宝鸡市植被叶子重金属分布规律及生态风险评价
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摘要
以宝鸡市滨河路植被叶子为研究对象,对不同种类以及不同高度的植被叶子重金属含量和污染程度进行分析.结果表明,植物叶子中重金属含量随着植被高度呈递减的变化趋势;其中Cr、Mn和Pb含量在植被叶子中富集最多,Cr、Cu、Ni和Mn含量的最高值均出现在金叶女贞的植被叶子中; Pb富集最多的是大叶女贞,Cd富集最多的是塔松,As富集最多的是红叶李;运用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合指数法对植被叶子的污染程度进行评价,Hakanson潜在生态风险评价法评估了滨河路不同类型植被叶子中Cr、Cu、Ni、Mn、Pb、Cd和As等7种重金属的潜在生态危害,滨河路7种植被叶子综合污染指数属重度污染,具有极强的综合危害性; 7种重金属的平均潜在生态风险程度大小顺序为:Cd> Ni> Cr> As> Pb> Cu> Mn,RI值变化范围为19. 04～4 020. 29.
Using seven types of vegetation and seven heavy metals( Cr,Cu,Ni,Mn,Pb,Cd,and As),the present study explored the ability of accumulation and degree of contamination in the leaves of vegetation in Binhe Road. The results demonstrated a negative trend between vegetation height and heavy metal content of vegetation leaves, i. e., as plant height increased, heavy metal contamination decreased. Leaves varied in the accumulation of heavy metals depending on the heavy metal and vegetation type. Cr,Mn,and Pb content were the most abundant in vegetation leaves. The highest values for Cr,Cu,Ni,and Mn were observed in the vegetative leaves of Hybrida vicary privet and were 217. 33,58. 61,36. 79,1 676. 14 mg·kg-1,respectively. The highest Pb content was 1 295. 64 mg·kg-1 in Ligustrun lucidum,the highest Cd content was 110. 19 mg·kg-1 in Cedrus deodara,and the highest As content was 139. 42 mg·kg-1 in Prunus cerasifera. The degree of pollution in vegetation leaves was evaluated using the comprehensive index method Single-factor pollution index method and the Nemero Composite Index Method. The Single-factor pollution index of vegetation leaves with Prunus cerasifera,Platanus acerifolia,Cercis chinensis were between 0. 02-1. 23,and the Nemero Composite Index values were 1. 01,0. 82,0. 4,respectively,with light pollution. The Single-factor pollution index of vegetation leaves by Cedrus deodara,Platycladus orientalis,Hybrida vicary privet and Ligustrun lucidum were much higher than 1,and the Nemero Composite Index was 16. 53,140. 64,98. 80,and 37. 52,respectively,with high levels of pollution. The potential ecological risk of heavy metals in vegetation leaves was determined using the Hakanson potential ecological risk assessment method. The order of the average potential ecological risk degree of the seven examined heavy metals was as follows: Cd > Ni > Cr > As > Pb > Cu > Mn,and the RI value range was 19. 04-4 020. 29,with high levels of pollution.
Using seven types of vegetation and seven heavy metals( Cr,Cu,Ni,Mn,Pb,Cd,and As),the present study explored the ability of accumulation and degree of contamination in the leaves of vegetation in Binhe Road. The results demonstrated a negative trend between vegetation height and heavy metal content of vegetation leaves, i. e., as plant height increased, heavy metal contamination decreased. Leaves varied in the accumulation of heavy metals depending on the heavy metal and vegetation type. Cr,Mn,and Pb content were the most abundant in vegetation leaves. The highest values for Cr,Cu,Ni,and Mn were observed in the vegetative leaves of Hybrida vicary privet and were 217. 33,58. 61,36. 79,1 676. 14 mg·kg-1,respectively. The highest Pb content was 1 295. 64 mg·kg-1 in Ligustrun lucidum,the highest Cd content was 110. 19 mg·kg-1 in Cedrus deodara,and the highest As content was 139. 42 mg·kg-1 in Prunus cerasifera. The degree of pollution in vegetation leaves was evaluated using the comprehensive index method Single-factor pollution index method and the Nemero Composite Index Method. The Single-factor pollution index of vegetation leaves with Prunus cerasifera,Platanus acerifolia,Cercis chinensis were between 0. 02-1. 23,and the Nemero Composite Index values were 1. 01,0. 82,0. 4,respectively,with light pollution. The Single-factor pollution index of vegetation leaves by Cedrus deodara,Platycladus orientalis,Hybrida vicary privet and Ligustrun lucidum were much higher than 1,and the Nemero Composite Index was 16. 53,140. 64,98. 80,and 37. 52,respectively,with high levels of pollution. The potential ecological risk of heavy metals in vegetation leaves was determined using the Hakanson potential ecological risk assessment method. The order of the average potential ecological risk degree of the seven examined heavy metals was as follows: Cd > Ni > Cr > As > Pb > Cu > Mn,and the RI value range was 19. 04-4 020. 29,with high levels of pollution.
引文
[1] Wu X L,Chen S Z,Qian Y. Study on the automatic generation of emergency monitoring Scheme of atmospheric pollution based on GIS[J]. Meteorological and Environmental Research,2010,1(4):7-10.
[2]万欣,关庆伟,邱靖,等. 3种垂直绿化植物叶片对Zn、Cu、Pb的富集能力[J].城市环境与城市生态,2010,23(2):33-35.Wan X,Guan Q W,Qiu J,et al. Accumulation ability of three vertical plants'leaves to Zn,Cu,Pb[J]. Urban Environment&Urban Ecology,2010,23(2):33-35.
[3] Alhassan A J,Sule M S,Atiku M K,et al. Study of correlation between heavy metal concentration,street dust and level of traffic in major roads of Kano Metropolis,Nigeria[J]. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,2012,20(2):161-168.
[4] Christoforidis A,Stamatis N. Heavy metal contamination in street dust and roadside soil along the major national road in Kavala's region,Greece[J]. Geoderma,2009,151(3-4):257-263.
[5] Wei X,Gao B,Wang P,et al. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dusts from different functional areas in Beijing,China[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2015,112:186-192.
[6] Beckett K P,Freer-Smith P H,Taylor G. Urban woodlands:their role in reducing the effects of particulate pollution[J].Environmental Pollution,1998,99(3):347-360.
[7]余海龙,黄菊莹.城市绿地滞尘机理及其效应研究进展[J].西北林学院学报,2012,27(6):238-241.Yu H L,Huang J Y. Research advances in mechanism and effect of dust retention of urban green areas[J]. Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2012,27(6):238-241,247.
[8]赵晨曦,王玉杰,王云琦,等.细颗粒物(PM2. 5)与植被关系的研究综述[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(8):2203-2210.Zhao C X,Wang Y J,Wang Y Q,et al. Interactions between fine particulate matter(PM2. 5)and vegetation:a review[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(8):2203-2210.
[9] Escobedo F J,Nowak D J. Spatial heterogeneity and air pollution removal by an urban forest[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2009,90(3-4):102-110.
[10] Nowak D J,Crane D E,Stevens J C. Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States[J]. Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2006,4(3-4):115-123.
[11] Givoni B. Impact of planted areas on urban environmental quality:a review[J]. Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere,1991,25(3):289-299.
[12] Dzierz·anowski K,Popek R,Gawrońska H,et al. Deposition of particulate matter of different size fractions on leaf surfaces and in waxes of urban forest species[J]. International Journal of Phytoremediation,2011,13(10):1037-1046.
[13]胡守云,段雪梅,沈明洁,等.北京首钢工业区大气重金属污染树叶的磁学响应[J].科学通报,2008,53(4):437-445.Hu S Y,Duan X M,Shen M J,et al. Magnetic response to atmospheric heavy metal pollution recorded by dust-loaded leaves in Shougang industrial area, western Beijing[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(10):1555-1564.
[14] Baker A J M,Mc Grath S P,Sidoli C M D,et al. The possibility of in situ heavy metal decontamination of polluted soils using crops of metal-accumulating plants[J]. Resources,Conservation and Recycling,1994,11(1-4):41-49.
[15] Kumar P B A N,Dushenkov V,Motto H,et al. Phytoextraction:the use of plants to remove heavy metals from soils[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1995,29(5):1232-1238.
[16]苏德纯,黄焕忠.油菜作为超累积植物修复镉污染土壤的潜力[J].中国环境科学,2002,22(1):48-51.Su D C,Huang H Z. The phytoremediation potential of oilseed rape(B. juncea)as a hyperaccumulator for cadmium contaminated soil[J]. China Environmental Science,2002,22(1):48-51.
[17]刘和,陈英旭.环境生物修复中高效基因工程菌的构建策略[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2002,28(2):208-212.Liu H, Chen Y X. Construction strategies of genetically engineered bacteria for environment bioremediation[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University(Agriculture&Life Science),2002,28(2):208-212.
[18]王爱霞,张敏,黄丽斌,等.南京市14种绿化树种对空气中重金属的累积能力[J].植物研究,2009,29(3):368-374.Wang A X,Zhang M,Huang L B,et al. Accumulation capacity of Nanjing 14 virescence tree species to heavy metal pollutants of the atmosphere[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research,2009,29(3):368-374.
[19]李少宁,孔令伟,鲁邵伟,等.北京常见绿化树种叶片富集重金属能力研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(5):1891-1900.Li S N,Kong L W,Lu S W,et al. Beijing common green tree leaves'accumulation capacity for heavy metals[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(5):1891-1900.
[20]王亚宇.乌鲁木齐市土壤重金属空间分布及行道树对重金属的富集特征[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2008.
[21]薛皎亮,刘红霞,谢映平.城市空气中铅在国槐树体内的积累[J].中国环境科学,2000,20(6):536-539.Xue J L,Liu H X,Xie Y P. Lead in city air accumulated by the green tree,Sophora japonica[J]. China Environmental Science,2000,20(6):536-539.
[22] Pagotto C,Rémy N,Legret M,et al. Heavy metal pollution of road dust and roadside soil near a major rural highway[J].Environmental Technology,2001,22(3):307-319.
[23] Pouyat R V,Mc Donnell M J. Heavy metal accumulations in forest soils along an urban-rural gradient in southeastern New York,USA[J]. Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,1991,57(1):797-807.
[24] Albasel N,Cottenie A. Heavy metal contamination near major highways,industrial and urban areas in Belgian grassland[J].Water,Air,and soil Pollution,1985,24(1):103-109.
[25]范舒欣,蔡妤,董丽.北京市8种常绿阔叶树种滞尘能力[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(2):408-414.Fan S X,Cai Y,Dong L. Dust absorption capacities of eight evergreen broad-leaved plants in Beijing,China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(2):408-414.
[26]段海静,蔡晓强,阮心玲,等.开封市公园地表灰尘重金属污染及健康风险[J].环境科学,2015,36(8):2972-2980.Duan H J,Cai X Q,Ruan X L,et al. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and its health risk of surface dusts from parks of Kaifeng,China[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(8):2972-2980.
[27]陈锐章,彭桂英.植物根系环境氯、硫含量对叶片氯、硫含量和抗性的影响[J].环境科学,1983,4(3):45-48.Chen Y Z,Peng G Y. Effects of chlorine,sulphur content in plant root environment to chlorine,sulphur content in leaf content and resistance[J]. Environmental Science,1983,4(3):45-48.
[28] Wang H,Long H L,Li X B,et al. Evaluation of changes in ecological security in China's Qinghai Lake Basin from 2000 to2013 and the relationship to land use and climate change[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,72(2):341-354.
[29] An Z S,Wang P,Shen J,et al. Geophysical survey on the tectonic and sediment distribution of Qinghai Lake Basin[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2006,49(8):851-861.
[30]刘飞,褚慧敏,郑祥民.上海市公园绿地树叶对大气重金属污染的磁学响应[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4374-4380.Liu F,Chu H M,Zheng X M. Magnetic response of dust-loaded leaves in parks of Shanghai to atmospheric heavy metal pollution[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4374-4380.
[31] Gautam P,Blaha U,Appel E. Magnetic susceptibility of dustloaded leaves as a proxy of traffic-related heavy metal pollution in Kathmandu city,Nepal[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(12):2201-2211.
[32] Bryan G W,Langston W J. Bioavailability,accumulation and effects of heavy metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom estuaries:a review[J]. Environmental Pollution,1992,76(2):89-131.
[33] Dankers P. Relationship between median destructive field and remanent coercive forces for dispersed natural magnetite,titanomagnetite and hematite[J]. Geophysical Journal International,1981,64(2):447-461.
[34]郭广慧,雷梅,陈同斌,等.交通活动对公路两侧土壤和灰尘中重金属含量的影响[J].环境科学学报,2008,28(10):1937-1945.Guo G H,Lei M,Chen T B,et al. Effect of road traffic on heavy metals in road dusts and roadside soils[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2008,28(10):1937-1945.
[35] Sawidis T,Breuste J,Mitrovic M,et al. Trees as bioindicator of heavy metal pollution in three European cities[J]. Environmental Pollution,2011,159(12):3560-3570.
[36] Madejón P,Mara1ón T,Murillo J M. Biomonitoring of trace elements in the leaves and fruits of wild olive and holm Oak trees[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2006,355(1-3):187-203.
[37] Bargagli R,Monaci F,Agnorelli C. Oak leaves as accumulators of airborne elements in an area with geochemical and geothermal anomalies[J]. Environmental Pollution,2003,124(2):321-329.
[2]万欣,关庆伟,邱靖,等. 3种垂直绿化植物叶片对Zn、Cu、Pb的富集能力[J].城市环境与城市生态,2010,23(2):33-35.Wan X,Guan Q W,Qiu J,et al. Accumulation ability of three vertical plants'leaves to Zn,Cu,Pb[J]. Urban Environment&Urban Ecology,2010,23(2):33-35.
[3] Alhassan A J,Sule M S,Atiku M K,et al. Study of correlation between heavy metal concentration,street dust and level of traffic in major roads of Kano Metropolis,Nigeria[J]. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,2012,20(2):161-168.
[4] Christoforidis A,Stamatis N. Heavy metal contamination in street dust and roadside soil along the major national road in Kavala's region,Greece[J]. Geoderma,2009,151(3-4):257-263.
[5] Wei X,Gao B,Wang P,et al. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dusts from different functional areas in Beijing,China[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2015,112:186-192.
[6] Beckett K P,Freer-Smith P H,Taylor G. Urban woodlands:their role in reducing the effects of particulate pollution[J].Environmental Pollution,1998,99(3):347-360.
[7]余海龙,黄菊莹.城市绿地滞尘机理及其效应研究进展[J].西北林学院学报,2012,27(6):238-241.Yu H L,Huang J Y. Research advances in mechanism and effect of dust retention of urban green areas[J]. Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2012,27(6):238-241,247.
[8]赵晨曦,王玉杰,王云琦,等.细颗粒物(PM2. 5)与植被关系的研究综述[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(8):2203-2210.Zhao C X,Wang Y J,Wang Y Q,et al. Interactions between fine particulate matter(PM2. 5)and vegetation:a review[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(8):2203-2210.
[9] Escobedo F J,Nowak D J. Spatial heterogeneity and air pollution removal by an urban forest[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2009,90(3-4):102-110.
[10] Nowak D J,Crane D E,Stevens J C. Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States[J]. Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2006,4(3-4):115-123.
[11] Givoni B. Impact of planted areas on urban environmental quality:a review[J]. Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere,1991,25(3):289-299.
[12] Dzierz·anowski K,Popek R,Gawrońska H,et al. Deposition of particulate matter of different size fractions on leaf surfaces and in waxes of urban forest species[J]. International Journal of Phytoremediation,2011,13(10):1037-1046.
[13]胡守云,段雪梅,沈明洁,等.北京首钢工业区大气重金属污染树叶的磁学响应[J].科学通报,2008,53(4):437-445.Hu S Y,Duan X M,Shen M J,et al. Magnetic response to atmospheric heavy metal pollution recorded by dust-loaded leaves in Shougang industrial area, western Beijing[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(10):1555-1564.
[14] Baker A J M,Mc Grath S P,Sidoli C M D,et al. The possibility of in situ heavy metal decontamination of polluted soils using crops of metal-accumulating plants[J]. Resources,Conservation and Recycling,1994,11(1-4):41-49.
[15] Kumar P B A N,Dushenkov V,Motto H,et al. Phytoextraction:the use of plants to remove heavy metals from soils[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1995,29(5):1232-1238.
[16]苏德纯,黄焕忠.油菜作为超累积植物修复镉污染土壤的潜力[J].中国环境科学,2002,22(1):48-51.Su D C,Huang H Z. The phytoremediation potential of oilseed rape(B. juncea)as a hyperaccumulator for cadmium contaminated soil[J]. China Environmental Science,2002,22(1):48-51.
[17]刘和,陈英旭.环境生物修复中高效基因工程菌的构建策略[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2002,28(2):208-212.Liu H, Chen Y X. Construction strategies of genetically engineered bacteria for environment bioremediation[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University(Agriculture&Life Science),2002,28(2):208-212.
[18]王爱霞,张敏,黄丽斌,等.南京市14种绿化树种对空气中重金属的累积能力[J].植物研究,2009,29(3):368-374.Wang A X,Zhang M,Huang L B,et al. Accumulation capacity of Nanjing 14 virescence tree species to heavy metal pollutants of the atmosphere[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research,2009,29(3):368-374.
[19]李少宁,孔令伟,鲁邵伟,等.北京常见绿化树种叶片富集重金属能力研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(5):1891-1900.Li S N,Kong L W,Lu S W,et al. Beijing common green tree leaves'accumulation capacity for heavy metals[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(5):1891-1900.
[20]王亚宇.乌鲁木齐市土壤重金属空间分布及行道树对重金属的富集特征[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2008.
[21]薛皎亮,刘红霞,谢映平.城市空气中铅在国槐树体内的积累[J].中国环境科学,2000,20(6):536-539.Xue J L,Liu H X,Xie Y P. Lead in city air accumulated by the green tree,Sophora japonica[J]. China Environmental Science,2000,20(6):536-539.
[22] Pagotto C,Rémy N,Legret M,et al. Heavy metal pollution of road dust and roadside soil near a major rural highway[J].Environmental Technology,2001,22(3):307-319.
[23] Pouyat R V,Mc Donnell M J. Heavy metal accumulations in forest soils along an urban-rural gradient in southeastern New York,USA[J]. Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,1991,57(1):797-807.
[24] Albasel N,Cottenie A. Heavy metal contamination near major highways,industrial and urban areas in Belgian grassland[J].Water,Air,and soil Pollution,1985,24(1):103-109.
[25]范舒欣,蔡妤,董丽.北京市8种常绿阔叶树种滞尘能力[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(2):408-414.Fan S X,Cai Y,Dong L. Dust absorption capacities of eight evergreen broad-leaved plants in Beijing,China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(2):408-414.
[26]段海静,蔡晓强,阮心玲,等.开封市公园地表灰尘重金属污染及健康风险[J].环境科学,2015,36(8):2972-2980.Duan H J,Cai X Q,Ruan X L,et al. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and its health risk of surface dusts from parks of Kaifeng,China[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(8):2972-2980.
[27]陈锐章,彭桂英.植物根系环境氯、硫含量对叶片氯、硫含量和抗性的影响[J].环境科学,1983,4(3):45-48.Chen Y Z,Peng G Y. Effects of chlorine,sulphur content in plant root environment to chlorine,sulphur content in leaf content and resistance[J]. Environmental Science,1983,4(3):45-48.
[28] Wang H,Long H L,Li X B,et al. Evaluation of changes in ecological security in China's Qinghai Lake Basin from 2000 to2013 and the relationship to land use and climate change[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,72(2):341-354.
[29] An Z S,Wang P,Shen J,et al. Geophysical survey on the tectonic and sediment distribution of Qinghai Lake Basin[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2006,49(8):851-861.
[30]刘飞,褚慧敏,郑祥民.上海市公园绿地树叶对大气重金属污染的磁学响应[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4374-4380.Liu F,Chu H M,Zheng X M. Magnetic response of dust-loaded leaves in parks of Shanghai to atmospheric heavy metal pollution[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4374-4380.
[31] Gautam P,Blaha U,Appel E. Magnetic susceptibility of dustloaded leaves as a proxy of traffic-related heavy metal pollution in Kathmandu city,Nepal[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(12):2201-2211.
[32] Bryan G W,Langston W J. Bioavailability,accumulation and effects of heavy metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom estuaries:a review[J]. Environmental Pollution,1992,76(2):89-131.
[33] Dankers P. Relationship between median destructive field and remanent coercive forces for dispersed natural magnetite,titanomagnetite and hematite[J]. Geophysical Journal International,1981,64(2):447-461.
[34]郭广慧,雷梅,陈同斌,等.交通活动对公路两侧土壤和灰尘中重金属含量的影响[J].环境科学学报,2008,28(10):1937-1945.Guo G H,Lei M,Chen T B,et al. Effect of road traffic on heavy metals in road dusts and roadside soils[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2008,28(10):1937-1945.
[35] Sawidis T,Breuste J,Mitrovic M,et al. Trees as bioindicator of heavy metal pollution in three European cities[J]. Environmental Pollution,2011,159(12):3560-3570.
[36] Madejón P,Mara1ón T,Murillo J M. Biomonitoring of trace elements in the leaves and fruits of wild olive and holm Oak trees[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2006,355(1-3):187-203.
[37] Bargagli R,Monaci F,Agnorelli C. Oak leaves as accumulators of airborne elements in an area with geochemical and geothermal anomalies[J]. Environmental Pollution,2003,124(2):321-329.