鹅掌楸树木直径动态变化及其对气象因子的响应
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摘要
为了探讨鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chinense)径生长量对气象因子的响应,以及树木直径生长的变化规律,运用差动电动传感器(3210801,TESA,瑞士),对鹅掌楸不同部位的直径生长量进行连续监测。结果表明:(1)在不同天气状态下,树木直径有两种典型的动态变化模式。天气降水时,树木直径持续扩张;天气晴朗时,树木直径明显经历收缩、恢复、扩张的过程。(2)树木直径日波动量在不同部位、不同季节显著差异。夏季树木直径收缩启动时间早于冬季,树干上部的直径日变幅最大,变化幅度-50～400μm,树干基部最小,变化幅度-120～200μm;冬季不同部位的树木直径日变幅趋势相近,变化幅度-30～30μm;不同部位的树木直径日变化存在时滞现象,时滞范围0～75 min,且测量点越低滞后越明显;不同季节,树木直径日变化时滞现象的主导因素不同。(3)树木直径波动量与气象因子显著相关,且滞后于气象因子,树木直径—气候学关系的多元回归分析模型显示,其对树木直径实测值的解释率为84.9%,考虑时滞现象后修正模型的模拟精度提高到90.3%。
The dynamic measurement of the diameter of trees was continuously monitored in different parts of Liriodendron chinense by differential electric sensor(3210801, TESA, Switzerland), the response of the meteorological factors was discussed, and the variation rule of tree diameter was analyzed deeply. The results indicated that there were two typical patterns of stem diameter variation(SDV) in different weather conditions, SDV continued expansion on rainy days, while three distinct phases of SDV on sunny days were shrinkage, recovery, expansion, respectively. In general, there were significant differences in diurnal and seasonal variations of SDV. During the measurement, in summer, the contraction of stem diameter started earlier than in winter. The trunk top was maximum about-50-400 μm and the first-order branch was minimum about-120-200 μm. But the amplitude of daily diameter fluctuations was similar in winter, both in-30-30 μm. Stem diameter measurements at the different heights had time lags varying from 0 to 75 min, measurements at the lower heights lagging behind the most obviously. The dominant factors of time lag in different seasons were different. In addition, SDV was strongly associated with the climatic factors, particularly, relative humidity and air temperature, and may lag behind the climatic factors. A model applying multiple regression analysis built with data that included relative humidity, air temperature and vapor pressure deficit explained 84.9% of the variance in SDV. The use of lagged climatic variables increased the proportion of the variance explained(R~2=0.903).
The dynamic measurement of the diameter of trees was continuously monitored in different parts of Liriodendron chinense by differential electric sensor(3210801, TESA, Switzerland), the response of the meteorological factors was discussed, and the variation rule of tree diameter was analyzed deeply. The results indicated that there were two typical patterns of stem diameter variation(SDV) in different weather conditions, SDV continued expansion on rainy days, while three distinct phases of SDV on sunny days were shrinkage, recovery, expansion, respectively. In general, there were significant differences in diurnal and seasonal variations of SDV. During the measurement, in summer, the contraction of stem diameter started earlier than in winter. The trunk top was maximum about-50-400 μm and the first-order branch was minimum about-120-200 μm. But the amplitude of daily diameter fluctuations was similar in winter, both in-30-30 μm. Stem diameter measurements at the different heights had time lags varying from 0 to 75 min, measurements at the lower heights lagging behind the most obviously. The dominant factors of time lag in different seasons were different. In addition, SDV was strongly associated with the climatic factors, particularly, relative humidity and air temperature, and may lag behind the climatic factors. A model applying multiple regression analysis built with data that included relative humidity, air temperature and vapor pressure deficit explained 84.9% of the variance in SDV. The use of lagged climatic variables increased the proportion of the variance explained(R~2=0.903).
引文
[1] OBERHUBER W,GRUBER A,KOFLER W,et al.Radial stem growth in response to microclimate and soil moisture in a drought-prone mixed coniferous forest at an inner alpine site[J].European Journal of Forest Research,2014,133(3):467-479.
[2] BARLOW P W,MIKULECK diameter fluctuates with the lunar tides and perhaps with geomagnetic activity[J].Protoplasma,2010,247(1/2):25-43.
[3] MORIANA A,GIRóN I F,MARTíNPALOMO M J et al.New approach for olive trees irrigation scheduling using trunk diameter sensors[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(11):1822-1828.
[4] SWAEF T D,DRIEVER S M,MEULEBROEK L V,et al.Understanding the effect of carbon status on stem diameter variations[J].Annals of Botany,2013,111(1):31-46.
[5] SWAEF T D,SCHEPPER V D,VANDEGEHUCHTE M W,et al.Stem diameter variations as a versatile research tool in ecophysiology[J].Tree Physiology,2015,35(10):1047-1061.
[6] DUCHESNE L,HOULE D.Modelling day-to-day stem diameter variation and annual growth of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) from daily climate[J].Forest Ecology & Management,2011,262(5):863-872.
[7] SCHEFFER M,CARPENTER S R.Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems:linking theory to observation[J].Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2003,18(12):648-656.
[8] DALE V H,JOYCE L A,MCNULTY S,et al.Climate change and forest disturbances[J].Bioscience,2001,51(9):723-734.
[9] L?VDAHL L,ODIN H.Diurnal changes in the stem diameter of norway spruce in relation to relative humidity and air temperature[J].Trees,1992,6(4):245-251.
[10] SCHOLZ F C,BUCCI S J,GOLDSTEIN G,et al.Temporal dynamics of stem expansion and contraction in savanna trees:withdrawal and recharge of stored water[J].Tree Physiology,2008,28(3):469-480.
[11] OBERHUBER W,GRUBER A,KOFLER W,et al.Radial stem growth in response to microclimate and soil moisture in a drought-prone mixed coniferous forest at an inner alpine site[J].European Journal of Forest Research,2014,133(3):467-479.
[12] FERNáNDEZ J E,CUEVAS M V.Irrigation scheduling from stem diameter variations:A review[J].Agricultural & Forest Meteorology,2010,150(2):135-151.
[13] 赵英,汪有科,韩立新,等.山地枣树茎直径对不同生态因子的响应[J].生态学报,2012,32(17):5476-5483.
[14] 冯源恒,李火根,张红莲.鹅掌楸配子选择与雄性繁殖适合度[J].植物学报,2010,45(1):52-58.
[15] 韩丽娟,林月惠,吴树明.不同纬度对鹅掌楸次生木质部结构的影响[J].植物学报,2001,18(3):375-377.
[16] ORTU?O M F,GARCíA-ORELLANA Y,CONEJERO W,et al.Relationships between climatic variables and sap flow,stem water potential and maximum daily trunk shrinkage in lemon trees[J].Plant & Soil,2006,279(1/2):229-242.
[17] VERBEECK H,STEPPE K,NADEZHDINA N,et al.Model analysis of the effects of atmospheric drivers on storage water use in Scots pine[J].Biogeosciences,2007,4:657-671.
[18] FERNáNDEZ J E,CUEVAS M V.Irrigation scheduling from stem diameter variations:A review[J].Agricultural & Forest Meteorology,2010,150(2):135-151.
[19] GARCíAORELLANA Y,ORTU?O M F,CONEJERO W,et al.Diurnal variations in water relations of deficit irrigated lemon trees during fruit growth period[J].Journal of Agricultural Research,2013,11(1):137-145.
[20] GIRóN I F,CORELL M,MARTíN-PALOMO M J,et al.Limitations and usefulness of maximum daily shrinkage (MDS) and trunk growth rate (TGR) indicators in the irrigation scheduling of table olive trees[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,164(1):38-45.
[21] SWAEF T D,SCHEPPER V D,VANDEGEHUCHTE M W.Stem diameter variations as a versatile research tool in ecophysiology[J].Tree Physiology,2015,35(10):1047-1061.
[22] SCHOLZ F C,BUCCI S J,GOLDSTEIN G.Temporal dynamics of stem expansion and contraction in savanna trees:withdrawal and recharge of stored water[J].Tree Physiology,2008,28(3):469-480.
[23] SCHOLZ F G,PHILLIPS N G,BUCCI S J.Hydraulic Capacitance:Biophysics and functional significance of internal water sources in relation to tree size[M]//Frederick C M,Barbara L,Todd E D.Size-and age-related changes in tree structure and function.Switzerland:Springer,2011:341-361.
[24] CERMáK J,KUCERA J,BAUERLE W L.Tree water storage and its diurnal dynamics related to sap flow and changes in stem volume in old-growth Douglas-fir trees[J].Tree Physiology,2007,27(2):181-198.
[2] BARLOW P W,MIKULECK diameter fluctuates with the lunar tides and perhaps with geomagnetic activity[J].Protoplasma,2010,247(1/2):25-43.
[3] MORIANA A,GIRóN I F,MARTíNPALOMO M J et al.New approach for olive trees irrigation scheduling using trunk diameter sensors[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(11):1822-1828.
[4] SWAEF T D,DRIEVER S M,MEULEBROEK L V,et al.Understanding the effect of carbon status on stem diameter variations[J].Annals of Botany,2013,111(1):31-46.
[5] SWAEF T D,SCHEPPER V D,VANDEGEHUCHTE M W,et al.Stem diameter variations as a versatile research tool in ecophysiology[J].Tree Physiology,2015,35(10):1047-1061.
[6] DUCHESNE L,HOULE D.Modelling day-to-day stem diameter variation and annual growth of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) from daily climate[J].Forest Ecology & Management,2011,262(5):863-872.
[7] SCHEFFER M,CARPENTER S R.Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems:linking theory to observation[J].Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2003,18(12):648-656.
[8] DALE V H,JOYCE L A,MCNULTY S,et al.Climate change and forest disturbances[J].Bioscience,2001,51(9):723-734.
[9] L?VDAHL L,ODIN H.Diurnal changes in the stem diameter of norway spruce in relation to relative humidity and air temperature[J].Trees,1992,6(4):245-251.
[10] SCHOLZ F C,BUCCI S J,GOLDSTEIN G,et al.Temporal dynamics of stem expansion and contraction in savanna trees:withdrawal and recharge of stored water[J].Tree Physiology,2008,28(3):469-480.
[11] OBERHUBER W,GRUBER A,KOFLER W,et al.Radial stem growth in response to microclimate and soil moisture in a drought-prone mixed coniferous forest at an inner alpine site[J].European Journal of Forest Research,2014,133(3):467-479.
[12] FERNáNDEZ J E,CUEVAS M V.Irrigation scheduling from stem diameter variations:A review[J].Agricultural & Forest Meteorology,2010,150(2):135-151.
[13] 赵英,汪有科,韩立新,等.山地枣树茎直径对不同生态因子的响应[J].生态学报,2012,32(17):5476-5483.
[14] 冯源恒,李火根,张红莲.鹅掌楸配子选择与雄性繁殖适合度[J].植物学报,2010,45(1):52-58.
[15] 韩丽娟,林月惠,吴树明.不同纬度对鹅掌楸次生木质部结构的影响[J].植物学报,2001,18(3):375-377.
[16] ORTU?O M F,GARCíA-ORELLANA Y,CONEJERO W,et al.Relationships between climatic variables and sap flow,stem water potential and maximum daily trunk shrinkage in lemon trees[J].Plant & Soil,2006,279(1/2):229-242.
[17] VERBEECK H,STEPPE K,NADEZHDINA N,et al.Model analysis of the effects of atmospheric drivers on storage water use in Scots pine[J].Biogeosciences,2007,4:657-671.
[18] FERNáNDEZ J E,CUEVAS M V.Irrigation scheduling from stem diameter variations:A review[J].Agricultural & Forest Meteorology,2010,150(2):135-151.
[19] GARCíAORELLANA Y,ORTU?O M F,CONEJERO W,et al.Diurnal variations in water relations of deficit irrigated lemon trees during fruit growth period[J].Journal of Agricultural Research,2013,11(1):137-145.
[20] GIRóN I F,CORELL M,MARTíN-PALOMO M J,et al.Limitations and usefulness of maximum daily shrinkage (MDS) and trunk growth rate (TGR) indicators in the irrigation scheduling of table olive trees[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,164(1):38-45.
[21] SWAEF T D,SCHEPPER V D,VANDEGEHUCHTE M W.Stem diameter variations as a versatile research tool in ecophysiology[J].Tree Physiology,2015,35(10):1047-1061.
[22] SCHOLZ F C,BUCCI S J,GOLDSTEIN G.Temporal dynamics of stem expansion and contraction in savanna trees:withdrawal and recharge of stored water[J].Tree Physiology,2008,28(3):469-480.
[23] SCHOLZ F G,PHILLIPS N G,BUCCI S J.Hydraulic Capacitance:Biophysics and functional significance of internal water sources in relation to tree size[M]//Frederick C M,Barbara L,Todd E D.Size-and age-related changes in tree structure and function.Switzerland:Springer,2011:341-361.
[24] CERMáK J,KUCERA J,BAUERLE W L.Tree water storage and its diurnal dynamics related to sap flow and changes in stem volume in old-growth Douglas-fir trees[J].Tree Physiology,2007,27(2):181-198.