西风和季风影响区冰川雪中细菌数量和群落组成与气候环境关系
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摘要
青藏高原冰川是全球变化研究的热点地区,但对高原冰雪细菌与气候环境之间的关系还缺乏研究。选取西风影响下的新疆慕士塔格冰川、木吉冰川和印度季风影响下的尼泊尔雅拉冰川进行冰雪细菌研究,以揭示西风和季风影响区冰川雪中细菌丰度和群落组成特征以及细菌与区域气候环境的关系。研究发现:受西风影响的慕士塔格冰川和木吉冰川的主要细菌类群为Bacteroidetes和Betaproteobacteria;受印度季风影响的雅拉冰川的细菌优势类群为Betaproteobacteria和Cyanobacteria。表明西风和季风影响区冰川雪中细菌具有不同的群落组成。此外,通过比对16S rRNA,发现三个冰川分离的细菌与分离自海洋、湖泊、土壤、沙漠等寒冷环境的细菌具有很高的相似度。位于西风带的慕士塔格和木吉冰川雪中细菌Shannon指数高于位于印度季风区的雅拉冰川。印度季风带的雅拉冰川细菌群落组成受季节的影响明显而西风带的慕士塔格冰川则受季节影响比较小。
The environmental changes of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau possess sensitive response to global changes. However, there is still a lack intensive study about the relationship between microorganisms and environment changes. In the present study, researches have been conducted in the Muztagh Ata Glacier, Muji Glacier and Yala Glacier to investigate snow bacteria and their relationships with local climatic environmental conditions. The results demonstrated that bacterial community of the Muztagh Ata Glacier and Muji Glacier in westerly area were dominated by Bacteroidetes and Betaproteobacteria; Cyanobacteria and Betaproteobacteria were the dominant groups in the Yala Glacier, which is affected by the Indian monsoon. It is also found that bacteria of the three glaciers have shared high 16 S rRNA, similar to that from ocean, lakes, soil, plant, desert and other cold environment. These results also indicated that glaciers in westerly and Indian monsoon areas have different bacterial clades. Furthermore, it was found that bacterial diversity was affected by the climatic zone. Shannon′s diversity index was higher in Muji Glacier and Muztagh Ata Glacier than that in Yala glacier. Besides, Yala Glacier bacterial community varied significantly with season, while that in Muztagh Ata Glacier was not so significant.
The environmental changes of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau possess sensitive response to global changes. However, there is still a lack intensive study about the relationship between microorganisms and environment changes. In the present study, researches have been conducted in the Muztagh Ata Glacier, Muji Glacier and Yala Glacier to investigate snow bacteria and their relationships with local climatic environmental conditions. The results demonstrated that bacterial community of the Muztagh Ata Glacier and Muji Glacier in westerly area were dominated by Bacteroidetes and Betaproteobacteria; Cyanobacteria and Betaproteobacteria were the dominant groups in the Yala Glacier, which is affected by the Indian monsoon. It is also found that bacteria of the three glaciers have shared high 16 S rRNA, similar to that from ocean, lakes, soil, plant, desert and other cold environment. These results also indicated that glaciers in westerly and Indian monsoon areas have different bacterial clades. Furthermore, it was found that bacterial diversity was affected by the climatic zone. Shannon′s diversity index was higher in Muji Glacier and Muztagh Ata Glacier than that in Yala glacier. Besides, Yala Glacier bacterial community varied significantly with season, while that in Muztagh Ata Glacier was not so significant.
引文
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[3] Liu Yongqin, Yao Tandong, Xu Baiqing, et al. Bacterial abundance vary in Muztagata ice core and respond to climate and environment change in the past hundred years[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2013, 33(1): 19-25. [刘勇勤, 姚檀栋, 徐柏青, 等. 慕士塔格冰芯中近百年来细菌数量与气候环境变化的关系[J]. 第四纪研究, 2013, 33(1): 19-25.]
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[5] Amato P, Hennebelle R, Magand Olivier, et al. Bacterial characterization of the snow cover at Spitzberg, Svalbard[J]. Federation of European Microbiological Societies, 2007, 59(2): 255-264.
[6] Alexandre A, Christopher B. Are low temperature habitats hot spots of microbial evolution driven by viruses?[J]. Trends in Microbiology, 2011, 19(2): 52-57.
[7] Carpenter E, Lin Senjie, Capone D. Bacterial activity in South Pole snow[J]. Appllied and Environmental Microbiology, 2000, 66(10): 4514-4517.
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[9] Jiang Xiawei, Cheng Hong, Zheng Beiwen, et al. Comparative genomic study of three species within the genus Ornithinibacillus, reflecting the adaption to different habitats[J]. Gene, 2016, 578(1): 25-31.
[10] Harding T, Jungblut A, Lovejoy C, et al. Microbes in High Arctic Snow and Implications for the Cold Biosphere[J]. Appllied and Environmental Microbiology, 2011, 77(10): 3234-3243.
[1[1] Liu Xiaobo, Kang Shichang, Yao Tandong, et al. The seasonal change of bacterial abundance and diversity in snow of the Guoqu Glacier, Mt. Geladaindong[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2009, 31(4): 634-641. [刘晓波, 康世昌, 姚檀栋, 等. 各拉丹冬峰果曲冰川雪中细菌的季节变化特征[J]. 冰川冻土, 2009, 31(4): 634-641.]
[12] Abyzov S, Bobin N E, Koudriashov B B. Microbiological flora as a function of ice depth in central Antarctica[J]. Life sciences and space research, 1979, 17: 99-103.
[13] Liu Yongqin, Yao Tandong, Jiao Nianzhi, et al. Bacterial diversity in the snow over Tibetan Plateau Glaciers[J]. Extremophiles, 2009, 13(3): 411-423.
[14] Abyzov S, Mitskevich I, Poglazova M, et al. Microorganisms and unicellular algae in the ice sheet of Antarctica[J]. Proc SPIE, 1999, 3755: 176-186.
[15] Abyzov S. Microorganisms in the Antarctic ice[J]. Antarctic Microbiology, 1993, 1(1): 265-296.
[16] Antony R, Krishnan K P, Laluraj C M, et al. Diversity and physiology of culturable bacteria associated with a coastal Antarctic ice core[J]. Microbiological Research, 2012, 167(6): 372-380.
[17] Antje B, Alexandre A, Jody D M, et al. Microbial ecology of the cryosphere: sea ice and glacial habitats[J]. Natural Reviwes Microbiology, 2015, 13: 677-690.
[18] Liu Yongqin, Yao Tandong, Jiao Nianzhi, et al. Culturable bacteria in glacial meltwater at 6 350 m on the East Rongbuk Glacier, Mount Everest[J]. Extremophiles, 2008, 13(1): 89-99.
[19] Liu Yongqin, Yao Tandong, Jiao Nianzhi, et al. Abundance and diversity of snow bacteria in two glaciers at the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Frontiers of Earth Science in China, 2009, 3(1): 80-90.
[20] Liu Yongqin, Yao Tandong, Jiao Nianzhi, et al. Microbial diversity in the snow, a moraine lake and a stream in Himalayan glacier[J]. Extremophiles, 2011, 15(3): 411-421.
[2[1] Skidmore M, Foght J, Sharp M, et al. Microbial life beneath a high Arctic glacier[J]. Appllied and Environmental Microbiology, 2000, 66(8): 3214-3220.
[22] Zhang Xiaojun, Yao Tandong, Ma Xiaojun, et al. Microorganisms in a high altitude glacier ice in Tibet[J]. Folia Microbiologica, 2002, 47(3): 241-245.
[23] Ma Xiaojun, Liu Wei, Hou Shugui, et al. Cultural bacteria in snow pits of different type glaciers: diversity and relationship with envionment[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2009, 31(3): 483-489. [马晓军, 刘炜, 侯书贵,等. 不同类型冰川雪中可培养细菌多样性变化及其与环境因子关系研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2009, 31(3): 483-489.]
[24] Ma Xiaojun, Liu Wei, Hou Shugui, et al. Bacterial diversity and community at Yulong Mountains and their relationship to climate and envionmental changes[J]. Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Sciences), 2009, 45(6): 94-100. [马晓军, 刘炜, 侯书贵, 等. 玉龙雪山冰川雪坑中细菌多样性群落结构及其与气候环境的关系[J]. 兰州大学学报: 自然科学版, 2009, 45(6): 94-100.]
[25] Shen Liang, Yao Tandong, Liu Yongqin, et al. Downward-shifting temperature range for the growth of snow-bacteria on glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Geomicrobiology Journal, 2014, 31(9): 779-787.
[26] Larose C, Berger S, Ferrari C, et al. Microbial sequences retrieved from environmental samples from seasonal Arctic snow and meltwater from Svalbard, Norway[J]. Extremophiles, 2010, 14(2): 205-212.
[27] Xiang Shurong, Shang Tiancui, Chen Yong, et al. Changes in diversity and biomass of bacteria along a shallow snow pit from Kuytun 51 Glacier, Tianshan Mountains, China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2009, 114: 1-10.
[28] Zhang Shuhong, Hou Shugui, Yang Guangli, et al. Bacterial community in the East Rongbuk Glacier, Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) by culture and culture-independent methods[J]. Microbiological Research, 2010, 165(4): 336-345.
[29] Gordon D A, Giovannoni S J. Detection of stratified microbial populations related to Chlorobium and Fibrobacter species in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans[J]. Appllied Environmantal Microbiology, 1996, 62(4): 1171-1177.
[30] Amato P, Christner B. Energy metabolism response to low-temperature and frozen conditions in psychrobacter cryohalolentis[J]. Appllied and Environmental Microbiology, 2009, 75(3): 711-718.
[3[1] Segawa T, Miyamoto K, Ushida K, et al. Seasonal change in bacterial flora and biomass in mountain snow from the Tateyama Mountains, Japan, analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and real-time PCR[J]. Appllied and Environmental Microbiology, 2005, 71(1): 123-130.
[32] Segawa T, Takeuchi N, Ushida K, et al. Altitudinal changes in a bacterial community on Gulkana Glacier in Alaska[J]. Microbes and Environments, 2010, 25(3): 171-182.
[33] Liu Yongqin. Microrganism in snow, ice and glacial meltwater in the Tibetan Plateau and their climatic and environmental significances[D]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2007. [刘勇勤. 青藏高原现代雪冰和冰川融水中微生物特征及其气候环境意义[D]. 北京: 中国科学院研究生院, 2007.]
[34] Shen Liang, Yao Tandong, Xu Baiqing, et al. Variation of culturable bacteria along depth in the East Rongbuk ice core, Mt. Everest[J]. Geoscience Frontiers, 2012, 3(3): 327-334.
[35] Zhao Mei. Bacterial diversity in snowpack on the Tibetan Plateau and its asjacent regions and their environmental signifeicance[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2011. [赵梅. 青藏高原及其毗邻地区冰川雪坑中细菌多样性及其环境意义[D]. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2011.]
[36] Zhou Ningyi. Microbial diversity on the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Microbiology China, 2014, 41(11): 2378. [周宁一. 青藏高原微生物多样性研究[J]. 微生物学通报, 2014, 41(11): 2378.]
[37] Zhang Xinfang, Yao Tandong, An Lizhe, et al. A study on the vertical profile of bacterial DNA structure in the Puruogangri (Tibetan Plateau) ice core using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis[J]. Annal of Glaciology, 2006, 43(1): 160-166.
[38] Zhang Shuhong, Hou Shugui, Ma Xiaojun, et al. Culturable bacteria in Himalayan glacial ice in response to atmospheric circulation[J]. Biogeosciences, 2007, 4(1): 1-9.
[2] Yao Tandong, Thompson L, Yang Wei, et al. Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings[J]. Nature Climate Change, 2012, 2(9): 663-667.
[3] Liu Yongqin, Yao Tandong, Xu Baiqing, et al. Bacterial abundance vary in Muztagata ice core and respond to climate and environment change in the past hundred years[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2013, 33(1): 19-25. [刘勇勤, 姚檀栋, 徐柏青, 等. 慕士塔格冰芯中近百年来细菌数量与气候环境变化的关系[J]. 第四纪研究, 2013, 33(1): 19-25.]
[4] Bakermans C. Limits for microbial life at subzero temperatures[M]. Psychrophilic: From Biodiversity to Biotechnology, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008: 17-28.
[5] Amato P, Hennebelle R, Magand Olivier, et al. Bacterial characterization of the snow cover at Spitzberg, Svalbard[J]. Federation of European Microbiological Societies, 2007, 59(2): 255-264.
[6] Alexandre A, Christopher B. Are low temperature habitats hot spots of microbial evolution driven by viruses?[J]. Trends in Microbiology, 2011, 19(2): 52-57.
[7] Carpenter E, Lin Senjie, Capone D. Bacterial activity in South Pole snow[J]. Appllied and Environmental Microbiology, 2000, 66(10): 4514-4517.
[8] Michaud L G, Giudice A L, Mysara M, et al. Snow surface microbiome on the High Antarctic Plateau (DOME C)[J]. PloS one, 2014, 9(8): e104505.
[9] Jiang Xiawei, Cheng Hong, Zheng Beiwen, et al. Comparative genomic study of three species within the genus Ornithinibacillus, reflecting the adaption to different habitats[J]. Gene, 2016, 578(1): 25-31.
[10] Harding T, Jungblut A, Lovejoy C, et al. Microbes in High Arctic Snow and Implications for the Cold Biosphere[J]. Appllied and Environmental Microbiology, 2011, 77(10): 3234-3243.
[1[1] Liu Xiaobo, Kang Shichang, Yao Tandong, et al. The seasonal change of bacterial abundance and diversity in snow of the Guoqu Glacier, Mt. Geladaindong[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2009, 31(4): 634-641. [刘晓波, 康世昌, 姚檀栋, 等. 各拉丹冬峰果曲冰川雪中细菌的季节变化特征[J]. 冰川冻土, 2009, 31(4): 634-641.]
[12] Abyzov S, Bobin N E, Koudriashov B B. Microbiological flora as a function of ice depth in central Antarctica[J]. Life sciences and space research, 1979, 17: 99-103.
[13] Liu Yongqin, Yao Tandong, Jiao Nianzhi, et al. Bacterial diversity in the snow over Tibetan Plateau Glaciers[J]. Extremophiles, 2009, 13(3): 411-423.
[14] Abyzov S, Mitskevich I, Poglazova M, et al. Microorganisms and unicellular algae in the ice sheet of Antarctica[J]. Proc SPIE, 1999, 3755: 176-186.
[15] Abyzov S. Microorganisms in the Antarctic ice[J]. Antarctic Microbiology, 1993, 1(1): 265-296.
[16] Antony R, Krishnan K P, Laluraj C M, et al. Diversity and physiology of culturable bacteria associated with a coastal Antarctic ice core[J]. Microbiological Research, 2012, 167(6): 372-380.
[17] Antje B, Alexandre A, Jody D M, et al. Microbial ecology of the cryosphere: sea ice and glacial habitats[J]. Natural Reviwes Microbiology, 2015, 13: 677-690.
[18] Liu Yongqin, Yao Tandong, Jiao Nianzhi, et al. Culturable bacteria in glacial meltwater at 6 350 m on the East Rongbuk Glacier, Mount Everest[J]. Extremophiles, 2008, 13(1): 89-99.
[19] Liu Yongqin, Yao Tandong, Jiao Nianzhi, et al. Abundance and diversity of snow bacteria in two glaciers at the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Frontiers of Earth Science in China, 2009, 3(1): 80-90.
[20] Liu Yongqin, Yao Tandong, Jiao Nianzhi, et al. Microbial diversity in the snow, a moraine lake and a stream in Himalayan glacier[J]. Extremophiles, 2011, 15(3): 411-421.
[2[1] Skidmore M, Foght J, Sharp M, et al. Microbial life beneath a high Arctic glacier[J]. Appllied and Environmental Microbiology, 2000, 66(8): 3214-3220.
[22] Zhang Xiaojun, Yao Tandong, Ma Xiaojun, et al. Microorganisms in a high altitude glacier ice in Tibet[J]. Folia Microbiologica, 2002, 47(3): 241-245.
[23] Ma Xiaojun, Liu Wei, Hou Shugui, et al. Cultural bacteria in snow pits of different type glaciers: diversity and relationship with envionment[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2009, 31(3): 483-489. [马晓军, 刘炜, 侯书贵,等. 不同类型冰川雪中可培养细菌多样性变化及其与环境因子关系研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2009, 31(3): 483-489.]
[24] Ma Xiaojun, Liu Wei, Hou Shugui, et al. Bacterial diversity and community at Yulong Mountains and their relationship to climate and envionmental changes[J]. Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Sciences), 2009, 45(6): 94-100. [马晓军, 刘炜, 侯书贵, 等. 玉龙雪山冰川雪坑中细菌多样性群落结构及其与气候环境的关系[J]. 兰州大学学报: 自然科学版, 2009, 45(6): 94-100.]
[25] Shen Liang, Yao Tandong, Liu Yongqin, et al. Downward-shifting temperature range for the growth of snow-bacteria on glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Geomicrobiology Journal, 2014, 31(9): 779-787.
[26] Larose C, Berger S, Ferrari C, et al. Microbial sequences retrieved from environmental samples from seasonal Arctic snow and meltwater from Svalbard, Norway[J]. Extremophiles, 2010, 14(2): 205-212.
[27] Xiang Shurong, Shang Tiancui, Chen Yong, et al. Changes in diversity and biomass of bacteria along a shallow snow pit from Kuytun 51 Glacier, Tianshan Mountains, China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2009, 114: 1-10.
[28] Zhang Shuhong, Hou Shugui, Yang Guangli, et al. Bacterial community in the East Rongbuk Glacier, Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) by culture and culture-independent methods[J]. Microbiological Research, 2010, 165(4): 336-345.
[29] Gordon D A, Giovannoni S J. Detection of stratified microbial populations related to Chlorobium and Fibrobacter species in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans[J]. Appllied Environmantal Microbiology, 1996, 62(4): 1171-1177.
[30] Amato P, Christner B. Energy metabolism response to low-temperature and frozen conditions in psychrobacter cryohalolentis[J]. Appllied and Environmental Microbiology, 2009, 75(3): 711-718.
[3[1] Segawa T, Miyamoto K, Ushida K, et al. Seasonal change in bacterial flora and biomass in mountain snow from the Tateyama Mountains, Japan, analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and real-time PCR[J]. Appllied and Environmental Microbiology, 2005, 71(1): 123-130.
[32] Segawa T, Takeuchi N, Ushida K, et al. Altitudinal changes in a bacterial community on Gulkana Glacier in Alaska[J]. Microbes and Environments, 2010, 25(3): 171-182.
[33] Liu Yongqin. Microrganism in snow, ice and glacial meltwater in the Tibetan Plateau and their climatic and environmental significances[D]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2007. [刘勇勤. 青藏高原现代雪冰和冰川融水中微生物特征及其气候环境意义[D]. 北京: 中国科学院研究生院, 2007.]
[34] Shen Liang, Yao Tandong, Xu Baiqing, et al. Variation of culturable bacteria along depth in the East Rongbuk ice core, Mt. Everest[J]. Geoscience Frontiers, 2012, 3(3): 327-334.
[35] Zhao Mei. Bacterial diversity in snowpack on the Tibetan Plateau and its asjacent regions and their environmental signifeicance[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2011. [赵梅. 青藏高原及其毗邻地区冰川雪坑中细菌多样性及其环境意义[D]. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2011.]
[36] Zhou Ningyi. Microbial diversity on the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Microbiology China, 2014, 41(11): 2378. [周宁一. 青藏高原微生物多样性研究[J]. 微生物学通报, 2014, 41(11): 2378.]
[37] Zhang Xinfang, Yao Tandong, An Lizhe, et al. A study on the vertical profile of bacterial DNA structure in the Puruogangri (Tibetan Plateau) ice core using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis[J]. Annal of Glaciology, 2006, 43(1): 160-166.
[38] Zhang Shuhong, Hou Shugui, Ma Xiaojun, et al. Culturable bacteria in Himalayan glacial ice in response to atmospheric circulation[J]. Biogeosciences, 2007, 4(1): 1-9.