黄土高原丘陵沟壑区新造耕地质量评价（英文）
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摘要
In order to better understand the quality of newly created farmland(NF) as well as slope and check-dam farmland(CF) soil quality, two typical traditional farmland areas within the hilly and gully region of Chinese Loess Plateau were selected as controls in this analysis.The results of this study initially reveal that pH values for slope farmland(SF) and CF were significantly lower(P < 0.05) than those for NF and that SF values were always greater than those of their CF counterparts. At the same time, cation exchange capacity(CEC) and soil organic matter(SOM) occurred in the following size-decreasing sequence, i.e., CF, SF, and NF. Data also show that long-term planting has resulted in increases in total nitrogen(N),available N, total phosphorus(P), available P, total potassium(K) and available K and has also enhanced concentrations of soil copper(Cu), zinc(Zn), iron(Fe), and manganese(Mg)as well as soil cadmium(Ca), lead(Pb), chromium(Cr), and mercury(Hg). These latter elements occur in the concentration sequence of SF > CF > NF. Overall, results indicate that long-term planting negatively impacts soil health because of the accumulation of toxic heavy metals. This means that farmland planted over longer timescales needs to lie fallow to enable it to rehabilitate while NF requires the addition of organic matter as well as rotational utilization in order to facilitate the development of green agriculture.
In order to better understand the quality of newly created farmland(NF) as well as slope and check-dam farmland(CF) soil quality, two typical traditional farmland areas within the hilly and gully region of Chinese Loess Plateau were selected as controls in this analysis.The results of this study initially reveal that pH values for slope farmland(SF) and CF were significantly lower(P < 0.05) than those for NF and that SF values were always greater than those of their CF counterparts. At the same time, cation exchange capacity(CEC) and soil organic matter(SOM) occurred in the following size-decreasing sequence, i.e., CF, SF, and NF. Data also show that long-term planting has resulted in increases in total nitrogen(N),available N, total phosphorus(P), available P, total potassium(K) and available K and has also enhanced concentrations of soil copper(Cu), zinc(Zn), iron(Fe), and manganese(Mg)as well as soil cadmium(Ca), lead(Pb), chromium(Cr), and mercury(Hg). These latter elements occur in the concentration sequence of SF > CF > NF. Overall, results indicate that long-term planting negatively impacts soil health because of the accumulation of toxic heavy metals. This means that farmland planted over longer timescales needs to lie fallow to enable it to rehabilitate while NF requires the addition of organic matter as well as rotational utilization in order to facilitate the development of green agriculture.
In order to better understand the quality of newly created farmland(NF) as well as slope and check-dam farmland(CF) soil quality, two typical traditional farmland areas within the hilly and gully region of Chinese Loess Plateau were selected as controls in this analysis.The results of this study initially reveal that pH values for slope farmland(SF) and CF were significantly lower(P < 0.05) than those for NF and that SF values were always greater than those of their CF counterparts. At the same time, cation exchange capacity(CEC) and soil organic matter(SOM) occurred in the following size-decreasing sequence, i.e., CF, SF, and NF. Data also show that long-term planting has resulted in increases in total nitrogen(N),available N, total phosphorus(P), available P, total potassium(K) and available K and has also enhanced concentrations of soil copper(Cu), zinc(Zn), iron(Fe), and manganese(Mg)as well as soil cadmium(Ca), lead(Pb), chromium(Cr), and mercury(Hg). These latter elements occur in the concentration sequence of SF > CF > NF. Overall, results indicate that long-term planting negatively impacts soil health because of the accumulation of toxic heavy metals. This means that farmland planted over longer timescales needs to lie fallow to enable it to rehabilitate while NF requires the addition of organic matter as well as rotational utilization in order to facilitate the development of green agriculture.
引文
Aciego Pietri J C,Brookes P C,2008.Relationships between soil pH and microbial properties in a UK arable soil.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,40(7):1856-1861.
Bao S D,2002.Soil Agricultural Chemical Analysis.Beijing:China Agricultural Press(in Chinese)
Bellamy P H,Loveland P J,Bradley R I et al.,2005.Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales1978-2003.Nature,437(7056):245-248.
Berthelsen B O,Steinnes E,Solberg W et al.,1995.Heavy-metal concentrations in plants in relation to atmospheric heavy-metal deposition.Journal of Environmental Quality,24(5):1018-1026.
Brady N C,Buckman H O,1999.The nature and properties of soil.Journal of Range Management,5(6):333.
Brady N C,Weil R R,2002.The Nature and Properties of Soil.13th ed.Springer Netherlands.
Bremner J,Tabatabai M,1972.Use of an ammonia electrode for determination of ammonium in kjeldahl analysis of soils1.Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,3(2):159-165.
Brubaker S C,Jones A J,Lewis D T et al.,1993.Soil properties associated with landscape position.Soil Science Society of America Journal,57(1):235-239.
Caravaca F,Lax A,Albaladejo J,1999.Organic matter,nutrient contents and cation exchange capacity in fine fractions from semiarid calcareous soils.Geoderma,93(4):161-176.
Chen H M,Zheng C R,Tu C et al.,1999.Heavy metal pollution in soils in china:Status and countermeasures.Ambio,28(2):130-134.
Chen Y,Wang K,Lin Y et al.,2015.Balancing green and grain trade.Nature Geoscience,8(10):739-741.
He C X,2015.The situation,characteristics and effect of the gully reclamation project in Yan’an.Journal of Earth Environment,6(4):255-260.
Dong J,Yang Q W,Sun L N et al.,2011.Assessing the concentration and potential dietary risk of heavy metals in vegetables at a Pb/Zn mine site,China.Environmental Earth Sciences,64(5):1317-1321.
Facchinelli A,Sacchi E,Mallen L,2001.Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils.Environmental Pollution,114(3):313-324.
Gray C,McLaren R,Roberts A,2003.Atmospheric accessions of heavy metals to some New Zealand pastoral soils.The Science of The Total Environment,305(1-3):105-115.
Guo Z Y,1992.Soil of Shaanxi.Beijing:Science Press(in Chinese).
Huang S S,Liao Q L,Hua M et al.,2007.Survey of heavy metal pollution and assessment of agricultural soil in Yangzhong District,Jiangsu Province,China.Chemosphere,67(11):2148-2155.
Islam A,Edwards D G,Asher C J,1980.pH optima for crop growth:Results of a flowing solution culture experiment with 6 species.Plant and Soil,54(3):339-357.
Jackson M L,1969.Soil Chemical Analysis:Advanced Course.University of Wisconsin,Madison,Wisconsin.
Kalavrouziotis I K,Robolas P,Koukoulakis P H et al.,2008.Effects of municipal reclaimed wastewater on the macro-and micro-elements status of soil and of brassica oleracea var.Italica,and b-oleracea var.Gemmifera.Agricultural Water Management,95(4):419-426.
Li J W,Richter D D,Mendoza A et al.,2010.Effects of land-use history on soil spatial heterogeneity of macroand trace elements in the southern piedmont USA.Geoderma,156(2):60-73.
Lindsay W L,Norvell W A,1978.Development of a dtpa soil test for zinc,iron,manganese,and copper.Soil Science Society of America Journal,42(3):421-428.
Liu Q,Wang Y,Zhang J et al.,2013.Filling gullies to create farmland on the Loess Plateau.Environmental Science&Technology,47(14):7589-7590.
Liu Y S,Guo Y J,Li Y R et al.,2015.GIS-based effect assessment of soil erosion before and after gully land consolidation:A case study of Wangjiagou project region,Loess Plateau.Chinese Geographical Science,25(2):137-146.
Lu R K.2000.Soil Analytical Methods of Agronomic Chemicals.Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press(in Chinese).
Lu Y,Fu B,Feng X et al.,2012.A policy-driven large scale ecological restoration:Quantifying ecosystem services changes in the Loess Plateau of China.PLoS One,7(2):31782.
Macdonald C A,Thomas N,Robinson L et al.,2009.Physiological,biochemical and molecular responses of the soil microbial community after afforestation of pastures with Pinus radiata.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,41(8):1642-1651.
Mengel K,Uhlenbecker K,1993.Determination of available interlayer potassium and its uptake by ryegrass.Soil Science Society of America Journal,57(3):761-766.
Murphy J,Riley J P,1962.A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters.Analytica Chimica Acta,27:31-36.
Nabulo G,Young S D,Black C R,2010.Assessing risk to human health from tropical leafy vegetables grown on contaminated urban soils.Science of the Total Environment,408(22):5338-5351.
Olsen S,Sommers L,1982.Methods of soil analysis.Part 2:Phosphorus methods of soil analysis.ASA Monograph,9:403-430.
Qiu L P,Zhang X C,Cheng J M et al.,2010.Effects of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia)on soil properties in the loessial gully region of the Loess Plateau,China.Plant and Soil,332(2):207-217.
Richardson A E,Hocking P J,Simpson R J et al.,2009.Plant mechanisms to optimise access to soil phosphorus.Crop&Pasture Science,60(2):124-143.
Sillanp??,M,1982.Micronutrients and the nutrient status of soils:A global study.Soils Bulletin 48,FAO,Rome.
Sillanp??,M,1990.Micronutrient assessment at country level:An international study.Soils Bulletin No.63,FAO,Rome.
Solgi E,Esmailisari A,Riyahibakhtiari A et al.,2012.Soil contamination of metals in the three industrial estates,Arak,Iran.Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,88(4):634-638.
Sundara B,Natarajan V,Hari K,2002.Influence of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria on the changes in soil available phosphorus and sugarcane and sugar yields.Field Crops Research,77(1):43-49.
Tang K L,Zhang K L,Lei A L,1998.Critical slope gradient for compulsory abandonment of farmland on the hilly Loess Plateau.Chinese Science Bulletin,43(5):409-412.
Teng Y,Wu J,Lu S et al.,2014.Soil and soil environmental quality monitoring in China:A review.Environ.Int.,69:177-199.
Tripler C E,Kaushal S S,Likens G E et al.,2006.Patterns in potassium dynamics in forest ecosystems.Ecology Letters,9(4):451-466.
Von Oheimb G,Hardtle W,Naumann P S et al.,2008.Long-term effects of historical heathland farming on soil properties of forest ecosystems.Forest Ecology and Management,255(6):1984-1993.
Wang F,Mu X,Li R et al.,2015.Co-evolution of soil and water conservation policy and human-environment linkages in the Yellow River Basin since 1949.Science of the Total Environment,508:166-177.
Wang Q,Dong Y,Cui Y et al.,2001.Instances of soil and crop heavy metal contamination in China.Soil and Sediment Contamination:An International Journal,10(5):497-510.
Wang X,Tang C,Baldock J A et al.,2015.Long-term effect of lime application on the chemical composition of soil organic carbon in acid soils varying in texture and liming history.Biology and Fertility of Soils,52(3):295-306.
Wang Y,Fu B,Chen L et al.,2011.Check dam in the Loess Plateau of China:Engineering for environmental services and food security.Environ.Sci.Technol.,45(24):10298-10299.
White J G,Zasoski R J,1999.Mapping soil micronutrients.Field Crops Research,60(1):11-26.
Xue Chengze,Xiao Ling,Wu Qianfeng et al.,1986.Study on the background value of ten elements in the main agricultural soil of Shaanxi Province.Journal of Northwest Sci-tech University of Agriculture and Forestry(Natural Science Edition),14(3):30-53(in Chinese).
Yeomans J C,Bremner J M,1988.A rapid and precise method for routine determination of organic carbon in soil1.Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,19(13):1467-1476.
Zhang B Q,He C S,Burnham M et al.,2016.Evaluating the coupling effects of climate aridity and vegetation restoration on soil erosion over the Loess Plateau in China.Science of the Total Environment,539:436-449.
Zheng Y J,Chen Y P,Maltby L et al.,2016.Highway increases concentrations of toxic metals in giant panda habitat.Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.Int.,23(21):21262-21272.
Zhou Z S,Zheng S Q,Wu P T et al.,1997.The study on anti-scourability of soil in Loess Plateau.Research of Soil&Water Conservation,4(5):47-58(in Chinese).
Bao S D,2002.Soil Agricultural Chemical Analysis.Beijing:China Agricultural Press(in Chinese)
Bellamy P H,Loveland P J,Bradley R I et al.,2005.Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales1978-2003.Nature,437(7056):245-248.
Berthelsen B O,Steinnes E,Solberg W et al.,1995.Heavy-metal concentrations in plants in relation to atmospheric heavy-metal deposition.Journal of Environmental Quality,24(5):1018-1026.
Brady N C,Buckman H O,1999.The nature and properties of soil.Journal of Range Management,5(6):333.
Brady N C,Weil R R,2002.The Nature and Properties of Soil.13th ed.Springer Netherlands.
Bremner J,Tabatabai M,1972.Use of an ammonia electrode for determination of ammonium in kjeldahl analysis of soils1.Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,3(2):159-165.
Brubaker S C,Jones A J,Lewis D T et al.,1993.Soil properties associated with landscape position.Soil Science Society of America Journal,57(1):235-239.
Caravaca F,Lax A,Albaladejo J,1999.Organic matter,nutrient contents and cation exchange capacity in fine fractions from semiarid calcareous soils.Geoderma,93(4):161-176.
Chen H M,Zheng C R,Tu C et al.,1999.Heavy metal pollution in soils in china:Status and countermeasures.Ambio,28(2):130-134.
Chen Y,Wang K,Lin Y et al.,2015.Balancing green and grain trade.Nature Geoscience,8(10):739-741.
He C X,2015.The situation,characteristics and effect of the gully reclamation project in Yan’an.Journal of Earth Environment,6(4):255-260.
Dong J,Yang Q W,Sun L N et al.,2011.Assessing the concentration and potential dietary risk of heavy metals in vegetables at a Pb/Zn mine site,China.Environmental Earth Sciences,64(5):1317-1321.
Facchinelli A,Sacchi E,Mallen L,2001.Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils.Environmental Pollution,114(3):313-324.
Gray C,McLaren R,Roberts A,2003.Atmospheric accessions of heavy metals to some New Zealand pastoral soils.The Science of The Total Environment,305(1-3):105-115.
Guo Z Y,1992.Soil of Shaanxi.Beijing:Science Press(in Chinese).
Huang S S,Liao Q L,Hua M et al.,2007.Survey of heavy metal pollution and assessment of agricultural soil in Yangzhong District,Jiangsu Province,China.Chemosphere,67(11):2148-2155.
Islam A,Edwards D G,Asher C J,1980.pH optima for crop growth:Results of a flowing solution culture experiment with 6 species.Plant and Soil,54(3):339-357.
Jackson M L,1969.Soil Chemical Analysis:Advanced Course.University of Wisconsin,Madison,Wisconsin.
Kalavrouziotis I K,Robolas P,Koukoulakis P H et al.,2008.Effects of municipal reclaimed wastewater on the macro-and micro-elements status of soil and of brassica oleracea var.Italica,and b-oleracea var.Gemmifera.Agricultural Water Management,95(4):419-426.
Li J W,Richter D D,Mendoza A et al.,2010.Effects of land-use history on soil spatial heterogeneity of macroand trace elements in the southern piedmont USA.Geoderma,156(2):60-73.
Lindsay W L,Norvell W A,1978.Development of a dtpa soil test for zinc,iron,manganese,and copper.Soil Science Society of America Journal,42(3):421-428.
Liu Q,Wang Y,Zhang J et al.,2013.Filling gullies to create farmland on the Loess Plateau.Environmental Science&Technology,47(14):7589-7590.
Liu Y S,Guo Y J,Li Y R et al.,2015.GIS-based effect assessment of soil erosion before and after gully land consolidation:A case study of Wangjiagou project region,Loess Plateau.Chinese Geographical Science,25(2):137-146.
Lu R K.2000.Soil Analytical Methods of Agronomic Chemicals.Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press(in Chinese).
Lu Y,Fu B,Feng X et al.,2012.A policy-driven large scale ecological restoration:Quantifying ecosystem services changes in the Loess Plateau of China.PLoS One,7(2):31782.
Macdonald C A,Thomas N,Robinson L et al.,2009.Physiological,biochemical and molecular responses of the soil microbial community after afforestation of pastures with Pinus radiata.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,41(8):1642-1651.
Mengel K,Uhlenbecker K,1993.Determination of available interlayer potassium and its uptake by ryegrass.Soil Science Society of America Journal,57(3):761-766.
Murphy J,Riley J P,1962.A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters.Analytica Chimica Acta,27:31-36.
Nabulo G,Young S D,Black C R,2010.Assessing risk to human health from tropical leafy vegetables grown on contaminated urban soils.Science of the Total Environment,408(22):5338-5351.
Olsen S,Sommers L,1982.Methods of soil analysis.Part 2:Phosphorus methods of soil analysis.ASA Monograph,9:403-430.
Qiu L P,Zhang X C,Cheng J M et al.,2010.Effects of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia)on soil properties in the loessial gully region of the Loess Plateau,China.Plant and Soil,332(2):207-217.
Richardson A E,Hocking P J,Simpson R J et al.,2009.Plant mechanisms to optimise access to soil phosphorus.Crop&Pasture Science,60(2):124-143.
Sillanp??,M,1982.Micronutrients and the nutrient status of soils:A global study.Soils Bulletin 48,FAO,Rome.
Sillanp??,M,1990.Micronutrient assessment at country level:An international study.Soils Bulletin No.63,FAO,Rome.
Solgi E,Esmailisari A,Riyahibakhtiari A et al.,2012.Soil contamination of metals in the three industrial estates,Arak,Iran.Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,88(4):634-638.
Sundara B,Natarajan V,Hari K,2002.Influence of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria on the changes in soil available phosphorus and sugarcane and sugar yields.Field Crops Research,77(1):43-49.
Tang K L,Zhang K L,Lei A L,1998.Critical slope gradient for compulsory abandonment of farmland on the hilly Loess Plateau.Chinese Science Bulletin,43(5):409-412.
Teng Y,Wu J,Lu S et al.,2014.Soil and soil environmental quality monitoring in China:A review.Environ.Int.,69:177-199.
Tripler C E,Kaushal S S,Likens G E et al.,2006.Patterns in potassium dynamics in forest ecosystems.Ecology Letters,9(4):451-466.
Von Oheimb G,Hardtle W,Naumann P S et al.,2008.Long-term effects of historical heathland farming on soil properties of forest ecosystems.Forest Ecology and Management,255(6):1984-1993.
Wang F,Mu X,Li R et al.,2015.Co-evolution of soil and water conservation policy and human-environment linkages in the Yellow River Basin since 1949.Science of the Total Environment,508:166-177.
Wang Q,Dong Y,Cui Y et al.,2001.Instances of soil and crop heavy metal contamination in China.Soil and Sediment Contamination:An International Journal,10(5):497-510.
Wang X,Tang C,Baldock J A et al.,2015.Long-term effect of lime application on the chemical composition of soil organic carbon in acid soils varying in texture and liming history.Biology and Fertility of Soils,52(3):295-306.
Wang Y,Fu B,Chen L et al.,2011.Check dam in the Loess Plateau of China:Engineering for environmental services and food security.Environ.Sci.Technol.,45(24):10298-10299.
White J G,Zasoski R J,1999.Mapping soil micronutrients.Field Crops Research,60(1):11-26.
Xue Chengze,Xiao Ling,Wu Qianfeng et al.,1986.Study on the background value of ten elements in the main agricultural soil of Shaanxi Province.Journal of Northwest Sci-tech University of Agriculture and Forestry(Natural Science Edition),14(3):30-53(in Chinese).
Yeomans J C,Bremner J M,1988.A rapid and precise method for routine determination of organic carbon in soil1.Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,19(13):1467-1476.
Zhang B Q,He C S,Burnham M et al.,2016.Evaluating the coupling effects of climate aridity and vegetation restoration on soil erosion over the Loess Plateau in China.Science of the Total Environment,539:436-449.
Zheng Y J,Chen Y P,Maltby L et al.,2016.Highway increases concentrations of toxic metals in giant panda habitat.Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.Int.,23(21):21262-21272.
Zhou Z S,Zheng S Q,Wu P T et al.,1997.The study on anti-scourability of soil in Loess Plateau.Research of Soil&Water Conservation,4(5):47-58(in Chinese).