建立畜禽废弃物养分管理制度 促进种养结合绿色发展
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摘要
种养结合循环发展是畜禽废弃物资源化利用的根本出路,种养结合是破解农业面源污染难题、践行绿色发展理念的重要举措。文章在分析国内资源化利用现状的基础上,针对种养结合存在种养纽带断裂、粪肥施用方式粗放、种养结合长效机制缺乏,造成的粪肥还田难、利用效率低的问题,结合欧盟、美国、日本的种养结合政策和模式经验,针对不同畜禽养殖业经营主体,提出了3种专业化种养结合模式,以及构建我国畜禽废弃物养分管理制度的政策建议。建立畜禽粪便养分平衡可监测、可报告和可核证台账,形成种养结合可持续运行的机制,促进种养结合绿色发展。
Integrated Crop-livestock Production System is the fundamental way to achieve effective utilization of animal manure resources. It is an important measure for both the solution for agricultural non-point source pollution and the practice of the philosophy of green development. Based on the analysis of the status of China's domestic resource utilization and available experience of developed countries, this study proposed three types of specialized Integrated Crop-livestock Production Systems for livestock production business in different scales, targeting the challenges of difficulty in manure land application and low efficiency, which resulted from the separation between crop and livestock production, extensive manure land application, and lack of economic crop-livestock production mechanism. This study also brought up policy recommendations for constructing China's Manure Nutrient Management Plan, which advocate the establishment of a monitorable, reportable, and verifiable accounting mechanism for manure nutrition balance to promote green development of Integrated Crop-livestock Production System.
Integrated Crop-livestock Production System is the fundamental way to achieve effective utilization of animal manure resources. It is an important measure for both the solution for agricultural non-point source pollution and the practice of the philosophy of green development. Based on the analysis of the status of China's domestic resource utilization and available experience of developed countries, this study proposed three types of specialized Integrated Crop-livestock Production Systems for livestock production business in different scales, targeting the challenges of difficulty in manure land application and low efficiency, which resulted from the separation between crop and livestock production, extensive manure land application, and lack of economic crop-livestock production mechanism. This study also brought up policy recommendations for constructing China's Manure Nutrient Management Plan, which advocate the establishment of a monitorable, reportable, and verifiable accounting mechanism for manure nutrition balance to promote green development of Integrated Crop-livestock Production System.
引文
1 Herrero M,Thornton P K.Livestock and global change:Emerging issues for sustainable food systems.PNAS,2013,110:20878-20881.
2国务院办公厅.国务院办公厅关于加快推进畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用的意见.[2017-05-31].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-06/12/content_5201790.htm.
3中华人民共和国农业部.畜禽粪污资源化利用行动方案(2017-2020年).[2017-07-07].http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/XMYS/201707/t20170710_5742847.htm.
4中华人民共和国国家统计局.第三次全国农业普查主要数据公报(第二号).[2017-12-15].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/nypcgb/qgnypcgb/201712/t20171215_1563539.html.
5 Bai Z H,Ma L,Jin S Q,et al.Nitrogen,Phosphorus,and Potassium Flows through the Manure Management Chain in China.Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(24):13409-13418.
6颜晓元,夏龙龙,遆超普.面向作物产量和环境双赢的氮肥施用策略,中国科学院院刊,2018,33(2):177-183.
7韩晓增,王凤仙,王凤菊,等.长期施用有机肥对黑土肥力及作物产量的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(1):66-71.
8 Xia L L,Lam SK,Yan X Y,et al.How does recycling of livestock manure in agroecosystems affectcrop productivity,reactive nitrogen losses and soil carbon balance?Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(13):7450-7457.
9中华人民共和国农业部.农业部办公厅关于印发《畜禽粪污土地承载力测算技术指南》的通知.[2018-01-22].http://www.moa.gov.cn/gk/tzgg_1/tfw/201801/t20180122_6135486.htm.
10贾武霞,文炯,许望龙,等.我国部分城市畜禽粪便中重金属含量及形态分布.农业环境科学学报,2016,35(4):764-773.
11中华人民共和国农业部.关于全国耕地质量等级情况的公报.[2014-12-17].http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/ZZYGLS/201412/t20141217_4297895.htm.
12 United States General Accounting Office.Animal agriculture:Waste management practices.[1999-06-26].https://www.gao.gov/archive/1999/rc99205.pdf.
13 Environmental Protection Agency.National pollutant discharge elimination system permit regulation and effluent limitation guidelines and standards for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations(CAFOs).[2003-04-14].https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2003/02/12/03-3074/nationalpollutant-discharge-elimination-system-permit-regulation-andeffluent-limitation-guidelines.
14 De S,Bezuglov A.Data model for a decision support in comprehensive nutrient management in the United States.Environmental Modelling&Software,2006,21:852-867.
15何龙斌.日本发展农业循环经济的主要模式、经验及启示.世界农业,2013,(11):150-153.
2国务院办公厅.国务院办公厅关于加快推进畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用的意见.[2017-05-31].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-06/12/content_5201790.htm.
3中华人民共和国农业部.畜禽粪污资源化利用行动方案(2017-2020年).[2017-07-07].http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/XMYS/201707/t20170710_5742847.htm.
4中华人民共和国国家统计局.第三次全国农业普查主要数据公报(第二号).[2017-12-15].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/nypcgb/qgnypcgb/201712/t20171215_1563539.html.
5 Bai Z H,Ma L,Jin S Q,et al.Nitrogen,Phosphorus,and Potassium Flows through the Manure Management Chain in China.Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(24):13409-13418.
6颜晓元,夏龙龙,遆超普.面向作物产量和环境双赢的氮肥施用策略,中国科学院院刊,2018,33(2):177-183.
7韩晓增,王凤仙,王凤菊,等.长期施用有机肥对黑土肥力及作物产量的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(1):66-71.
8 Xia L L,Lam SK,Yan X Y,et al.How does recycling of livestock manure in agroecosystems affectcrop productivity,reactive nitrogen losses and soil carbon balance?Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(13):7450-7457.
9中华人民共和国农业部.农业部办公厅关于印发《畜禽粪污土地承载力测算技术指南》的通知.[2018-01-22].http://www.moa.gov.cn/gk/tzgg_1/tfw/201801/t20180122_6135486.htm.
10贾武霞,文炯,许望龙,等.我国部分城市畜禽粪便中重金属含量及形态分布.农业环境科学学报,2016,35(4):764-773.
11中华人民共和国农业部.关于全国耕地质量等级情况的公报.[2014-12-17].http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/ZZYGLS/201412/t20141217_4297895.htm.
12 United States General Accounting Office.Animal agriculture:Waste management practices.[1999-06-26].https://www.gao.gov/archive/1999/rc99205.pdf.
13 Environmental Protection Agency.National pollutant discharge elimination system permit regulation and effluent limitation guidelines and standards for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations(CAFOs).[2003-04-14].https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2003/02/12/03-3074/nationalpollutant-discharge-elimination-system-permit-regulation-andeffluent-limitation-guidelines.
14 De S,Bezuglov A.Data model for a decision support in comprehensive nutrient management in the United States.Environmental Modelling&Software,2006,21:852-867.
15何龙斌.日本发展农业循环经济的主要模式、经验及启示.世界农业,2013,(11):150-153.