不同施肥措施对晋南旱塬麦田土壤碳氮变化的影响
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摘要
【目的】明确不同施肥措施下麦田土壤碳氮库的变化情况,为旱地小麦化肥定量减施及土壤肥力提升提供依据。【方法】于2012―2017年在晋南黄土旱塬冬小麦种植区,设置农户施肥(FF)、监控施肥(MF)和不施肥(NF)3种施肥处理,研究了连续5 a不同施肥措施对旱地麦田耕层土壤总有机碳氮、有机碳氮组分及0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量的影响。【结果】晋南黄土旱塬麦田,在秸秆还田基础上,连续5 a不施肥(NF)耕层土壤总有机碳较2012年试验前提高了24.7%,而单施化肥处理(FF、MF)下土壤总有机碳下降了2.4%～8.2%。连续单施化肥较不施肥显著提高了可溶性有机碳、轻组有机碳以及可溶性有机氮质量分数,其中传统农户施肥对土壤可溶性有机碳的贡献率显著高于监控施肥处理的。不同施肥处理土壤轻组有机碳在总有机碳中的分配比例为17.9%～31.3%;不施肥处理较单施化肥处理有利于维持较高的土壤重组有机碳量,利于土壤有机碳的固存。不同施肥处理对轻组有机氮和重组有机氮均没有显著影响。传统农户施肥处理0～200 cm土层硝态氮累积量高达426.0 kg/hm~2,且67%集中在100～200 cm土层,具有淋失风险。而监控平衡施肥在累计氮肥投入量减少36.9%基础上,0～200 cm土层硝态氮残留量较农户施肥低51.4%。【结论】黄土旱塬麦区,由于前期农户过量施氮,不施肥种植结合秸秆还田可提高土壤总有机碳量,主要增加了矿物紧密结合态的重组态有机碳量。单施化肥则促进了土壤有机质的矿化分解,提高了土壤中活性有机碳氮量。传统农户施肥模式促使0～200 cm土层产生大量硝态氮残留,具有较高淋失风险。
【Objective】The objective of the study is to determine the changes of soil carbon and nitrogen under different fertilizations, and to provide the theoretical support for reducing chemical fertilizer application rate and improving soil fertility in the rainfed winter wheat system.【Method】The study was carried out with three fertilization treatments, including the farmer fertilization(FF), the monitoring fertilization(MF) and no fertilization(NF), during 2012─2017 in the winter wheat cropping region of dry highland in Southern Shanxi. The changes of soil total organic carbon(TOC) and nitrogen(TON), organic carbon and nitrogen fractions, and soil nitrate-N residue in the 0～200 cm soil profile were assessed.【Result】Soil TOC concentration under NF treatment in 2017 increased by 24.7% compared to that in 2012, which under FF and MF treatments decreased by 2.4%～8.2%. Continuous chemical fertilizer application was more beneficial to the increase of soluble organic carbon(SOC), soluble organic nitrogen(SON), and light fraction organic carbon(LFOC) compared to NF treatment, in addition, the effect of MF treatment on the increase of SOC was larger than that of FF treatment. The proportion of LFOC in the TOC under different treatments ranged from 17.9% to 31.3%, therefore, heavy fraction organic carbon(HFOC) was considered to be the main form of soil organic carbon sequestration in the wheat field. Compared to the FF and MF treatments, the NF treatment significantly increased the HFOC concentration, which was favorable for soil organic carbon sequestration. However, no significant difference in both light fraction organic nitrogen(LFON) and heavy fraction organic nitrogen(HFON) were observed among different fertilization treatments.The accumulation amounts of nitrate nitrogen in 0～200 cm soil layer under the FF treatment had been up to 426.0 kg/hm~2, 67% of nitrate nitrogen concentrated on the 100～200 cm soil profile with a strong leaching risk. In contrast, soil nitrate-N residue in 0～200 cm soil profile under the MF treatment reduced by 51.4% compared to that under the FF treatment, meanwhile, the rate of nitrogen application under the of FF treatment also decreased by 36.9%.【Conclusion】Based on excessive nitrogen application before the experiment began, no fertilization along with straw returning increased the HFOC concentration in rainfed winter wheat cropping region on the Loess Plateau. Single chemical fertilizer applications could facilitate the decomposition of soil organic matter, resulting in an increasing of labile organic carbon and nitrogen fractions. A large amount of nitrate-N residue was observed in the 0～200 cm soil profile under traditional farmer fertilization with a potential leaching risk.
【Objective】The objective of the study is to determine the changes of soil carbon and nitrogen under different fertilizations, and to provide the theoretical support for reducing chemical fertilizer application rate and improving soil fertility in the rainfed winter wheat system.【Method】The study was carried out with three fertilization treatments, including the farmer fertilization(FF), the monitoring fertilization(MF) and no fertilization(NF), during 2012─2017 in the winter wheat cropping region of dry highland in Southern Shanxi. The changes of soil total organic carbon(TOC) and nitrogen(TON), organic carbon and nitrogen fractions, and soil nitrate-N residue in the 0～200 cm soil profile were assessed.【Result】Soil TOC concentration under NF treatment in 2017 increased by 24.7% compared to that in 2012, which under FF and MF treatments decreased by 2.4%～8.2%. Continuous chemical fertilizer application was more beneficial to the increase of soluble organic carbon(SOC), soluble organic nitrogen(SON), and light fraction organic carbon(LFOC) compared to NF treatment, in addition, the effect of MF treatment on the increase of SOC was larger than that of FF treatment. The proportion of LFOC in the TOC under different treatments ranged from 17.9% to 31.3%, therefore, heavy fraction organic carbon(HFOC) was considered to be the main form of soil organic carbon sequestration in the wheat field. Compared to the FF and MF treatments, the NF treatment significantly increased the HFOC concentration, which was favorable for soil organic carbon sequestration. However, no significant difference in both light fraction organic nitrogen(LFON) and heavy fraction organic nitrogen(HFON) were observed among different fertilization treatments.The accumulation amounts of nitrate nitrogen in 0～200 cm soil layer under the FF treatment had been up to 426.0 kg/hm~2, 67% of nitrate nitrogen concentrated on the 100～200 cm soil profile with a strong leaching risk. In contrast, soil nitrate-N residue in 0～200 cm soil profile under the MF treatment reduced by 51.4% compared to that under the FF treatment, meanwhile, the rate of nitrogen application under the of FF treatment also decreased by 36.9%.【Conclusion】Based on excessive nitrogen application before the experiment began, no fertilization along with straw returning increased the HFOC concentration in rainfed winter wheat cropping region on the Loess Plateau. Single chemical fertilizer applications could facilitate the decomposition of soil organic matter, resulting in an increasing of labile organic carbon and nitrogen fractions. A large amount of nitrate-N residue was observed in the 0～200 cm soil profile under traditional farmer fertilization with a potential leaching risk.
引文
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[30]杨静,聂三安,杨文浩,等.不同施肥水稻土可溶性有机氮组分差异及影响因素[J].土壤学报,2018,55(4):968-979.
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[2]陆梅,孙梅,高志强,等.不同施磷水平对旱地小麦产量及其构成要素的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(7):13-19.
[3]曹寒冰,王朝辉,赵护兵,等.基于产量的渭北旱地小麦施肥评及减肥潜力分析[J].中国农业科学, 2017, 50(14):2 758-2 768.
[4]李廷亮,谢英荷,高志强,等.黄土高原旱地小麦覆膜增产与氮肥增效分析[J].中国农业科学, 2018, 51(14):2 735-2 746.
[5] DAI J, WANG Z H, LI M H, et al. Winter wheat grain yield and summer nitrate leaching:Long-term effects of nitrogen and phosphorus rates on the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Field Crops Research, 2016, 196:180-190.
[6]石德杨,张海艳,董树亭.土壤高残留氮条件下施氮对夏玉米氮素平衡、利用及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2013,19(1):37-44.
[7]王西娜,王朝辉,李华,等.旱地土壤中残留肥料氮的动向及作物有效性[J].土壤学报, 2016,53(5):1 202-1 212.
[8]高会议.黄土旱塬长期施肥条件下土壤有机碳平衡研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2009.
[9] AYE N S, BUTTERLY C R, SALE PWG, et al. Interactive effects of initial pH and nitrogen status on soil organic carbon priming by glucose and ligno cellulose[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2018, 123:33-44.
[10]胡诚,乔艳,李双来,等.长期不同施肥方式下土壤有机碳的垂直分布及碳储量[J].中国生态农业学报, 2010,18(4):689-692.
[11]郭胜利,高会议,党廷辉.施氮水平对黄土旱塬区小麦产量和土壤有机碳、氮的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(4):808-814.
[12] LI S Q, ZHENG X H, LIU C Y, et al. Influences of observation method, season, soil depth, land use and management practice on soil dissolvable organic carbon concentrations:A meta-analysis[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 631-632:105-114.
[13]马昕昕,许明祥,张金,等.黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型下深层土壤轻组有机碳剖面分布特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(6):1 366-1 375.
[14] CHAUDHARY S, DHERI G S, BRAR B S. Long-term effects of NPK fertilizers and organic manures on carbon stabilization and management index under rice-wheat cropping system[J]. Soil&Tillage Research, 2017,166:59-66.
[15] BHARALI A, BARUAH K K, BHATTACHARYYA P, et al. Integrated nutrient management in wheat grown in a northeast India soil:Impacts on soil organic carbon fractions in relation to grain yield[J]. Soil&Tillage Research, 2017,168:81-91.
[16]章孜亮,刘金山,王朝辉,等.基于土壤氮素平衡的旱地冬小麦监控施氮[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2012, 18(6):1 387-1 396.
[17]曹寒冰,王朝辉,师渊超,等.渭北旱地冬小麦监控施氮技术的优化[J].中国农业科学, 2014, 47(19):3 826-3 838.
[18]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].第三版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000:30-34, 44-49.
[19]梁斌,周建斌,杨学云,等.栽培和施肥模式对黄土区旱地土壤微生物量及可溶性有机碳、氮的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2009, 23(2):132-137, 142.
[20]高继伟,谢英荷,李廷亮,等.不同培肥措施对矿区复垦土壤活性有机碳的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(5):6-12.
[21]米迎宾,杨劲松,姚荣江,等.农田管理措施对滨海盐渍化土壤碳平衡的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(3):85-88.
[22]王朔林,王改兰,赵旭,等.长期施肥对栗褐土有机碳含量及其组分的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):104-111.
[23]潘剑玲,代万安,尚占环,等.秸秆还田对土壤有机质和氮素有效性影响及机制研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(5):526-535.
[24]佟小刚.长期施肥下我国典型农田土壤有机碳库变化特征[D].北京:中国农业科学院研究生院,2008.
[25]李鉴霖,江长胜,郝庆菊.缙云山不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳组分特征[J].生态学报, 2015, 35(11):3 733-3 742.
[26] GABARRON-GALEOTE M A, TRIGALET S, WESEMAEL B V. Soil organic carbon evolution after land abandonment along a precipitation gradient in southern Spain[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2015,199:114-123.
[27]张淑香,张文菊,沈任芳,等.我国典型农田长期施肥土壤肥力变化与研究展望[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(6):1 389-1 393.
[28]何翠翠,王立刚,王迎春,等.长期施肥下黑土活性有机质和碳库管理指数研究[J].土壤学报,2015,52(1):194-202.
[29]荣井荣,钟文昭,刘艳,等.干旱区长期施肥对土壤活性碳组分及团聚体的影响[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(10):2 559-2 566.
[30]杨静,聂三安,杨文浩,等.不同施肥水稻土可溶性有机氮组分差异及影响因素[J].土壤学报,2018,55(4):968-979.
[31]卢红玲,李世清,金发会,等.可溶性有机氮在评价土壤供氮能力中的作用与效果[J].中国农业科学, 2008, 41(4):1 073-1 082.
[32]梁斌,李俊良,杨学云,等.施肥对麦田土壤可溶性有机氮的影响[J].生态学报, 2016, 36(14):4 430-4 437.
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