不同浸提剂条件下生物炭溶解性有机物的浸出规律
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摘要
生物炭广泛应用于环境污染修复、土壤改良和废物生物转化过程,但其中的可浸出物质可能在应用过程中释放,对反应体系和环境造成不利影响.以厌氧消化不同阶段的模拟溶液(蒸馏水、缓冲盐溶液、甲醇和腐殖酸溶液)为浸提剂,采用高分辨液质联用仪,研究了不同浸提剂条件下生物炭浸出液的溶解性有机物组成.生物炭各浸出液中共检测到536种有效物质,其中有100种物质与标准物质数据库高度匹配.结果表明,这100种物质的相对分子质量分布在109～458范围内,平均相对分子质量为290. 2,涵盖苯酚类、芳香酸类、芳香醛和酮类、脂肪酸类等物质.相比传统研究方法采用的蒸馏水,生物炭在厌氧培养常用缓冲盐溶液中多浸出了3种脂肪酸和4种芳香族物质;甲醇浸出液中的物质类别最丰富,共计71种,其中包括大量的酚类和有机酸类物质;腐殖酸溶液浸取过程中,部分腐殖酸,包括醇和脂肪酸类物质会被生物炭吸附,但腐殖酸同时促进了生物炭中酚类物质的浸出,总体可被检测出的有机物种类减少了41. 7%.
Biochar is widely used in environmental pollution remediation,soil improvement,and biotransformation of waste. However,the leachable substances within biochar may leach out during the application process,causing detrimental effects to the reaction system and the environment. Here,the simulated solutions( distilled water,buffer salt solution,methanol,and humic acid solution) at different stages of anaerobic digestion were used as the extracting agents,and high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to study the dissolved organic composition of biochar leachates. A total of 536 effective substances were detected in the biochar leachates,of which 100 substances were highly matched to the standard substance database. The molecular weights of these100 substances,which included phenols,aromatic acids,aromatic aldehydes and ketones,aliphatic acids,and other substances,were in the range of 109-458 and averaged 290. 2. The buffer salt solution,which is commonly used for anaerobic culturing,extracted three additional aliphatic acids and four additional aromatic substances from biochar than distilled water as used in traditional research methods; the leachate of methanol contained the most diverse compounds—71 in total—including a large number of phenols and organic acids. Some humic acid organic substances are adsorbed by biochar during the leaching by humic acid,including alcohols and aliphatic acids,but humic acid still promoted the leaching of phenolic substances,while the total number of substances that were detected was reduced by 41. 7%.
Biochar is widely used in environmental pollution remediation,soil improvement,and biotransformation of waste. However,the leachable substances within biochar may leach out during the application process,causing detrimental effects to the reaction system and the environment. Here,the simulated solutions( distilled water,buffer salt solution,methanol,and humic acid solution) at different stages of anaerobic digestion were used as the extracting agents,and high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to study the dissolved organic composition of biochar leachates. A total of 536 effective substances were detected in the biochar leachates,of which 100 substances were highly matched to the standard substance database. The molecular weights of these100 substances,which included phenols,aromatic acids,aromatic aldehydes and ketones,aliphatic acids,and other substances,were in the range of 109-458 and averaged 290. 2. The buffer salt solution,which is commonly used for anaerobic culturing,extracted three additional aliphatic acids and four additional aromatic substances from biochar than distilled water as used in traditional research methods; the leachate of methanol contained the most diverse compounds—71 in total—including a large number of phenols and organic acids. Some humic acid organic substances are adsorbed by biochar during the leaching by humic acid,including alcohols and aliphatic acids,but humic acid still promoted the leaching of phenolic substances,while the total number of substances that were detected was reduced by 41. 7%.
引文
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[27]Dittmar T,Koch B,Hertkorn N,et al.A simple and efficient method for the solid-phase extraction of dissolved organic matter(SPE-DOM)from seawater[J].Limnology and Oceanography Methods,2008,6(6):230-235.
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[29]Beals E W.Bray-curtis ordination:an effective strategy for analysis of multivariate ecological data[J].Advances in Ecological Research,1984,14:1-55.
[30]Yuan Z W,He C,Shi Q,et al.Molecular insights into the transformation of dissolved organic matter in landfill leachate concentrate during biodegradation and coagulation processes using ESI FT-ICR MS[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(14):8110-8118.
[31]Uchimiya M,Lima I M,Klasson K T,et al.Contaminant immobilization and nutrient release by biochar soil amendment:Roles of natural organic matter[J].Chemosphere,2010,80(8):935-940.
[32]Patra A K,Kamra D N,Agarwal N.Effect of spices on rumen fermentation,methanogenesis and protozoa counts in in vitro gas production test[J].International Congress Series,2006,1293:176-179.
[33]Revilla I,González-SanjoséM L.Methanol release during fermentation of red grapes treated with pectolytic enzymes[J].Food Chemistry,1998,63(3):307-312.
[34]He P J,Yu Q F,Zhang H,et al.Removal of copper(Ⅱ)by biochar mediated by dissolved organic matter[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):7091.
[2]ManyàJ J.Pyrolysis for biochar purposes:a review to establish current knowledge gaps and research needs[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(15):7939-7954.
[3]Van Zwieten L,Kimber S,Morris S,et al.Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility[J].Plant and Soil,2010,327(1-2):235-246.
[4]Zielińska A,Oleszczuk P.The conversion of sewage sludge into biochar reduces polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content and ecotoxicity but increases trace metal content[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2015,75:235-244.
[5]赵华轩,郎印海.磁性生物炭对水中CIP和OFL的吸附行为和机制[J].环境科学,2018,39(8):3729-3735.Zhao H X,Lang Y H.Behaviors and mechanisms of CIP and OFL adsorption by magnetic biochar[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(8):3729-3735.
[6]Hao S L,Zhu X D,Liu Y C,et al.Production temperature effects on the structure of hydrochar-derived dissolved organic matter and associated toxicity[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(13):7486-7495.
[7]Gai X P,Wang H Y,Liu J,et al.Effects of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature on biochar adsorption of ammonium and nitrate[J].PLo S One,2014,9(12):e113888.
[8]徐国鑫,王子芳,高明,等.秸秆与生物炭还田对土壤团聚体及固碳特征的影响[J].环境科学,2018,39(1):355-362.Xu G X,Wang Z F,Gao M,et al.Effects of straw and biochar return in soil on soil aggregate and carbon sequestration[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(1):355-362.
[9]Zhang J N,LüF,Shao L M,et al.The use of biochar-amended composting to improve the humification and degradation of sewage sludge[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,168:252-258.
[10]LüF,Luo C H,Shao L M,et al.Biochar alleviates combined stress of ammonium and acids by firstly enriching Methanosaeta and then Methanosarcina[J].Water Research,2016,90:34-43.
[11]Luo C H,LüF,Shao L M,et al.Application of eco-compatible biochar in anaerobic digestion to relieve acid stress and promote the selective colonization of functional microbes[J].Water Research,2015,68:710-718.
[12]Awasthi M K,Wang M J,Chen H Y,et al.Heterogeneity of biochar amendment to improve the carbon and nitrogen sequestration through reduce the greenhouse gases emissions during sewage sludge composting[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,224:428-438.
[13]Keiluweit M,Kleber M,Sparrow M A,et al.Solvent-extractable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biochar:influence of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(17):9333-9341.
[14]Buss W,Ma2ek O,Graham M,et al.Inherent organic compounds in biochar--their content,composition and potential toxic effects[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2015,156:150-157.
[15]Kloss S,Zehetner F,Dellantonio A,et al.Characterization of slow pyrolysis biochars:effects of feedstocks and pyrolysis temperature on biochar properties[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2012,41(4):990-1000.
[16]Lyu H H,He Y H,Tang J C,et al.Effect of pyrolysis temperature on potential toxicity of biochar if applied to the environment[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,218:1-7.
[17]Zhao L,Cao X D,Ma2ek O,et al.Heterogeneity of biochar properties as a function of feedstock sources and production temperatures[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2013,256-257:1-9.
[18]Oleszczuk P,Jos'ko I,Kus'mierz M.Biochar properties regarding to contaminants content and ecotoxicological assessment[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2013,260:375-382.
[19]Smith C R,Buzan E M,Lee J W.Potential impact of biochar water-extractable substances on environmental sustainability[J].ACS Sustainable Chemistry&Engineering,2013,1(1):118-126.
[20]Qu X L,Fu H Y,Mao J D,et al.Chemical and structural properties of dissolved black carbon released from biochars[J].Carbon,2016,96:759-767.
[21]He P J,LüF,Shao L M,et al.Effect of alkali metal cation on the anaerobic hydrolysis and acidogenesis of vegetable waste[J].Environmental Technology,2006,27(3):317-327.
[22]Ghimire A,Frunzo L,Pirozzi F,et al.A review on dark fermentative biohydrogen production from organic biomass:process parameters and use of by-products[J].Applied Energy,2015,144:73-95.
[23]Sivaramakrishna D,Sreekanth D,Himabindu V,et al.Biological hydrogen production from probiotic wastewater as substrate by selectively enriched anaerobic mixed microflora[J].Renewable Energy,2009,34(3):937-940.
[24]Zheng W,LüF,Phoungthong K,et al.Relationship between anaerobic digestion of biodegradable solid waste and spectral characteristics of the derived liquid digestate[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,161(161):69-77.
[25]Tang Y F,Li X W,Dong B,et al.Effect of aromatic repolymerization of humic acid-like fraction on digestate phytotoxicity reduction during high-solid anaerobic digestion for stabilization treatment of sewage sludge[J].Water Research,2018,143:436-444.
[26]Lin Y C,LüF,Shao L M,et al.Influence of bicarbonate buffer on the methanogenetic pathway during thermophilic anaerobic digestion[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,137:245-253.
[27]Dittmar T,Koch B,Hertkorn N,et al.A simple and efficient method for the solid-phase extraction of dissolved organic matter(SPE-DOM)from seawater[J].Limnology and Oceanography Methods,2008,6(6):230-235.
[28]Lucas J,Koester I,Wichels A,et al.Short-term dynamics of north sea bacterioplankton-dissolved organic matter coherence on molecular level[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2016,7:321.
[29]Beals E W.Bray-curtis ordination:an effective strategy for analysis of multivariate ecological data[J].Advances in Ecological Research,1984,14:1-55.
[30]Yuan Z W,He C,Shi Q,et al.Molecular insights into the transformation of dissolved organic matter in landfill leachate concentrate during biodegradation and coagulation processes using ESI FT-ICR MS[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(14):8110-8118.
[31]Uchimiya M,Lima I M,Klasson K T,et al.Contaminant immobilization and nutrient release by biochar soil amendment:Roles of natural organic matter[J].Chemosphere,2010,80(8):935-940.
[32]Patra A K,Kamra D N,Agarwal N.Effect of spices on rumen fermentation,methanogenesis and protozoa counts in in vitro gas production test[J].International Congress Series,2006,1293:176-179.
[33]Revilla I,González-SanjoséM L.Methanol release during fermentation of red grapes treated with pectolytic enzymes[J].Food Chemistry,1998,63(3):307-312.
[34]He P J,Yu Q F,Zhang H,et al.Removal of copper(Ⅱ)by biochar mediated by dissolved organic matter[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):7091.