离心模型砂雨法制备技术研究与展望
|
摘要
砂雨法是开展砂质土层和构筑物离心试验应用广泛的模型制备技术,以密实程度与均匀性为关键控制对象,直接关系试验结果的准确性和可靠性。针对砂雨装置、控制要素和均匀度测试等几个方面,概况总结了国内外离心模型砂雨法制备技术的研究进展与暴露的关键问题,归纳了现有砂雨装置的基本组成、操控特点和分类方法,阐述了稳态密实度范围及影响关键因素。综述模型空间均匀度的不同量测与评价方法,评述了各自优缺点与归一化评价标准。综合现状与不足,讨论了离心模型砂雨法制备技术的发展方向与趋势。
The pluviation method is a widely used model preparation technique for the centrifugal test of sandy soil layers and structures.The degree of compaction and uniformity are the key control objects and are directly related to the accuracy and reliability of the test results.Based on the pluviation device,control elements,uniformity test,and other aspects,the research progress and key problems of preparation technique of centrifugal pluviation model at home and abroad,and the structural composition,control characteristics and basic classification of existing pluviation devices were summarized,and the range of steady-state compactness and the key factors were expounded.The advantages and disadvantages and normalization evaluation criteria of different measurement and evaluation methods of spatial uniformity model were reviewed.Based on the current status and shortcomings,the development direction and trend of preparation technology of centrifugal pluviation model were discussed.
The pluviation method is a widely used model preparation technique for the centrifugal test of sandy soil layers and structures.The degree of compaction and uniformity are the key control objects and are directly related to the accuracy and reliability of the test results.Based on the pluviation device,control elements,uniformity test,and other aspects,the research progress and key problems of preparation technique of centrifugal pluviation model at home and abroad,and the structural composition,control characteristics and basic classification of existing pluviation devices were summarized,and the range of steady-state compactness and the key factors were expounded.The advantages and disadvantages and normalization evaluation criteria of different measurement and evaluation methods of spatial uniformity model were reviewed.Based on the current status and shortcomings,the development direction and trend of preparation technology of centrifugal pluviation model were discussed.
引文
[1]付海清,袁晓铭,王淼.基于现场液化试验的饱和砂土孔压增量计算模型[J].岩土力学,2018(5):1-8.FU Haiqing,YUAN Xiaoming,WANG Miao.An incremental pore pressure model of saturated sand based on in-situ liquefaction test[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2018(5):1-8.(in Chinese)
[2]陈红娟,李小军,闫维明,等.锯末混合土场地模型振动台试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2017,39(11):2068-2077.CHEN Hongjuan,LI Xiaojun,YAN Weiming,et al.Shaking table tests on sawdust-mixed clay site[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2017,39(11):2068-2077.(in Chinese)
[3]丛郁,马险峰,袁聚云,等.离心试验砂雨法试样制备研究[J].路基工程,2014(5):77-80.CONG Yu,MA Xianfeng,YUAN Juyun,et al.Study on sample preparation with sand pourer in centrifuge test[J].Subgrade Engineering,2014(5):77-80.(in Chinese)
[4]MITCHELL J K,CHATOIAN J M,CARPENTER G C.The influences of sand fabric on liquefaction behavior[J].Influences of Sand Fabric on Liquefaction Behavior,1976.
[5]袁晓铭,曹振中,孙锐,等.汶川8.0级地震液化特征初步研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(6):1288-1296.YUAN Xiaoming,CAO Zhenzhong,SUN Rui,et al.Preliminary research on linquefaction characteristics of Wenchuan 8.0 earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(6):1288-1296.(in Chinese)
[6]李天斌,田晓丽,韩文喜,等.预加固高填方边坡滑动破坏的离心模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2013(11):3061-3070.LI Tianbin,TIAN Xiaoli,HAN Wenxi,et al.Centrifugal model tests on sliding failure of a pile-stabilized high fill slope[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013(11):3061-3070.(in Chinese)
[7]罗强,朱江江,张瑞国,等.砂土边坡稳定性的土工离心模型试验[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(5):1252-1259.LUO Qiang,ZHU Jiangjiang,ZHANG Ruiguo,et al.Geotechnical centrifugal model test on sand slope stability[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(5):1252-1259.(in Chinese)
[8]中华人民共和国行业标准编写组.DL/T 5102-2013土工离心模型试验技术规程[S].北京:中国电力出版社.2014.The Professional Standards Compilation Group of Peoples Republic of China.DL/T 5102-2013 Specification for geotechnical centrifuge model test techniques[S].Beijing:China Electric Power Press,2014.(in Chinese)
[9]吴建平,顾尧章,等.砂雨法成型中影响试样密度的因素[J].水电自动化与大坝监测,1990(3):33-39.WU Jianping,GU Yaozhang,et al.Factors affecting specimen density in pluviation[J].Hydropower Automation and Dam Monitoring,1990(3):33-39.(in Chinese)
[10]祝廷尉,胡新丽,徐聪,等.嵌岩桩抗滑特性的物理模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2014(S1):165-172.ZHU Tingwei,HU Xinli,XU Cong,et al.Physical model test research on anti-sliding characteristics of rock-socketed pile[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014(S1):165-172.(in Chinese)
[11]马险峰,孔令刚,方薇,等.砂雨法试样制备平行试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2014,36(10):1791-1801.MA Xianfeng,KONG Linggang,FANG Wei,et al.Parallel tests on preparation of samples with sand pourer[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2014,36(10):1791-1801.(in Chinese)
[12]程朋,王勇,李雄威,等.砂雨法制备三轴砂样的影响因素及均匀性研究[J].长江科学院院报,2016,33(10):79-83.CHEN Peng,WANG Yong,LI Xiongwei,et al.Factors and homogeneity of triaxial sand specimens preparation with air pluviation[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,2016,33(10):79-83.(in Chinese)
[13]CHIAN S,STRINGER M,MADABHUSHI S.Use of automatic sand pourers for loose sand models[C]//2010.
[14]KHARI M,KASSIM K A,ADNAN A.Sand Samples'Preparation Using Mobile Pluviator[J].Arabian Journal for Science&Engineering,2014,39(10):6825-6834.
[15]MADABHUSHI S P G,HOUGHTON N E,HAIGH S K.A new automatic sand pourer for model preparation at University of Cambridge[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2006,5(2):99-115.
[16]MURTY D.Development of a mechanized traveling pluviator to prepare reconstituted uniform sand specimens[J].Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,2016,28(2).
[17]朱逢斌,陈甦,孙雷江,等.自制砂雨装置填砂装样质量分析[J].地下空间与工程学报,2013,9(S2):2076-2078.ZHU Fengbin,CHEN Su,SUN Leijiang,et al.Quality analysis of sand filling by the self-made pluviation device[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2013,9(S2):2076-2078.(in Chinese)
[18]曹明明,肖昭然.离心机模型试验中制备砂样的砂雨沉积法[J].土工基础,2016(4):507-509.CAO Mingming,XIAO Zhaoran.Assessment of a traveling pluviation apparatus for preparation of sand samples[J].Soil Engineering.and Foundation,2016(4):507-509.(in Chinese)
[19]李浩,罗强,张正,等.砂雨法制备砂土地基模型控制要素试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2014,36(10):1872-1878.LI Hao,LUO Qiang,ZHANG Zheng,et al.Experimental study on control element of sand pourer preparation of sand foundation model[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2014,36(10):1872-1878.(in Chinese)
[20]曾虹静,王忠涛,罗强,等.自制砂土装样设备及其控制要素分析[J].人民长江,2012,43(11):66-70.ZENG Hongjing,WANG Zhongtao,LUO Qiang,et al.Introduction to a new sand pourer and its control element analysis[J].Yangtze River,2012,43(11):66-70.(in Chinese)
[21]赵守正,栾茂田,王忠涛,等.自动撒砂装置的研制与测试[J].水利与建筑工程学报,2013(5):178-182.ZHAO Shouzheng,LUAN Maotian,WANG Zhongtao,et al.Development and test of automatic sand-pour device[J].Journal of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering,2013(5):178-182.(in Chinese)
[22]ZHAO Y,ELSHAFIE M Z E B,DEEKS A D,et al.Calibration and use of a new automatic sand pourer[C]//International Conference on Physical Modeling in Geotechnics,ICPMG 2006.Hong Kong:The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,2006.
[23]OLIVEIRA F,FREITAS A,Morais P G,et al.A travelling sand pluviator to reconstruct large soil specimens[C]//International Conference on Experimental Mechanics.2012.
[24]HUANG A B,CHANG W J,Hsu H H,et al.A mist pluviation method for reconstituting silty sand specimens[J].Engineering Geology,2015,188:1-9.
[25]KHOSRAVI M,WILSON D W,BOULANGER R W,et al.Test MKH01:Dynamic Centrifuge Tests of Soft Clay Reinforced by Soil-Cement Grids[R].Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation(distributor),2015,Dataset,doi:10.4231/D3HD7NT63.
[26]Vinil Kumar Gade,S M ASCE,S M Dasaka,et al.Development of a Mechanized Traveling Pluviator to Prepare Reconstituted Uniform Sand Specimens[J].Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,2016,28(2).
[27]崔新壮,丁桦,金青,等.微型触探仪的研制及粉质粘土中的静力触探试验研究[J].实验力学,2005,20(2):207-212.CUI Xinzhuang,DING Hua,JIN Qing,et al.Development of miniature cone penetrometer and study on MCPT in silty clay[J].Journal of Experimental Mechanics,2005,20(2):207-212.(in Chinese)
[28]程展林,左永振,丁红顺.CT技术在岩土试验中的应用研究[J].长江科学院院报,2011,28(3):33-38.CHENG Zhanlin,ZUO Yongzhen,DING Hongshun.Application of CT technology in geotechnical mechanics[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,2011,28(3):33-38.(in Chinese)
[29]王海,王永志,袁晓铭,等.砂雨法饱和模型制样Dr控制要素与评价方法[J].西南交通大学学报,2019,53(1):1-7.WANG Hai,WANG Yongzhi,YUAN Xiaoming,et al.Control factors and assessment technique of Dr using pluviation method for saturated model[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,2019,53(1):1-7.(in Chinese)
[30]孙庆雷,侯瑜京,张雪东,等.离心机机械手CPT在雨砂制模均匀性检测中的应用[C]//全国岩土工程物理模拟学术研讨会.2013.SUN Qinglei,HOU Yujing,ZHANG Xuedong,et al.The application of centrifuge robot CPT in the uniformity measurements of model with rainsand method[C]//.National Conference on Physical Modeling in Geotechnics.2013.(in Chinese)
[31]李波,龚壁卫,刘军,等.基于CT技术的砂雨法制样的空间均匀性研究[C]//全国岩土工程物理模拟学术研讨会.2013.LI Bo,GONG Biwei,LIU Jun,et al.Space uniformity study of sample preparation with sand pourer based on CT technology[C]//.National Conference on Physical Modeling in Geotechnics.2013.(in Chinese)
[2]陈红娟,李小军,闫维明,等.锯末混合土场地模型振动台试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2017,39(11):2068-2077.CHEN Hongjuan,LI Xiaojun,YAN Weiming,et al.Shaking table tests on sawdust-mixed clay site[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2017,39(11):2068-2077.(in Chinese)
[3]丛郁,马险峰,袁聚云,等.离心试验砂雨法试样制备研究[J].路基工程,2014(5):77-80.CONG Yu,MA Xianfeng,YUAN Juyun,et al.Study on sample preparation with sand pourer in centrifuge test[J].Subgrade Engineering,2014(5):77-80.(in Chinese)
[4]MITCHELL J K,CHATOIAN J M,CARPENTER G C.The influences of sand fabric on liquefaction behavior[J].Influences of Sand Fabric on Liquefaction Behavior,1976.
[5]袁晓铭,曹振中,孙锐,等.汶川8.0级地震液化特征初步研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(6):1288-1296.YUAN Xiaoming,CAO Zhenzhong,SUN Rui,et al.Preliminary research on linquefaction characteristics of Wenchuan 8.0 earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(6):1288-1296.(in Chinese)
[6]李天斌,田晓丽,韩文喜,等.预加固高填方边坡滑动破坏的离心模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2013(11):3061-3070.LI Tianbin,TIAN Xiaoli,HAN Wenxi,et al.Centrifugal model tests on sliding failure of a pile-stabilized high fill slope[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013(11):3061-3070.(in Chinese)
[7]罗强,朱江江,张瑞国,等.砂土边坡稳定性的土工离心模型试验[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(5):1252-1259.LUO Qiang,ZHU Jiangjiang,ZHANG Ruiguo,et al.Geotechnical centrifugal model test on sand slope stability[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(5):1252-1259.(in Chinese)
[8]中华人民共和国行业标准编写组.DL/T 5102-2013土工离心模型试验技术规程[S].北京:中国电力出版社.2014.The Professional Standards Compilation Group of Peoples Republic of China.DL/T 5102-2013 Specification for geotechnical centrifuge model test techniques[S].Beijing:China Electric Power Press,2014.(in Chinese)
[9]吴建平,顾尧章,等.砂雨法成型中影响试样密度的因素[J].水电自动化与大坝监测,1990(3):33-39.WU Jianping,GU Yaozhang,et al.Factors affecting specimen density in pluviation[J].Hydropower Automation and Dam Monitoring,1990(3):33-39.(in Chinese)
[10]祝廷尉,胡新丽,徐聪,等.嵌岩桩抗滑特性的物理模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2014(S1):165-172.ZHU Tingwei,HU Xinli,XU Cong,et al.Physical model test research on anti-sliding characteristics of rock-socketed pile[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014(S1):165-172.(in Chinese)
[11]马险峰,孔令刚,方薇,等.砂雨法试样制备平行试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2014,36(10):1791-1801.MA Xianfeng,KONG Linggang,FANG Wei,et al.Parallel tests on preparation of samples with sand pourer[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2014,36(10):1791-1801.(in Chinese)
[12]程朋,王勇,李雄威,等.砂雨法制备三轴砂样的影响因素及均匀性研究[J].长江科学院院报,2016,33(10):79-83.CHEN Peng,WANG Yong,LI Xiongwei,et al.Factors and homogeneity of triaxial sand specimens preparation with air pluviation[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,2016,33(10):79-83.(in Chinese)
[13]CHIAN S,STRINGER M,MADABHUSHI S.Use of automatic sand pourers for loose sand models[C]//2010.
[14]KHARI M,KASSIM K A,ADNAN A.Sand Samples'Preparation Using Mobile Pluviator[J].Arabian Journal for Science&Engineering,2014,39(10):6825-6834.
[15]MADABHUSHI S P G,HOUGHTON N E,HAIGH S K.A new automatic sand pourer for model preparation at University of Cambridge[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2006,5(2):99-115.
[16]MURTY D.Development of a mechanized traveling pluviator to prepare reconstituted uniform sand specimens[J].Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,2016,28(2).
[17]朱逢斌,陈甦,孙雷江,等.自制砂雨装置填砂装样质量分析[J].地下空间与工程学报,2013,9(S2):2076-2078.ZHU Fengbin,CHEN Su,SUN Leijiang,et al.Quality analysis of sand filling by the self-made pluviation device[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2013,9(S2):2076-2078.(in Chinese)
[18]曹明明,肖昭然.离心机模型试验中制备砂样的砂雨沉积法[J].土工基础,2016(4):507-509.CAO Mingming,XIAO Zhaoran.Assessment of a traveling pluviation apparatus for preparation of sand samples[J].Soil Engineering.and Foundation,2016(4):507-509.(in Chinese)
[19]李浩,罗强,张正,等.砂雨法制备砂土地基模型控制要素试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2014,36(10):1872-1878.LI Hao,LUO Qiang,ZHANG Zheng,et al.Experimental study on control element of sand pourer preparation of sand foundation model[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2014,36(10):1872-1878.(in Chinese)
[20]曾虹静,王忠涛,罗强,等.自制砂土装样设备及其控制要素分析[J].人民长江,2012,43(11):66-70.ZENG Hongjing,WANG Zhongtao,LUO Qiang,et al.Introduction to a new sand pourer and its control element analysis[J].Yangtze River,2012,43(11):66-70.(in Chinese)
[21]赵守正,栾茂田,王忠涛,等.自动撒砂装置的研制与测试[J].水利与建筑工程学报,2013(5):178-182.ZHAO Shouzheng,LUAN Maotian,WANG Zhongtao,et al.Development and test of automatic sand-pour device[J].Journal of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering,2013(5):178-182.(in Chinese)
[22]ZHAO Y,ELSHAFIE M Z E B,DEEKS A D,et al.Calibration and use of a new automatic sand pourer[C]//International Conference on Physical Modeling in Geotechnics,ICPMG 2006.Hong Kong:The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,2006.
[23]OLIVEIRA F,FREITAS A,Morais P G,et al.A travelling sand pluviator to reconstruct large soil specimens[C]//International Conference on Experimental Mechanics.2012.
[24]HUANG A B,CHANG W J,Hsu H H,et al.A mist pluviation method for reconstituting silty sand specimens[J].Engineering Geology,2015,188:1-9.
[25]KHOSRAVI M,WILSON D W,BOULANGER R W,et al.Test MKH01:Dynamic Centrifuge Tests of Soft Clay Reinforced by Soil-Cement Grids[R].Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation(distributor),2015,Dataset,doi:10.4231/D3HD7NT63.
[26]Vinil Kumar Gade,S M ASCE,S M Dasaka,et al.Development of a Mechanized Traveling Pluviator to Prepare Reconstituted Uniform Sand Specimens[J].Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,2016,28(2).
[27]崔新壮,丁桦,金青,等.微型触探仪的研制及粉质粘土中的静力触探试验研究[J].实验力学,2005,20(2):207-212.CUI Xinzhuang,DING Hua,JIN Qing,et al.Development of miniature cone penetrometer and study on MCPT in silty clay[J].Journal of Experimental Mechanics,2005,20(2):207-212.(in Chinese)
[28]程展林,左永振,丁红顺.CT技术在岩土试验中的应用研究[J].长江科学院院报,2011,28(3):33-38.CHENG Zhanlin,ZUO Yongzhen,DING Hongshun.Application of CT technology in geotechnical mechanics[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,2011,28(3):33-38.(in Chinese)
[29]王海,王永志,袁晓铭,等.砂雨法饱和模型制样Dr控制要素与评价方法[J].西南交通大学学报,2019,53(1):1-7.WANG Hai,WANG Yongzhi,YUAN Xiaoming,et al.Control factors and assessment technique of Dr using pluviation method for saturated model[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,2019,53(1):1-7.(in Chinese)
[30]孙庆雷,侯瑜京,张雪东,等.离心机机械手CPT在雨砂制模均匀性检测中的应用[C]//全国岩土工程物理模拟学术研讨会.2013.SUN Qinglei,HOU Yujing,ZHANG Xuedong,et al.The application of centrifuge robot CPT in the uniformity measurements of model with rainsand method[C]//.National Conference on Physical Modeling in Geotechnics.2013.(in Chinese)
[31]李波,龚壁卫,刘军,等.基于CT技术的砂雨法制样的空间均匀性研究[C]//全国岩土工程物理模拟学术研讨会.2013.LI Bo,GONG Biwei,LIU Jun,et al.Space uniformity study of sample preparation with sand pourer based on CT technology[C]//.National Conference on Physical Modeling in Geotechnics.2013.(in Chinese)