮、铵态氮和硝态氮累积流失负荷最小,分别为10.25,6.17,1.71kg/hm2;DF处理磷素流失负荷与单施化肥处理持平。综上,DF处理能够降低径流水中氮磷流失负荷,对于保护环境和控制面源污染具有重要意义。
In order to provide scientific basis for rational fertilization,a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different fertilization methods on runoff nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)loss in double cropping paddy field.Six treatments were designed:without N(WN),chemical fertilizer(HF),pig manure alternative 20% N fertilizer(ZF),biogas slurry and biogas residue alternative 20% N fertilizer(ZYF),compost alternative 20% N fertilizer(DF),and green manure in early rice and straw in late rice alternative 20% N fertilizer(LDF).The results showed that total N,NO3-,NH4+,total P and water soluble P in runoff water were decreased after base fertilizer and topdressing application.In double cropping rice field,total N,NH4+and NO3-contents in runoff water under HF reached 5.91 mg/L,3.65 mg/L and 0.82 mg/L respectively,which were higher than other treatments.Compared with HF,total N,NH4+and NO3-contents in runoff water were significantly decreased when chemical fertilizers were partially replaced with organic materials,and the reduction of DF reached up to 1.18 mg/L,0.71 mg/L and 0.14 mg/L respectively.Moreover,the treatments with organic materials alternative 20% N fertilizer significantly increased total P and soluble P content in the runoff water with the exception of DF.Compared to HF,other organic-inorganic fertilizers treatments decreased runoff N loss.In addition,total N,NH4+and NO3-loss of DF was 10.25 kg/hm2,6.17 kg/hm2 and 1.71 kg/hm2 respectively,which were nearly equal to those of HF.In conclusion,DF couldsignificantly decreased runoff N and P loss,and was of great importance in protecting environment and controlling non-point pollution.
In order to provide scientific basis for rational fertilization,a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different fertilization methods on runoff nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)loss in double cropping paddy field.Six treatments were designed:without N(WN),chemical fertilizer(HF),pig manure alternative 20% N fertilizer(ZF),biogas slurry and biogas residue alternative 20% N fertilizer(ZYF),compost alternative 20% N fertilizer(DF),and green manure in early rice and straw in late rice alternative 20% N fertilizer(LDF).The results showed that total N,NO3-,NH4+,total P and water soluble P in runoff water were decreased after base fertilizer and topdressing application.In double cropping rice field,total N,NH4+and NO3-contents in runoff water under HF reached 5.91 mg/L,3.65 mg/L and 0.82 mg/L respectively,which were higher than other treatments.Compared with HF,total N,NH4+and NO3-contents in runoff water were significantly decreased when chemical fertilizers were partially replaced with organic materials,and the reduction of DF reached up to 1.18 mg/L,0.71 mg/L and 0.14 mg/L respectively.Moreover,the treatments with organic materials alternative 20% N fertilizer significantly increased total P and soluble P content in the runoff water with the exception of DF.Compared to HF,other organic-inorganic fertilizers treatments decreased runoff N loss.In addition,total N,NH4+and NO3-loss of DF was 10.25 kg/hm2,6.17 kg/hm2 and 1.71 kg/hm2 respectively,which were nearly equal to those of HF.In conclusion,DF couldsignificantly decreased runoff N and P loss,and was of great importance in protecting environment and controlling non-point pollution.
引文
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[19]Vadas P A.Distribution of phosphorus in manure slurry and its infiltration after application to soils[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2006,35(2):542-547.
[20]邓佳,胡梦坤,赵秀兰,等.不同有机物料中的磷形态特征研究[J].环境科学,2015,36(3):1098-1104.
[21]石丽红,纪雄辉,李洪顺,等.湖南双季稻田不同氮磷施用量的径流损失[J].中国农业气象,2010,31(4):551-557.
[2]李占斌,朱冰冰,李鹏.土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究进展[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):802-809.
[3]庄振东,李絮花,张健,等.冬小麦-夏玉米轮作制度下腐殖酸氮肥去向与平衡[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(6):201-206.
[4]李军,袁亮,赵秉强,等.磷肥中腐殖酸添加比例对玉米产量、磷素吸收及土壤速效磷含量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(3):641-648.
[5]周伟,吕腾飞,杨志平,等.氮肥种类及运筹技术调控土壤氮肥损失的研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(9):3051-3058.
[6]Esteller M V,Martinez-Valdes H,Garrido S,et al.Nitrate and phosphate leaching in a Phaeozem soil treated with biosolids,composted biosolids and inorganic fertilizers[J].Waste Management,2009,29(6):1936-1944.
[7]李晓娜,张国芳,武美军,等.不同植被过滤带对农田径流泥沙和氮磷拦截效果与途径[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(3):39-44.
[8]周文婷,邵瑞华,马千里,等.高州水库集水区污染源分布特征及污染负荷研究[J].水生态学杂志,2017,38(3):23-30.
[9]李荣斌,李娟,汪海珍,等.施肥措施及灌木缓冲带对雷竹林径流水不同形态氮流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(4):7-13.
[10]谢军,赵亚南,陈轩敬,等.有机肥氮替代化肥氮提高玉米产量和氮素吸收利用效率[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(20):3934-3943.
[11]全国农业技术推广服务中心.中国有机肥料资源[M].北京:中国农业出版社:1994.
[12]汪华,杨京平,金洁,等.不同氮素用量对高肥力稻田水稻-土壤-水体氮素变化及环境影响分析[J].水土保持学报,2010,20(1):50-54.
[13]吴俊,樊剑波,何园球,等.不同减量施肥条件下稻田田面水氮素动态变化及径流损失研究[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(9):1561-1566.
[14]郑小龙,吴家森,陈裴裴,等.不同施肥与生物质炭配施对水稻田面水氮磷流失及产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(4):39-48.
[15]Li H,Hou J,Liu X M,et al.Combined determination of specific surface area and surface charge properties of charged particles from a single experiment[J].Soil Science of America Journal,2011,75(6):2128-2135.
[16]李娟,李松昊,邬奇峰,等.不同施肥处理对稻田氮素径流和渗漏损失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):23-28,33.
[17]纪雄辉,郑圣先,刘强,等.施用有机肥对长江中游地区双季稻田磷素径流损失及水稻产量的影响[J].湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2006,32(3):283-287.
[18]金熠,梁新强,刘于,等.增施有机肥对稻田田面水体磷素形态和径流流失量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(4):42-47.
[19]Vadas P A.Distribution of phosphorus in manure slurry and its infiltration after application to soils[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2006,35(2):542-547.
[20]邓佳,胡梦坤,赵秀兰,等.不同有机物料中的磷形态特征研究[J].环境科学,2015,36(3):1098-1104.
[21]石丽红,纪雄辉,李洪顺,等.湖南双季稻田不同氮磷施用量的径流损失[J].中国农业气象,2010,31(4):551-557.