森林地下火特征及防控措施
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摘要
森林地下火在燃烧时观测不到火焰,传播速度较慢,燃烧时间长,难以察觉,但在燃烧过程中会产生大量颗粒物和大气污染物,严重危害生态环境和人体健康,造成严重的经济损失。结合国内外研究成果,文中阐述了森林地下火产生的原因、地下火特征及其对环境的危害,并将森林地下火防控先进技术设备与实际工作相结合,提出了构建"空中-地面-地下"多重监测系统和保障消防水源与重视火后管理的森林地下火综合防控措施,旨在为森林防火部门的地下火预防、监测、扑救等工作提供技术支持。
When an underground forest fire burns, since the flame cannot be observed, the fire spread speed is slow and the burning time is long, it is hard to detect the fire. However, a large number of particulates and atmospheric pollutants will be generated during the combustion, which will seriously harm the ecological environment and human health and cause serious economic losses. Based on the research results at home and abroad, this paper discusses the causes, characteristics and environmental harm of underground forest fire, and puts forward the comprehensive control scheme of underground forest fire which is characterized with "Air-Ground-Underground" multi-layer monitoring system, the firewater source supply and post-fire management by combining advanced technology and equipment with practical work. The aim of the study is to provide technical support for forest fire department to prevent, monitor and control underground forest fire.
When an underground forest fire burns, since the flame cannot be observed, the fire spread speed is slow and the burning time is long, it is hard to detect the fire. However, a large number of particulates and atmospheric pollutants will be generated during the combustion, which will seriously harm the ecological environment and human health and cause serious economic losses. Based on the research results at home and abroad, this paper discusses the causes, characteristics and environmental harm of underground forest fire, and puts forward the comprehensive control scheme of underground forest fire which is characterized with "Air-Ground-Underground" multi-layer monitoring system, the firewater source supply and post-fire management by combining advanced technology and equipment with practical work. The aim of the study is to provide technical support for forest fire department to prevent, monitor and control underground forest fire.
引文
[1]文定元,舒立福.林火理论知识[M].哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1999:21-27.
[2]者香.泥炭粒径、含水率和无机物含量对阴燃蔓延速率影响的实验研究[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2015.
[3]TACCONI L.Kebakaran hutan di Indonesia:penyebab,biaya dan implikasi kebijakan[M].Bogor,Indonesia:CIFOR,2003:28.
[4]MORENO L,JIMéNEZ M E,AGUILERA H,et al.The 2009 smouldering peat fire in Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park (Spain)[J].Fire Technology,2011,47(2):519-538.
[5]CANCELLIERI D,LEROY-CANCELLIERI V,LEONI E,et al.Kinetic investigation on the smouldering combustion of boreal peat[J].Fuel,2012,93(1):479-485.
[6]ATWOOD E C,SANDRA E,ECKEHARD L,et al.Detection and characterization of low temperature peat fires during the 2015 fire catastrophe in Indonesia using a new high-sensitivity fire monitoring satellite sensor (FireBird)[J].Plos One,2016,11(8):e0159410.DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0159410.
[7]舒立福,王明玉,田晓瑞,等.大兴安岭林区地下火形成火环境研究[J].自然灾害学报,2003,12(4):62-67.
[8]HARRISON M,PAGE S,LIMIN S.The global impact of Indonesian forest fires[J].Biologist,2009,56(13):156-163.
[9]TACCONI L,MOORE P F,KAIMOWITZ D.Fires in tropical forests:what is really the problem?lessons from Indonesia[J].Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,2007,12(1):55-66.
[10]USUP A,HASHIMOTO Y,TAKAHASHI H,et al.Combustion and thermal characteristics of peat fire in tropical peatland in Central Kalimantan,Indonesia[J].Tropics,2004,14(1):1-19.
[11]KIRSCHKE S,BOUSQUET P,CIAIS P,et al.Three decades of global methane sources and sinks[J].Nature Geoscience,2013,6(10):813-823.
[12]REIN G,CLEAVER N,ASHTON C,et al.The severity of smouldering peat fires and damage to the forest soil[J].Catena,2008,74(3):304-309.
[13]GUITART P N,REIN G,HADDEN R M,et al.Propagation probability and spread rates of self-sustained smouldering fires under controlled moisture content and bulk density conditions[J].International Journal of Wildland Fire,2016,25(3):456-465.
[14]HUANG X,REIN G.Computational study of critical moisture and depth of burn in peat fires[J].International Journal of Wildland Fire,2015,24(6):798-808.
[15]HADDEN R M,REIN G,BELCHER C M.Study of the competing chemical reactions in the initiation and spread of smouldering combustion in peat[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2013,34(2):2547-2553.
[16]BENSCOTER B W,VITT D H.Spatial patterns and temporal trajectories of the bog ground layer along a post-fire chronosequence[J].Ecosystems,2008,11(7):1054-1064.
[17]DAVIES G M,GRAY A,REIN G,et al.Peat consumption and carbon loss due to smouldering wildfire in a temperate peatland[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2013,308(Complete):169-177.
[18]CHISTJAKOV V I,KUPRIJANOV A I,GORHKOV V V,et al.Measures for fire prevention on peat deposits[M]//WEIN R W,MACLEAN D A.Role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems.New York:Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment,1983:259-271.
[19]WEIN R W.Fire behavior and ecological effects in organic terrain[M]//WEIN R W,MACLEAN D A.Role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems.New York:Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment,1983:81-95.
[20]FERNANDES P A M.Fire spread prediction in shrub fuels in Portugal[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2001,144(1):67-74.
[21]TERRIER A,GROOT W J,GIRARDIN M P,et al.Dynamics of moisture content in spruce-feather moss and spruce-sphagnum organic layers during an extreme fire season and implications for future depths of burn in clay belt black spruce forests[J].International Journal of Wildland Fire,2014,23(4):490-502.
[22]REARDON A J,HUNGERFORD R,RYAN K C.Factors affecting sustained smouldering in organic soils from pocosin and pond pinewoodland wetlands[J].International Journal of Wildland Fire,2007,16(7):107-118.
[23]GRANGED A J P,JORDáN A,ZAVALA L M,et al.Short-term effects of experimental fire for a soil under eucalyptus forest (SE Australia)[J].Geoderma,2011,167(8):125-134.
[24]HORTON J S,KRAEBEL C J.Development of vegetation after Fire in the Chamise Chaparral of Southern California[J].Ecology,1955,36(2):244-262.
[25]孙明学,贾炜玮,吴瑶.大兴安岭北部地区林火对土壤化学性质的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2009,37(5):33-35.
[26]WARD D E,HARDY C C.Smoke emissions from wildland fires[J].Environment International,1991,17(2/3):117-134.
[27]KOPPMANN R,VON CZAPIEWSKI K,REID J S.A review of biomass burning emissions:part:igaseous emissions of carbon monoxide,methane,volatile organic compounds,and nitrogen containing compounds[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2005,5(5):10455-10516.
[28]REID J S,KOPPMANN R,ECK T F,et al.A review of biomass burning emissions:part III:intensive optical properties of biomass burning particles[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2005,4(5):827-849.
[29]LANGMANN B,HEIL A.Release and dispersion of vegetation and peat fire emissions in the atmosphere over Indonesia 1997/1998[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2005,4(2):2145-2160.
[30]FERNANDES A P,ALVES C A,GON?ALVES C,et al.Emission factors from residential combustion appliances burning Portuguese biomass fuels[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2011,13(11):3196-3206.
[31]SOARES NETO T G,CARVALHO J■NIOR J A,VERAS C A G,et al.Biomass consumption and CO2,CO and main hydrocarbon gas emissions in an Amazonian forest clearing fire[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(2):438-446.
[32]PAGE S E,SIEGERT F,RIELEY J O,et al.The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997[J].Nature,2002,420(6911):61-65.
[33]UZU G,SOBANSKA S,SARRET G,et al.Foliar lead uptake by lettuce exposed to atmospheric fallouts[J].Environment Science Technology,2010,44(3):1036-1042.
[34]舒立福,王明玉,田晓瑞,等.大兴安岭林区地下火形成火环境研究[J].自然灾害学报,2003,12(4):62-67.
[35]KUSHIDA K.Detection of active wildland fires using multitemporal MODIS images[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2010,7(2):301-305.
[36]杨光,宁吉彬,舒立福,等.黑龙江大兴安岭卫星热点预报森林火灾准确性研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(12):1-9.
[37]贾道祥,刘鹏举,张英凯,等.基于地形匹配的图像烟火定位方法研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2018,40(6):19-29.
[38]TINNER W,HUBSCHMID P,WEHRLI M,et al.Long-term forest fire ecology and dynamics in Southern Switzerland [J].Ecology,1999,87(2):273-289.
[39]GROGNAN P,BNMS T D CHAPIN F S.Fire effects on ecosystem nitrogen cycling in a Californian bishop nine forest[J].Oecoloia,2000,122(41):537-544.
[40]BAMBANG H S,WATANABE H,TAKEDA S.Use of vegetative fuelbreaks in inderstrial forest plantation areas in indonesia[J].Wildfire,1994,12(2):14-16.
[41]邵明珠.大兴安岭五种主要树种燃烧性及阻燃性能研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2016.
[2]者香.泥炭粒径、含水率和无机物含量对阴燃蔓延速率影响的实验研究[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2015.
[3]TACCONI L.Kebakaran hutan di Indonesia:penyebab,biaya dan implikasi kebijakan[M].Bogor,Indonesia:CIFOR,2003:28.
[4]MORENO L,JIMéNEZ M E,AGUILERA H,et al.The 2009 smouldering peat fire in Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park (Spain)[J].Fire Technology,2011,47(2):519-538.
[5]CANCELLIERI D,LEROY-CANCELLIERI V,LEONI E,et al.Kinetic investigation on the smouldering combustion of boreal peat[J].Fuel,2012,93(1):479-485.
[6]ATWOOD E C,SANDRA E,ECKEHARD L,et al.Detection and characterization of low temperature peat fires during the 2015 fire catastrophe in Indonesia using a new high-sensitivity fire monitoring satellite sensor (FireBird)[J].Plos One,2016,11(8):e0159410.DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0159410.
[7]舒立福,王明玉,田晓瑞,等.大兴安岭林区地下火形成火环境研究[J].自然灾害学报,2003,12(4):62-67.
[8]HARRISON M,PAGE S,LIMIN S.The global impact of Indonesian forest fires[J].Biologist,2009,56(13):156-163.
[9]TACCONI L,MOORE P F,KAIMOWITZ D.Fires in tropical forests:what is really the problem?lessons from Indonesia[J].Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,2007,12(1):55-66.
[10]USUP A,HASHIMOTO Y,TAKAHASHI H,et al.Combustion and thermal characteristics of peat fire in tropical peatland in Central Kalimantan,Indonesia[J].Tropics,2004,14(1):1-19.
[11]KIRSCHKE S,BOUSQUET P,CIAIS P,et al.Three decades of global methane sources and sinks[J].Nature Geoscience,2013,6(10):813-823.
[12]REIN G,CLEAVER N,ASHTON C,et al.The severity of smouldering peat fires and damage to the forest soil[J].Catena,2008,74(3):304-309.
[13]GUITART P N,REIN G,HADDEN R M,et al.Propagation probability and spread rates of self-sustained smouldering fires under controlled moisture content and bulk density conditions[J].International Journal of Wildland Fire,2016,25(3):456-465.
[14]HUANG X,REIN G.Computational study of critical moisture and depth of burn in peat fires[J].International Journal of Wildland Fire,2015,24(6):798-808.
[15]HADDEN R M,REIN G,BELCHER C M.Study of the competing chemical reactions in the initiation and spread of smouldering combustion in peat[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2013,34(2):2547-2553.
[16]BENSCOTER B W,VITT D H.Spatial patterns and temporal trajectories of the bog ground layer along a post-fire chronosequence[J].Ecosystems,2008,11(7):1054-1064.
[17]DAVIES G M,GRAY A,REIN G,et al.Peat consumption and carbon loss due to smouldering wildfire in a temperate peatland[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2013,308(Complete):169-177.
[18]CHISTJAKOV V I,KUPRIJANOV A I,GORHKOV V V,et al.Measures for fire prevention on peat deposits[M]//WEIN R W,MACLEAN D A.Role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems.New York:Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment,1983:259-271.
[19]WEIN R W.Fire behavior and ecological effects in organic terrain[M]//WEIN R W,MACLEAN D A.Role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems.New York:Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment,1983:81-95.
[20]FERNANDES P A M.Fire spread prediction in shrub fuels in Portugal[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2001,144(1):67-74.
[21]TERRIER A,GROOT W J,GIRARDIN M P,et al.Dynamics of moisture content in spruce-feather moss and spruce-sphagnum organic layers during an extreme fire season and implications for future depths of burn in clay belt black spruce forests[J].International Journal of Wildland Fire,2014,23(4):490-502.
[22]REARDON A J,HUNGERFORD R,RYAN K C.Factors affecting sustained smouldering in organic soils from pocosin and pond pinewoodland wetlands[J].International Journal of Wildland Fire,2007,16(7):107-118.
[23]GRANGED A J P,JORDáN A,ZAVALA L M,et al.Short-term effects of experimental fire for a soil under eucalyptus forest (SE Australia)[J].Geoderma,2011,167(8):125-134.
[24]HORTON J S,KRAEBEL C J.Development of vegetation after Fire in the Chamise Chaparral of Southern California[J].Ecology,1955,36(2):244-262.
[25]孙明学,贾炜玮,吴瑶.大兴安岭北部地区林火对土壤化学性质的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2009,37(5):33-35.
[26]WARD D E,HARDY C C.Smoke emissions from wildland fires[J].Environment International,1991,17(2/3):117-134.
[27]KOPPMANN R,VON CZAPIEWSKI K,REID J S.A review of biomass burning emissions:part:igaseous emissions of carbon monoxide,methane,volatile organic compounds,and nitrogen containing compounds[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2005,5(5):10455-10516.
[28]REID J S,KOPPMANN R,ECK T F,et al.A review of biomass burning emissions:part III:intensive optical properties of biomass burning particles[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2005,4(5):827-849.
[29]LANGMANN B,HEIL A.Release and dispersion of vegetation and peat fire emissions in the atmosphere over Indonesia 1997/1998[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2005,4(2):2145-2160.
[30]FERNANDES A P,ALVES C A,GON?ALVES C,et al.Emission factors from residential combustion appliances burning Portuguese biomass fuels[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2011,13(11):3196-3206.
[31]SOARES NETO T G,CARVALHO J■NIOR J A,VERAS C A G,et al.Biomass consumption and CO2,CO and main hydrocarbon gas emissions in an Amazonian forest clearing fire[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(2):438-446.
[32]PAGE S E,SIEGERT F,RIELEY J O,et al.The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997[J].Nature,2002,420(6911):61-65.
[33]UZU G,SOBANSKA S,SARRET G,et al.Foliar lead uptake by lettuce exposed to atmospheric fallouts[J].Environment Science Technology,2010,44(3):1036-1042.
[34]舒立福,王明玉,田晓瑞,等.大兴安岭林区地下火形成火环境研究[J].自然灾害学报,2003,12(4):62-67.
[35]KUSHIDA K.Detection of active wildland fires using multitemporal MODIS images[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2010,7(2):301-305.
[36]杨光,宁吉彬,舒立福,等.黑龙江大兴安岭卫星热点预报森林火灾准确性研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(12):1-9.
[37]贾道祥,刘鹏举,张英凯,等.基于地形匹配的图像烟火定位方法研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2018,40(6):19-29.
[38]TINNER W,HUBSCHMID P,WEHRLI M,et al.Long-term forest fire ecology and dynamics in Southern Switzerland [J].Ecology,1999,87(2):273-289.
[39]GROGNAN P,BNMS T D CHAPIN F S.Fire effects on ecosystem nitrogen cycling in a Californian bishop nine forest[J].Oecoloia,2000,122(41):537-544.
[40]BAMBANG H S,WATANABE H,TAKEDA S.Use of vegetative fuelbreaks in inderstrial forest plantation areas in indonesia[J].Wildfire,1994,12(2):14-16.
[41]邵明珠.大兴安岭五种主要树种燃烧性及阻燃性能研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2016.