消费端视角的中国大城市新建绅士化现象——以北京宣武门ZS小区为例
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摘要
绅士化是一个基于社会阶层向上变化与演替的社会空间重构过程,以城市拆除建新为主要形式的新建绅士化是中国各大城市最主要的绅士化模式。当前对新建绅士化的研究大多从政府主导的生产端进行解析,而基于居民行为动机的消费端解析则相对较少。因此,论文以北京市宣武门新建绅士化为例,从消费端出发,分析居民的住房选择和社会空间效应,以期更好地理解中国绅士化及城市更新的多元动力和影响机制。研究发现,新建绅士化在中西方存在较大差异,这主要源于中国城市的发展背景、特殊的土地制度以及特定的社会文化环境。在绅士化群体特征方面,中国新建绅士化在社会经济特征上虽然与西方基本趋同,但在年龄和家庭结构上呈现多样化和复杂化;在住房选择上,中国绅士化群体的住房选择比较务实,都集中在追求生活便利、子女教育、改善居住环境等,这与西方追求文化要素的结果有很大不同。在社会空间效应方面,低收入阶层的原住居民在绅士化过程中被置换与动迁,虽然住房条件得到一定改善,但动迁使原住居民在日常生活和情感等方面都遭受了负面影响。文章最后呼吁,深入探讨和研究中国绅士化"本土"理论框架的建立是今后应该重点关注的主要课题。
As a process of social and spatial change, gentrification results from class upgrading and transformation. New-build gentrification, characterized by demolition and subsequent residential development involving direct or indirect residential displacement and landscape change, has become the main type of gentrification in contemporary urban China. Academic literature on Chinese city cases has studied this issue from the perspective of supply, which stresses the leading role of state power, while the demand side has seldom been researched in China. Therefore, this study examined the process of new-build gentrification in urban China from the perspective of the demand side. Empirical material was based on in-depth interviews and questionnaires sent to the inhabitants of the ZS neighborhood(a new-build gentrification area) in Xuanwumen, Beijing. In particular, the main questions in this study underline the housing choice of gentrifiers and the social and spatial effects on displaced local residents. According to the empirical research, the new-build gentrifiers highlight the importance of factors relating to proximity and accessibility to services and convenience of life, irrespective of their household type. Nuclear family gentrifiers stress the factor of children's education as well. However,gentrification has the opposite effect on the displaced residents. Through the investigation on the displaced residents who previously lived in the location of the case study site and now are relocated in the planned resettlement housing located in urban periphery, it is found that although their housing condition has been improved, gentrification brought serious negative effects to these local residents in terms of quality of life and emotional aspects.
As a process of social and spatial change, gentrification results from class upgrading and transformation. New-build gentrification, characterized by demolition and subsequent residential development involving direct or indirect residential displacement and landscape change, has become the main type of gentrification in contemporary urban China. Academic literature on Chinese city cases has studied this issue from the perspective of supply, which stresses the leading role of state power, while the demand side has seldom been researched in China. Therefore, this study examined the process of new-build gentrification in urban China from the perspective of the demand side. Empirical material was based on in-depth interviews and questionnaires sent to the inhabitants of the ZS neighborhood(a new-build gentrification area) in Xuanwumen, Beijing. In particular, the main questions in this study underline the housing choice of gentrifiers and the social and spatial effects on displaced local residents. According to the empirical research, the new-build gentrifiers highlight the importance of factors relating to proximity and accessibility to services and convenience of life, irrespective of their household type. Nuclear family gentrifiers stress the factor of children's education as well. However,gentrification has the opposite effect on the displaced residents. Through the investigation on the displaced residents who previously lived in the location of the case study site and now are relocated in the planned resettlement housing located in urban periphery, it is found that although their housing condition has been improved, gentrification brought serious negative effects to these local residents in terms of quality of life and emotional aspects.
引文
北京市统计局.2003.北京统计年鉴2003[M].北京:中国统计出版社.[Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics.2003.2003 Beijing Statistical Yearbook.Beijing,China:China Statistics Press.]
何深静,刘玉亭.2010.市场转轨时期中国城市绅士化现象的机制与效应研究[J].地理科学,30(4):493-502.[He SJ,Liu Y T.2010.Mechanism and consequences of China's gentrification under market transition.Scientia Geographica Sinica,30(4):493-502.]
胡毅,张京祥.2015.中国城市住区更新的解读与重构:走向空间正义的空间生产[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社.[Hu Y,Zhang J X.2015.Interpretation and reconstruction of housing development in China-towards a just space production.Beijing,China:China Architecture&Building Press.]
宋伟轩.2012.欧美国家绅士化问题的城市地理学研究进展[J].地理科学进展,31(6):825-834.[Song W X.2012.Areview on gentrification in European and North American countries.Progress in Geography,31(6):825-834.]
宋伟轩,刘春卉,汪毅,等.2017.基于“租差”理论的城市居住空间中产阶层化研究:以南京内城为例[J].地理学报,72(12):2115-2130.[Song W X,Liu C H,Wang Y,et al.2017.Rent gap and gentrification in the inner city of Nanjing.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(12):2115-2130.]
宋伟轩,王聪,刘春卉.2018.中国大城市新建中产阶层化现象的供给端解析[J].人文地理,33(3):27-33.[Song W X,Wang C,Liu C H,2018.Analysis on new-build gentrification in Chinese big cities from the supply side.Human Geography,33(3):27-33.]
吴启焰.2016.大城市居住空间分异研究:理论与实证[M].2版.北京:科学出版社.[Wu Q Y.2016.Differentiation of Urban Residential Space:Theory and Practice.2nd edition.Beijing,China:Science Press.]
Bridge G.2003.Time-space trajectories in provincial gentrification[J].Urban Studies,40(12):2545-2556.
Bridge G.2006.It's not just a question of taste:Gentrification,the neighbourhood,and cultural capital[J].Environment and Planning A,38(10):1965-1978.
Butler T.1997.Gentrification and the middle classes[M].Ashford:Ashgate.
Butler T.2007.For gentrification?[J].Environment and Planning A,39(1):162-181.
Caulfield J.1994.City form and everyday life:Toronto's gentrification and critical social practice[M].Toronto:University of Toronto Press.
Clark E.2005.The order and simplicity of gentrification:A political challenge[M]//Atkinson R,Bridge G.Gentrification in a global context:The new urban colonialism.London:Routledge:24-30.
Cresswell T.2014.Place:An introduction[M].2nd edition.Wiley-Blackwell.
Davidson M.2018.New-build gentrification[M]//Lees L,Phillips M.Handbook of Gentrification Studies.Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Limitied.
Davidson M,Lees L.2005.New-build'gentrification'and London's riverside renaissance[J].Environment and Planning A,37(7):1165-1190.
Davidson M,Lees L.2010.New-build gentrification:Its histories,trajectories and critical geographies[J].Population,Space and Place,16(5):395-411.
Glass R.1964.Introduction:Aspects of change[M]//Centre for Urban Studies.London:Aspects of Change.London,UK:MacGibbon&Kee:1-4.
Hammnet C.1991.The blind men and the elephant:The explanation of gentrification[J].Transactions of the Institute British Geographers,16(2):173-189.
He S.2007.State-sponsored gentrification under market transition:The case of Shanghai[J].Urban Affairs Review,43(2):171-198.
He S.2010.New-build gentrification in central Shanghai:Demographic changes and socioeconomic implications[J].Population,Space and Place,16(5):345-361.
He S,Wu F.2007.Socio-spatial impacts of property-led redevelopment on China’s urban neighbourhoods[J].Cities,24(3):194-208.
Huang X,Yang Y.2017.Urban redevelopment,gentrification and gentrifiers in post-reform inland China:A case study of Chengdu,China[J].Chinese Geographic Science,27(1):151-164.
Karsten L.2003.Family gentrifiers:Challenging the city as a place simulataneously to build a career and raise children[J].Urban Studies,40(12):353-371.
Karsten L.2014.From yuppies to yupps:Family gentrifiers consuming spaces and re-inventing cities[J].Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie,105(2):175-188.
Lees L.1994.Rethinking gentrification:Beyond the positions of economics or culture[J].Progress in Human Geography,18(2):137-150.
Lees L.2014.Gentrification in Global South?[M]//Parnell S,Oldfield S.The Routledge handbook on cities of the Global South.New York:Routledge:506-521.
Lees L,Shin H B,López-Morales E.2015.Global gentrificaions:Uneven development and displacement[M].Bristol:Polity Press.
Lees L,Shin H B,López-Morales E.2016.Planetary gentrification[M].Bristol,UK:Polity Press.
Lees L,Slater T,Wyly E.2008.Gentrification[M].New York:Routledge.
Ley D.1980.Liberal ideology and the postindustrial city[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,70:238-258.
Ley D.1986.Alternative explanations for inner-city gentrification:A Canadian assessment[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,76(4):521-535.
Ley D.1996.The new middle class and the remaking of the central city[M].Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press.
Rérat P.2012.Gentrifiers and their choice of housing:characteristics of the households living in new developments in Swiss cities[J].Environment and Planning A,44:221-236.
Rérat P,Lees L.2011.Spatial capital,gentrification and mobility:Evidence from Swiss core cities[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,36(1):126-142.
Smith D.2002.Extending the temporal and spatial limits of gentrification:A research agenda for population geographers[J].International Journal of Population Geography,8:385-394.
Smith N.1979.Toward a theory of gentrification:A back to the city movement by capital not people[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,45(4):538-548.
Smith N.1982.Gentrification and uneven development[J].Economic Geography,58(2):139-155.
Smith N.1996.The new urban frontier:Gentrification and the revanchist city[M].London and New York:Routledge.
Tallon A,Bromley R.2004.Exploring the attractions of city centre living:Evidence and policy implications in British cities[J].Geoforum,35:771-787.
Waley P.2016.Speaking gentrification in the languages of the Global East[J].Urban Studies,53(3):615-625.
Wu Q,Zhang X,Waley P.2016.Jiaoyufication:When gentrification goes to school in the Chinese inner city[J].Urban Studies,53(16):3510-3526.
Yin G,Liu Y.2017.Administrative urbanization and city-making in post-reform China:A case study of Ordos City,Inner Mongolia[J].Chinese Geographical Science,27(6):891-903.
何深静,刘玉亭.2010.市场转轨时期中国城市绅士化现象的机制与效应研究[J].地理科学,30(4):493-502.[He SJ,Liu Y T.2010.Mechanism and consequences of China's gentrification under market transition.Scientia Geographica Sinica,30(4):493-502.]
胡毅,张京祥.2015.中国城市住区更新的解读与重构:走向空间正义的空间生产[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社.[Hu Y,Zhang J X.2015.Interpretation and reconstruction of housing development in China-towards a just space production.Beijing,China:China Architecture&Building Press.]
宋伟轩.2012.欧美国家绅士化问题的城市地理学研究进展[J].地理科学进展,31(6):825-834.[Song W X.2012.Areview on gentrification in European and North American countries.Progress in Geography,31(6):825-834.]
宋伟轩,刘春卉,汪毅,等.2017.基于“租差”理论的城市居住空间中产阶层化研究:以南京内城为例[J].地理学报,72(12):2115-2130.[Song W X,Liu C H,Wang Y,et al.2017.Rent gap and gentrification in the inner city of Nanjing.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(12):2115-2130.]
宋伟轩,王聪,刘春卉.2018.中国大城市新建中产阶层化现象的供给端解析[J].人文地理,33(3):27-33.[Song W X,Wang C,Liu C H,2018.Analysis on new-build gentrification in Chinese big cities from the supply side.Human Geography,33(3):27-33.]
吴启焰.2016.大城市居住空间分异研究:理论与实证[M].2版.北京:科学出版社.[Wu Q Y.2016.Differentiation of Urban Residential Space:Theory and Practice.2nd edition.Beijing,China:Science Press.]
Bridge G.2003.Time-space trajectories in provincial gentrification[J].Urban Studies,40(12):2545-2556.
Bridge G.2006.It's not just a question of taste:Gentrification,the neighbourhood,and cultural capital[J].Environment and Planning A,38(10):1965-1978.
Butler T.1997.Gentrification and the middle classes[M].Ashford:Ashgate.
Butler T.2007.For gentrification?[J].Environment and Planning A,39(1):162-181.
Caulfield J.1994.City form and everyday life:Toronto's gentrification and critical social practice[M].Toronto:University of Toronto Press.
Clark E.2005.The order and simplicity of gentrification:A political challenge[M]//Atkinson R,Bridge G.Gentrification in a global context:The new urban colonialism.London:Routledge:24-30.
Cresswell T.2014.Place:An introduction[M].2nd edition.Wiley-Blackwell.
Davidson M.2018.New-build gentrification[M]//Lees L,Phillips M.Handbook of Gentrification Studies.Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Limitied.
Davidson M,Lees L.2005.New-build'gentrification'and London's riverside renaissance[J].Environment and Planning A,37(7):1165-1190.
Davidson M,Lees L.2010.New-build gentrification:Its histories,trajectories and critical geographies[J].Population,Space and Place,16(5):395-411.
Glass R.1964.Introduction:Aspects of change[M]//Centre for Urban Studies.London:Aspects of Change.London,UK:MacGibbon&Kee:1-4.
Hammnet C.1991.The blind men and the elephant:The explanation of gentrification[J].Transactions of the Institute British Geographers,16(2):173-189.
He S.2007.State-sponsored gentrification under market transition:The case of Shanghai[J].Urban Affairs Review,43(2):171-198.
He S.2010.New-build gentrification in central Shanghai:Demographic changes and socioeconomic implications[J].Population,Space and Place,16(5):345-361.
He S,Wu F.2007.Socio-spatial impacts of property-led redevelopment on China’s urban neighbourhoods[J].Cities,24(3):194-208.
Huang X,Yang Y.2017.Urban redevelopment,gentrification and gentrifiers in post-reform inland China:A case study of Chengdu,China[J].Chinese Geographic Science,27(1):151-164.
Karsten L.2003.Family gentrifiers:Challenging the city as a place simulataneously to build a career and raise children[J].Urban Studies,40(12):353-371.
Karsten L.2014.From yuppies to yupps:Family gentrifiers consuming spaces and re-inventing cities[J].Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie,105(2):175-188.
Lees L.1994.Rethinking gentrification:Beyond the positions of economics or culture[J].Progress in Human Geography,18(2):137-150.
Lees L.2014.Gentrification in Global South?[M]//Parnell S,Oldfield S.The Routledge handbook on cities of the Global South.New York:Routledge:506-521.
Lees L,Shin H B,López-Morales E.2015.Global gentrificaions:Uneven development and displacement[M].Bristol:Polity Press.
Lees L,Shin H B,López-Morales E.2016.Planetary gentrification[M].Bristol,UK:Polity Press.
Lees L,Slater T,Wyly E.2008.Gentrification[M].New York:Routledge.
Ley D.1980.Liberal ideology and the postindustrial city[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,70:238-258.
Ley D.1986.Alternative explanations for inner-city gentrification:A Canadian assessment[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,76(4):521-535.
Ley D.1996.The new middle class and the remaking of the central city[M].Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press.
Rérat P.2012.Gentrifiers and their choice of housing:characteristics of the households living in new developments in Swiss cities[J].Environment and Planning A,44:221-236.
Rérat P,Lees L.2011.Spatial capital,gentrification and mobility:Evidence from Swiss core cities[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,36(1):126-142.
Smith D.2002.Extending the temporal and spatial limits of gentrification:A research agenda for population geographers[J].International Journal of Population Geography,8:385-394.
Smith N.1979.Toward a theory of gentrification:A back to the city movement by capital not people[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,45(4):538-548.
Smith N.1982.Gentrification and uneven development[J].Economic Geography,58(2):139-155.
Smith N.1996.The new urban frontier:Gentrification and the revanchist city[M].London and New York:Routledge.
Tallon A,Bromley R.2004.Exploring the attractions of city centre living:Evidence and policy implications in British cities[J].Geoforum,35:771-787.
Waley P.2016.Speaking gentrification in the languages of the Global East[J].Urban Studies,53(3):615-625.
Wu Q,Zhang X,Waley P.2016.Jiaoyufication:When gentrification goes to school in the Chinese inner city[J].Urban Studies,53(16):3510-3526.
Yin G,Liu Y.2017.Administrative urbanization and city-making in post-reform China:A case study of Ordos City,Inner Mongolia[J].Chinese Geographical Science,27(6):891-903.