致命的球赛与罗马法之继受
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摘要
在古罗马典籍《学说汇纂》的一段法言中,法学家乌尔比安记载了一场由理发产生的血案:如果众人玩球,其中一人使劲地把球掷在一个理发师的手上,而后者恰巧正给一个奴隶剃须,结果该奴隶的喉咙被用着的剃刀割开,谁该为奴隶的死亡负责?我们可以在古罗马法规《阿奎流斯法》中寻找答案。阿奎流斯法责任要成立,需要满足三个逐渐发展而来之要件:损害、因果关系与不法性。罗马法学家在发展出这些构成要件之同时,也归纳了一些抗辩事由。在致命的球赛中,原告如果因自身过错引发损害,他自身也无法得到任何赔偿。《阿奎流斯法》不仅是今天欧洲大陆侵权法之源头,甚至也影响了普通法。侵权责任是形塑了西方法律文明的罗马法传统之基本组成部件之一。在今天的世界,人们仍然面临着侵权案件中谁是责任承担者的问题。在20世纪,中国开始了罗马法的继受,罗马法也成为中国的私法法典化之基础。从对《学说汇纂》法言的分析中,我们可以更好地理解为何中国学者会把罗马法当作一个向导,也才能知道,只有叩响罗马法之门,法律思维能力才可以在改进和创造一个国家的实证法时发挥作用。
The barber-case has been described by Ulpian in a passage of the Digest:if some persons were playing ball and one of them,hitting the ball quite hard,knocked it against a barber's hands,and in this way the throat of a slave,whom the barber was shaving,was cut by a razor pressed against it,who is liable for the death of the slave?We have to search for the answer in a Roman statute,the Lex Aquilia.Three circumstances of the Lex Aquilia's liability have to be cumulative given:damage,causality and unlawfully.If there is a reason of justification,the liability of the tortfeasor ceased due to the lack of unlawfulness.In the fatal ballgame,the plaintiff recovers nothing if he was in any way at fault for causing the loss.This Roman statute,the lex Aquilia,is today the basis of tort law not only in continental Europe,but even in common law.The liability for tort is one of the fundamental ingredients coming from the Roman tradition which have shaped the Western tradition of law.The question who is liable in case of tort is today quite the same today everywhere in the world.The reception of Roman law has taken place in China in the twentieth century.Roman law is the basis for the codification in private law.From the analyse of the passage form the Digest we can better understand why Chinese scholars look at the Roman law as a guide and know that it is only knocking at the door of Roman law that the legal thinking can improve and create a pragmatical law for the nation.
The barber-case has been described by Ulpian in a passage of the Digest:if some persons were playing ball and one of them,hitting the ball quite hard,knocked it against a barber's hands,and in this way the throat of a slave,whom the barber was shaving,was cut by a razor pressed against it,who is liable for the death of the slave?We have to search for the answer in a Roman statute,the Lex Aquilia.Three circumstances of the Lex Aquilia's liability have to be cumulative given:damage,causality and unlawfully.If there is a reason of justification,the liability of the tortfeasor ceased due to the lack of unlawfulness.In the fatal ballgame,the plaintiff recovers nothing if he was in any way at fault for causing the loss.This Roman statute,the lex Aquilia,is today the basis of tort law not only in continental Europe,but even in common law.The liability for tort is one of the fundamental ingredients coming from the Roman tradition which have shaped the Western tradition of law.The question who is liable in case of tort is today quite the same today everywhere in the world.The reception of Roman law has taken place in China in the twentieth century.Roman law is the basis for the codification in private law.From the analyse of the passage form the Digest we can better understand why Chinese scholars look at the Roman law as a guide and know that it is only knocking at the door of Roman law that the legal thinking can improve and create a pragmatical law for the nation.
引文
[1]A.WACKE,Unflle bei Sport und Spiel nach r9mischem und geltendem Recht,Stadion 3,1978/9.
[2]MARQUARDT,Das Privatleben der R9mer,II,1886.
[3]C.J.H.JANSEN,Mitverschuden:einige Betrachtungenüber D.9,2,11pr.,in Viva vox Iuris Romani.Essays in honour of J.E.Spruit,Hrsg.L.De Ligt-J.de Ruiter-E Slob-J.M.Tevel-M van de Vrugt-L.C.Winkel,Amsterdam 2002.
[4]I.Fargnoli,Die geschnittene Kehle,in Festschrift Winkel,2014.
[5]CH.WOLLSCHLGER,Eigenes Verschulden des Verletzten,in ZSS 93,1976.
[6]E.VALINO,Acciones pretorias complementarias de la accion civil de la ley Aquilia,1973.
[7]B.ALBANESE,Studi sulla legge Aquilia,in Annali Palermo 21,1950.
[8]G.WESENER,Actiones ad exemplum,in ZSS 7 5,1958.
[9]W.SELB,Actiones in factum und Formeltechnik,in Festschrift Demelius,1973.
[10]G.BESELER,Romanistische Studien,in ZSS 50,1930.
[11]U.LBTOW,Untersuchungen zur Lex Aquilia de damno iniuria dato,Berlin 1971.
[12]H.HAUSMANINGER,Das Schadenersatzrecht der lex Aquilia,2.Aufl.,Wien 1980.
[13]F.Schulz,Principles of Roman law,Oxford 1936.
[14]LIANG HUIXING(a cura di),Pre-Progetto di Codice Civile per la Repubblica Popolare della Cina,Pechino,2003.
[15]WANG LIMING(a cura di),Pre-Progetto di Codice Civile per la Repubblica Popolare della Cina spiegato articolo per articolo,Pechino,2005.
[16]XU GUODONG(a cura di),Il progetto di codice civile verde,Pechino,2004.
[1]《学说汇纂》是《市民法大全》(Corpus Iuris Civilis)的组成部分之一。通过《学说汇纂》,记载了罗马古典私法的原始文献得以流传至今,成为后世欧洲文明之一大源头。
[2]法言的英文翻译可见于B.Frier,A casebook on the Roman law of delict,Atlanta 1989,93。
[3]A.WACKE,Unfalle bei Sport und Spiel nach romischem und geltendem Recht,Stadion 3,1978/9,13.
[4]通常,罗马的理发师也习惯在店外工作,参见S.MARQUARDT,Das Privatleben der R()mer,Ⅱ,1886,604。
[5]C.J.H.JANSEN,Mitverschuden:einige Betrachtungen(ü)ber D.9,2,11 pr.,in Viva vox luris Romani.Essays in honour of J.E.Spruit,Hrsg.L.De Ligt-J.de Ruiter-E Slob-J.M.Tevel-M van de Vrugt-L.C.Winkel,Amsterdam 2002,10 4.Bei Trigon bildeten drei Spieler durch ihre Aufstellung ein gleichseitiges Dreieck und spielten mit mehreren Ballen.Weitere Personen hoben die Balle jeweils wieler auf und zahlten die Punkte,da sich die drei Spieler wahrend des Spiels nicht von der Stellebewegen sollten.Die Spieler warfen sich die Balle gegen seitig zu,wo durch man oft mehrere Balle auf einmal fangen sollte.Die genauen Spielregelns in dabernicht bekannt,dazu s.G.Racke,Trigon,in PW 7a,1 9 3 9,Neudruck 1 9 74,13 8.Anders f(u|¨)r die Moglichkeit,dass der Ball mit einem Stock geschlagen wurde,s.R.Knutel,Zu den Gleichnissen des Art.14 6 der Peinlichen Gerichts ordnung Kaiser Karls V,in Festschrift fur G.Kleinheyer zum 7 0.Geburtstag,Hrg.F.Dorn-J.Schroder,Heidelberg?,3 5 5.
[6]Dass sie aus Stofflappen bestanden und mit Haaren oder Federn gestopft waren,behauptet MARQUARDT,Das Privatleben der Romer,84 1 ff.
[7]JANSEN,Mitverschulden,10 5.
[8]“可惜,(这个法言)并没有告诉我们,法比乌斯·梅拉对他所说的案件是如何裁决的。”so Knutel,Zu den Gleichnissen,355.
[9]I.Fargnoli,Die geschnittene Kehle,in Festschrift Winkel,2014,in drafts.
[10]CH WOLLSCHLAGER,Eigenes Verschulden des Verletzten,in ZSS 93,1976,132.
[11]WOLLSCHLAGER,Eigenes Verschulden des Verletzten,132.
[12]WOLLSCHLAGER,Eigenes Verschulden des Verletzten,132.
[13]WOLLSCHLAGER,EigenesVerschulden des Verletzten,132.
[14]此处,并不清楚诉讼程序为法律审(statutory)还是事实审(in factum),参见Kunkel,Exegetische Studien,178。如果是事实审,则须遵循阿奎流斯法之诉(actio legis Aquiliae)的程式,参见E.VALINO,Acciones pretoriascom plementarias de la accion civil de la ley Aquilia,1973;B.ALBANESE,Studi sulla legge Aquilia,in Annali Palermo 2 1,1 9 5 0,5 ff.;G.WESENER,Actiones ad exemplum,in ZSS 75,1958,2 2 7 und Idem,Utiles actiones in factum,in Studi Betti,4,1962,4 9 3ff.;W.SELB,Actiones in factum und Formeltechnik,in Festschrift Demelius,1973,223 ff.。
[15]重要的文本评注,可参见G.ROTONDI,Dalla lex Aquilia all'art.1151 Cod.Civ.Ricerche storicodogmatiche,in cur.E.ALBERTARIO,G.ROTONDI,Studii sul diritto romano delle obbligazioni,4 8 7 s.;G.BESELER,Romanistische Studien,in ZSS 50,1930,31;U.LUBTOW,Untersuchungen zur Lex Aquilia de damno iniuria dato,Berlin 1 9 7 1,1 0 7 n.104。
[16]WOLLSCHLAGER,Eigenes Verschulden des Verletzten,133,H.H AUSMANINGER,Das Schadenersatzrecht der lex Aquilia,2.Aufl.,Wien 1980,28.
[17]KNUTEL,Zu den Gleichnissen,356.
[18]译者注:也可翻译为共同过失、与有过失、比较过错。
[19]Frier,94.
[20]如《法国民法典》(Code civil)第1 382条、《奥地利普通民法典》(ABGB)第1295条、《瑞士债务法》((OR)第41条、《意大利民法典》(Codice Civile)第2043条。
[21]Frier,94.
[22]同上。
[23]《奥地利普通民法典》(ABGB)第1304条规定:“如果受害人一方对于损害的产生也具有过错,则受害人应当与加害人按比例分担损害;如果该比例无法确定,应当以同等的份额分担损害。”(译者注:法条译文取自《奥地利普通民法典》(2012年7月25日修改),周友军、杨垠红译,清华大学出版社2013年版,第214页。)
[24]《瑞士债务法》((OR)第44条第1款规定:“损害行为是实施为被害人所同意者,或者损害的发生或加重系因可归责于被害人的事由所致者,或者有其他因素加重赔偿义务人之责任者,法院得减轻或免除赔偿义务。”(译者注:法条译文取自《瑞士债务法》,戴永盛译,中国政法大学出版社2016年版,第19页。)
[25]《德国民法典》(BGB)第254条第1款规定:“损害之发生被害人与有过失者,赔偿义务及赔偿之范围,应按具体情事而定,即如斟酌损害在何种程度系主要由一方或他方所引起者。”(译者注:法条译文取自《德国民法(上)总则编、债编、物权编》,台湾大学法律学院、财团法人台大法学基金会编译,元照出版有限公司2016年版,第269页。)
[26]《意大利民法典》(Codice Civile)第1 22 7条规定:“如果债权人的过失行为导致损害发生,将根据过失的程度及其引起后果的严重程度减少赔偿额。对于债权人只要尽勤谨注意即可避免的损失不予赔偿。”(译者注:法条译文取自《意大利民法典》,费安玲、丁玫译,中国政法大学出版社1997年版,第337页。)
[27]HKK§2 54,Rn.2 4ff.S.auch K.LUIG,Uberwiegendes Mitverschulden,in:Ius Commune 2(1969),S.2 32,insb.S.235.
[28]现代司法体制也受到了罗马法深刻影响,因此,在此维度理解它们之间的特殊性与差异性亦是有益的。有关法律史之于比较法和比较法之于法律史相互上的支撑与重要性,可参见J.Gordley,Comparative Law and Legal History,in THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF COMPARATIVE LAW 745 sq.(M.Reimann&R.Zimmermann eds.,2 006)。
[29]P.Stein,ROMAN LAW IN THE EUROPEAN HISTORY l(7th ed.2003).
[30]F.Schulz,Principles of Roman law,Oxford 1936,20 s.
[31]I.Fargnoli&St.Rebenich,Einleitung,in DAS VERMACHTNIS DER ROMER ROMISCHES RECHT UND EUROPA 8(I.Fargnoli&St.Rebenich eds.,2012).
[32]Padoa-Schioppa,Towards a Globalization,354 and also Idem,STORIA DEL DIRITTO IN EUROPA(2007).也可参见G.Hamza,DIE ENTWICKLUNG DES PRIVATRECHTS AUF R(O|¨)MISCHRECHTLICHER GRUNDLAGE UNTER BESONDERER BERUCKSICHTIGUNG DER RECHTSENTWI-CKILUNG IN DEUTSCHAALND,(O|¨)STERREICH,DER SCHWEIZ UND UNGARN,I 29 sqq.(2002)。
[33]D.E.Ho&L.Kramer,Introduction:the Empirical Revolution of Law,6 5 ST AN.L.REV.1195 sqq.(2013).
[34]P.Stein,Roman law,Common law,and Civil law,66 TULANE LAW REVIEW 1591 sqq.(1991—1992).
[35]F.Pringsheim,The inner Relationship between English and Roman Law,5 THE CAMBRIDGE LAW JOURNAL 34 7 sqq.(1 9 3 5),now in GESAMMELTE ABHANDLUNGEN 1 76 sqq.(1961);H.Peter,ROMISCHES RECHT UND ENGLISCHES RECHT(1969);Buckland&McNair,ROMAN LAW AND COMMON LAW passim;P.Stein,ROMAN LAW AND ENGLISH JURISPRUDENCE YESTERDAY AND TODAY.AN INAUGURAL LECTURE 3 sqq.(1 9 6 9);Idem,Logic and Experience in Roman and Common Law,5 9 BOSTON UNIVERSITY LAW REVUE 437 sqq.(1 979)=in THE CHARACTER AND INFLUENCE OF ROMAN LAW.HISTORICAL ESSAYS 37 sqq.(1988);Idem,The Influence of Roman Law on the Law of Scotland,7 5 JURIDICAL REVUE 2 0 5 sqq.(1 9 6 3)=THE CHARACTER AND INFLUENCE OF ROMAN LAW.HISTORICAL ESSAYS 319 sqq.(1 9 8 8);A.Watson,Roman law and English law:Two Patterns of Legal Development,3 6 LOYOLA LAW REVUE2 4 7 sqq.(1 9 9 0);O.Stranojevic,Roman Law and Common Law-A different Point of View,3 6 LOYOLA LAW REVUE 269 sqq.(1 9 90);R.Zimmermann,Der europaische Charakter des englischen Rechts-Historische Verbindungen zwischen civil law und common law,1 ZEITSCHRIFT FUR EUROPAISCHES PRIVATRECHT 1 sqq.(1 9 9 3);Idem,Savigny's Legacy:Legal History,Comparative Law,and the Emergence of a European Legal Science,112 LAW QUARTERLY REVIEW,579(1994);Idem,Roman Law and the Harmonization of Private Law in Europe,in TOWARDS A EUROPEAN CIVIL CODE 4 2 sqq.(A.S.Hartkamp et al.eds.,4th ed.2011);从文明与法律体系视角出发进行的开拓性质的历史——比较学的研究,可参见H.S.Maine,Ancient Law.ITS CONNECTION WITH THE EARLY HISTORY OF SOCIETY,AND ITS RELATION TO MODERN IDEAS(1864)。
[36]Samuel,LAW OF OBLIGATIONS 52 6.
[37]Stein,Roman law,Common law,1592.
[38]Buckland&McNair,ROMAN LAW 6.
[39]Buckland&McNair,ROMAN LAW 9.
[40]Stein,Roman law,common law,1591 sq.
[41]颇为有趣的是对永久告示(edictum perpetuum)与令状(writs)之比较,参见H.Peter,ACTION UND WRIT.EINE RECHTSVERGLEICHENDE DARSTELLUNG ROMISCHER UND ENGLISCHER RECHTSBEHELFE(1957)。
[42]H.S.Maine,Dissertations on Early Law and Custom:chiefly selected from Lectures delivered in Oxford 389(1883).
[43]Stein,Roman law,Common law,1592.
[44]P.Stein,LEGAAL INSTITUTIONS.THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 27sqq.,32 sqq.(1984).
[45]Stein,Roman law,Common law,1 5 9 3.
[46]Buckland&McNair,ROMAN LAW AND COMMON ILAW xvi.
[47]就此,可以特别参见Pringsheim,The inner Relationship,第76-90页的梳理。
[48]F.Pollock&.F.W.Maitland,THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH LAW BEFORE THE TIME OF EDWARD I,VOL.Ⅱ585(1898)[repr.Indianapolis 2010];see also Zweigert&Kotz,AN INTRODUCTION 186.
[49]P.Miller ed.,THE LEGAL MIND OF AMERICA:FROM INDEPENDENCE TO THE CIVIIL WAR 206 sq.(1961);see about that Stein,Roman law and English jurisprudence,4.
[50]但是对于来自中国的丝绸,罗马人并不陌生。我们可参见塔西佗的《编年史》(Tac.Ann.,2.33)有关禁止穿戴丝绸的记载,也可参见Sen.,Benef.,7.9.5。这些原始文献收录于S.Schipani,Diritto romano in Cina,inⅫsecolo.Norme e idee,Enciclopedia Treccani,2009,1。
[51]均可见于Schipani,Dirittoromano,1 ss.就此之相关论述。
[52]L.Zhang,The codification of civil law in China:history,current situation and prospective,in Studium iuris 2004,8 96;A.Fei,Gli sviluppi storici del diritto cinese dal 1911 fino ad oggi.Lineamenti di una analisi relativa al dirittoprivato,in Roma e America.Dirittoromanocomune,25,2008,e X.Guodong,La secondarecezione del sistema giuridico romanistico in Cina e l'evoluzione dell'insegnamento del diritto romano,in Roma e America.Diritto romano comune 2 0 1 3,in drafts.有关中国民法史之概览,可参见Kong Qing Min/Hu Liu Yan/Sung Ji Ping,History of the civil law in China,Chang Chun 1 9 9 6;Zhang Ju Fang,General history of civil law in China,Fu Zhuo 20 03。
[53]也即“重农抑商”。
[54]Zhang,The codification,8 9 7 s.
[55]Xu,L'insegnamento,7谈到了皮兰杰罗·卡塔拉诺(Pierangelo Catalano)和桑德罗·斯奇巴尼(Sandro Schipani)在其中扮演的关键角色。也可参见L.Formichella/G.Terracina/E.Titi,Diritto cinese e sistema giuridico romanistico,Torino 2005。
[56]参见Schipani,Index 1 9 88;对于1 9 78年至2004年期间中国的罗马法出版物索引,可参见for publications in Roman law in China between 1978 and 2004 see Terracina,Index 2004。
[57]参见LIANG HUIXING(a cura di),Pre-Progetto di Codice Civile per la Repubblica Popolare della Cina,Pechino,2 003。
[58]参见WANG LIMING(a cura di),Pre-Progetto di Codice Civile per la Repubblica Popolare della Cina spiegato articolo per articolo,Pechino,2 00 5。
[59]参见XU GUODONG(a cura di),Il progetto di codice civile verde,Pechino,2004。
[60]Xu,La seconda recezione,drafts.
[61]就此问题对于中国第二次罗马法继受上的重要性,可参见Xu,La secondarecezione,drafts。
[62]Schulz,Principles,7.
[63]Schulz,Principle,2 4.
[64]Schulz,Principle,19 ss.
[65]Xu,L'insegnamento,9.
[66]Schulz,Principles,83 ss.
[67]Schulz,Principles,83 ss.
[68]比如E.Kadens,Contracts.Cases and problems,Chicago,2014,55。
[69]这是霍姆斯1897年1月8日在波士顿大学法学院新大楼落成典礼上的演讲,载Harvard Law Review,10,1897,457,469。[译者注:中译文参考了[美]奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯:“法律的道路”,张千帆、杨春福、黄斌译,《南京大学法律评论》(2000年秋季号),第14页。
[2]MARQUARDT,Das Privatleben der R9mer,II,1886.
[3]C.J.H.JANSEN,Mitverschuden:einige Betrachtungenüber D.9,2,11pr.,in Viva vox Iuris Romani.Essays in honour of J.E.Spruit,Hrsg.L.De Ligt-J.de Ruiter-E Slob-J.M.Tevel-M van de Vrugt-L.C.Winkel,Amsterdam 2002.
[4]I.Fargnoli,Die geschnittene Kehle,in Festschrift Winkel,2014.
[5]CH.WOLLSCHLGER,Eigenes Verschulden des Verletzten,in ZSS 93,1976.
[6]E.VALINO,Acciones pretorias complementarias de la accion civil de la ley Aquilia,1973.
[7]B.ALBANESE,Studi sulla legge Aquilia,in Annali Palermo 21,1950.
[8]G.WESENER,Actiones ad exemplum,in ZSS 7 5,1958.
[9]W.SELB,Actiones in factum und Formeltechnik,in Festschrift Demelius,1973.
[10]G.BESELER,Romanistische Studien,in ZSS 50,1930.
[11]U.LBTOW,Untersuchungen zur Lex Aquilia de damno iniuria dato,Berlin 1971.
[12]H.HAUSMANINGER,Das Schadenersatzrecht der lex Aquilia,2.Aufl.,Wien 1980.
[13]F.Schulz,Principles of Roman law,Oxford 1936.
[14]LIANG HUIXING(a cura di),Pre-Progetto di Codice Civile per la Repubblica Popolare della Cina,Pechino,2003.
[15]WANG LIMING(a cura di),Pre-Progetto di Codice Civile per la Repubblica Popolare della Cina spiegato articolo per articolo,Pechino,2005.
[16]XU GUODONG(a cura di),Il progetto di codice civile verde,Pechino,2004.
[1]《学说汇纂》是《市民法大全》(Corpus Iuris Civilis)的组成部分之一。通过《学说汇纂》,记载了罗马古典私法的原始文献得以流传至今,成为后世欧洲文明之一大源头。
[2]法言的英文翻译可见于B.Frier,A casebook on the Roman law of delict,Atlanta 1989,93。
[3]A.WACKE,Unfalle bei Sport und Spiel nach romischem und geltendem Recht,Stadion 3,1978/9,13.
[4]通常,罗马的理发师也习惯在店外工作,参见S.MARQUARDT,Das Privatleben der R()mer,Ⅱ,1886,604。
[5]C.J.H.JANSEN,Mitverschuden:einige Betrachtungen(ü)ber D.9,2,11 pr.,in Viva vox luris Romani.Essays in honour of J.E.Spruit,Hrsg.L.De Ligt-J.de Ruiter-E Slob-J.M.Tevel-M van de Vrugt-L.C.Winkel,Amsterdam 2002,10 4.Bei Trigon bildeten drei Spieler durch ihre Aufstellung ein gleichseitiges Dreieck und spielten mit mehreren Ballen.Weitere Personen hoben die Balle jeweils wieler auf und zahlten die Punkte,da sich die drei Spieler wahrend des Spiels nicht von der Stellebewegen sollten.Die Spieler warfen sich die Balle gegen seitig zu,wo durch man oft mehrere Balle auf einmal fangen sollte.Die genauen Spielregelns in dabernicht bekannt,dazu s.G.Racke,Trigon,in PW 7a,1 9 3 9,Neudruck 1 9 74,13 8.Anders f(u|¨)r die Moglichkeit,dass der Ball mit einem Stock geschlagen wurde,s.R.Knutel,Zu den Gleichnissen des Art.14 6 der Peinlichen Gerichts ordnung Kaiser Karls V,in Festschrift fur G.Kleinheyer zum 7 0.Geburtstag,Hrg.F.Dorn-J.Schroder,Heidelberg?,3 5 5.
[6]Dass sie aus Stofflappen bestanden und mit Haaren oder Federn gestopft waren,behauptet MARQUARDT,Das Privatleben der Romer,84 1 ff.
[7]JANSEN,Mitverschulden,10 5.
[8]“可惜,(这个法言)并没有告诉我们,法比乌斯·梅拉对他所说的案件是如何裁决的。”so Knutel,Zu den Gleichnissen,355.
[9]I.Fargnoli,Die geschnittene Kehle,in Festschrift Winkel,2014,in drafts.
[10]CH WOLLSCHLAGER,Eigenes Verschulden des Verletzten,in ZSS 93,1976,132.
[11]WOLLSCHLAGER,Eigenes Verschulden des Verletzten,132.
[12]WOLLSCHLAGER,Eigenes Verschulden des Verletzten,132.
[13]WOLLSCHLAGER,EigenesVerschulden des Verletzten,132.
[14]此处,并不清楚诉讼程序为法律审(statutory)还是事实审(in factum),参见Kunkel,Exegetische Studien,178。如果是事实审,则须遵循阿奎流斯法之诉(actio legis Aquiliae)的程式,参见E.VALINO,Acciones pretoriascom plementarias de la accion civil de la ley Aquilia,1973;B.ALBANESE,Studi sulla legge Aquilia,in Annali Palermo 2 1,1 9 5 0,5 ff.;G.WESENER,Actiones ad exemplum,in ZSS 75,1958,2 2 7 und Idem,Utiles actiones in factum,in Studi Betti,4,1962,4 9 3ff.;W.SELB,Actiones in factum und Formeltechnik,in Festschrift Demelius,1973,223 ff.。
[15]重要的文本评注,可参见G.ROTONDI,Dalla lex Aquilia all'art.1151 Cod.Civ.Ricerche storicodogmatiche,in cur.E.ALBERTARIO,G.ROTONDI,Studii sul diritto romano delle obbligazioni,4 8 7 s.;G.BESELER,Romanistische Studien,in ZSS 50,1930,31;U.LUBTOW,Untersuchungen zur Lex Aquilia de damno iniuria dato,Berlin 1 9 7 1,1 0 7 n.104。
[16]WOLLSCHLAGER,Eigenes Verschulden des Verletzten,133,H.H AUSMANINGER,Das Schadenersatzrecht der lex Aquilia,2.Aufl.,Wien 1980,28.
[17]KNUTEL,Zu den Gleichnissen,356.
[18]译者注:也可翻译为共同过失、与有过失、比较过错。
[19]Frier,94.
[20]如《法国民法典》(Code civil)第1 382条、《奥地利普通民法典》(ABGB)第1295条、《瑞士债务法》((OR)第41条、《意大利民法典》(Codice Civile)第2043条。
[21]Frier,94.
[22]同上。
[23]《奥地利普通民法典》(ABGB)第1304条规定:“如果受害人一方对于损害的产生也具有过错,则受害人应当与加害人按比例分担损害;如果该比例无法确定,应当以同等的份额分担损害。”(译者注:法条译文取自《奥地利普通民法典》(2012年7月25日修改),周友军、杨垠红译,清华大学出版社2013年版,第214页。)
[24]《瑞士债务法》((OR)第44条第1款规定:“损害行为是实施为被害人所同意者,或者损害的发生或加重系因可归责于被害人的事由所致者,或者有其他因素加重赔偿义务人之责任者,法院得减轻或免除赔偿义务。”(译者注:法条译文取自《瑞士债务法》,戴永盛译,中国政法大学出版社2016年版,第19页。)
[25]《德国民法典》(BGB)第254条第1款规定:“损害之发生被害人与有过失者,赔偿义务及赔偿之范围,应按具体情事而定,即如斟酌损害在何种程度系主要由一方或他方所引起者。”(译者注:法条译文取自《德国民法(上)总则编、债编、物权编》,台湾大学法律学院、财团法人台大法学基金会编译,元照出版有限公司2016年版,第269页。)
[26]《意大利民法典》(Codice Civile)第1 22 7条规定:“如果债权人的过失行为导致损害发生,将根据过失的程度及其引起后果的严重程度减少赔偿额。对于债权人只要尽勤谨注意即可避免的损失不予赔偿。”(译者注:法条译文取自《意大利民法典》,费安玲、丁玫译,中国政法大学出版社1997年版,第337页。)
[27]HKK§2 54,Rn.2 4ff.S.auch K.LUIG,Uberwiegendes Mitverschulden,in:Ius Commune 2(1969),S.2 32,insb.S.235.
[28]现代司法体制也受到了罗马法深刻影响,因此,在此维度理解它们之间的特殊性与差异性亦是有益的。有关法律史之于比较法和比较法之于法律史相互上的支撑与重要性,可参见J.Gordley,Comparative Law and Legal History,in THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF COMPARATIVE LAW 745 sq.(M.Reimann&R.Zimmermann eds.,2 006)。
[29]P.Stein,ROMAN LAW IN THE EUROPEAN HISTORY l(7th ed.2003).
[30]F.Schulz,Principles of Roman law,Oxford 1936,20 s.
[31]I.Fargnoli&St.Rebenich,Einleitung,in DAS VERMACHTNIS DER ROMER ROMISCHES RECHT UND EUROPA 8(I.Fargnoli&St.Rebenich eds.,2012).
[32]Padoa-Schioppa,Towards a Globalization,354 and also Idem,STORIA DEL DIRITTO IN EUROPA(2007).也可参见G.Hamza,DIE ENTWICKLUNG DES PRIVATRECHTS AUF R(O|¨)MISCHRECHTLICHER GRUNDLAGE UNTER BESONDERER BERUCKSICHTIGUNG DER RECHTSENTWI-CKILUNG IN DEUTSCHAALND,(O|¨)STERREICH,DER SCHWEIZ UND UNGARN,I 29 sqq.(2002)。
[33]D.E.Ho&L.Kramer,Introduction:the Empirical Revolution of Law,6 5 ST AN.L.REV.1195 sqq.(2013).
[34]P.Stein,Roman law,Common law,and Civil law,66 TULANE LAW REVIEW 1591 sqq.(1991—1992).
[35]F.Pringsheim,The inner Relationship between English and Roman Law,5 THE CAMBRIDGE LAW JOURNAL 34 7 sqq.(1 9 3 5),now in GESAMMELTE ABHANDLUNGEN 1 76 sqq.(1961);H.Peter,ROMISCHES RECHT UND ENGLISCHES RECHT(1969);Buckland&McNair,ROMAN LAW AND COMMON LAW passim;P.Stein,ROMAN LAW AND ENGLISH JURISPRUDENCE YESTERDAY AND TODAY.AN INAUGURAL LECTURE 3 sqq.(1 9 6 9);Idem,Logic and Experience in Roman and Common Law,5 9 BOSTON UNIVERSITY LAW REVUE 437 sqq.(1 979)=in THE CHARACTER AND INFLUENCE OF ROMAN LAW.HISTORICAL ESSAYS 37 sqq.(1988);Idem,The Influence of Roman Law on the Law of Scotland,7 5 JURIDICAL REVUE 2 0 5 sqq.(1 9 6 3)=THE CHARACTER AND INFLUENCE OF ROMAN LAW.HISTORICAL ESSAYS 319 sqq.(1 9 8 8);A.Watson,Roman law and English law:Two Patterns of Legal Development,3 6 LOYOLA LAW REVUE2 4 7 sqq.(1 9 9 0);O.Stranojevic,Roman Law and Common Law-A different Point of View,3 6 LOYOLA LAW REVUE 269 sqq.(1 9 90);R.Zimmermann,Der europaische Charakter des englischen Rechts-Historische Verbindungen zwischen civil law und common law,1 ZEITSCHRIFT FUR EUROPAISCHES PRIVATRECHT 1 sqq.(1 9 9 3);Idem,Savigny's Legacy:Legal History,Comparative Law,and the Emergence of a European Legal Science,112 LAW QUARTERLY REVIEW,579(1994);Idem,Roman Law and the Harmonization of Private Law in Europe,in TOWARDS A EUROPEAN CIVIL CODE 4 2 sqq.(A.S.Hartkamp et al.eds.,4th ed.2011);从文明与法律体系视角出发进行的开拓性质的历史——比较学的研究,可参见H.S.Maine,Ancient Law.ITS CONNECTION WITH THE EARLY HISTORY OF SOCIETY,AND ITS RELATION TO MODERN IDEAS(1864)。
[36]Samuel,LAW OF OBLIGATIONS 52 6.
[37]Stein,Roman law,Common law,1592.
[38]Buckland&McNair,ROMAN LAW 6.
[39]Buckland&McNair,ROMAN LAW 9.
[40]Stein,Roman law,common law,1591 sq.
[41]颇为有趣的是对永久告示(edictum perpetuum)与令状(writs)之比较,参见H.Peter,ACTION UND WRIT.EINE RECHTSVERGLEICHENDE DARSTELLUNG ROMISCHER UND ENGLISCHER RECHTSBEHELFE(1957)。
[42]H.S.Maine,Dissertations on Early Law and Custom:chiefly selected from Lectures delivered in Oxford 389(1883).
[43]Stein,Roman law,Common law,1592.
[44]P.Stein,LEGAAL INSTITUTIONS.THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 27sqq.,32 sqq.(1984).
[45]Stein,Roman law,Common law,1 5 9 3.
[46]Buckland&McNair,ROMAN LAW AND COMMON ILAW xvi.
[47]就此,可以特别参见Pringsheim,The inner Relationship,第76-90页的梳理。
[48]F.Pollock&.F.W.Maitland,THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH LAW BEFORE THE TIME OF EDWARD I,VOL.Ⅱ585(1898)[repr.Indianapolis 2010];see also Zweigert&Kotz,AN INTRODUCTION 186.
[49]P.Miller ed.,THE LEGAL MIND OF AMERICA:FROM INDEPENDENCE TO THE CIVIIL WAR 206 sq.(1961);see about that Stein,Roman law and English jurisprudence,4.
[50]但是对于来自中国的丝绸,罗马人并不陌生。我们可参见塔西佗的《编年史》(Tac.Ann.,2.33)有关禁止穿戴丝绸的记载,也可参见Sen.,Benef.,7.9.5。这些原始文献收录于S.Schipani,Diritto romano in Cina,inⅫsecolo.Norme e idee,Enciclopedia Treccani,2009,1。
[51]均可见于Schipani,Dirittoromano,1 ss.就此之相关论述。
[52]L.Zhang,The codification of civil law in China:history,current situation and prospective,in Studium iuris 2004,8 96;A.Fei,Gli sviluppi storici del diritto cinese dal 1911 fino ad oggi.Lineamenti di una analisi relativa al dirittoprivato,in Roma e America.Dirittoromanocomune,25,2008,e X.Guodong,La secondarecezione del sistema giuridico romanistico in Cina e l'evoluzione dell'insegnamento del diritto romano,in Roma e America.Diritto romano comune 2 0 1 3,in drafts.有关中国民法史之概览,可参见Kong Qing Min/Hu Liu Yan/Sung Ji Ping,History of the civil law in China,Chang Chun 1 9 9 6;Zhang Ju Fang,General history of civil law in China,Fu Zhuo 20 03。
[53]也即“重农抑商”。
[54]Zhang,The codification,8 9 7 s.
[55]Xu,L'insegnamento,7谈到了皮兰杰罗·卡塔拉诺(Pierangelo Catalano)和桑德罗·斯奇巴尼(Sandro Schipani)在其中扮演的关键角色。也可参见L.Formichella/G.Terracina/E.Titi,Diritto cinese e sistema giuridico romanistico,Torino 2005。
[56]参见Schipani,Index 1 9 88;对于1 9 78年至2004年期间中国的罗马法出版物索引,可参见for publications in Roman law in China between 1978 and 2004 see Terracina,Index 2004。
[57]参见LIANG HUIXING(a cura di),Pre-Progetto di Codice Civile per la Repubblica Popolare della Cina,Pechino,2 003。
[58]参见WANG LIMING(a cura di),Pre-Progetto di Codice Civile per la Repubblica Popolare della Cina spiegato articolo per articolo,Pechino,2 00 5。
[59]参见XU GUODONG(a cura di),Il progetto di codice civile verde,Pechino,2004。
[60]Xu,La seconda recezione,drafts.
[61]就此问题对于中国第二次罗马法继受上的重要性,可参见Xu,La secondarecezione,drafts。
[62]Schulz,Principles,7.
[63]Schulz,Principle,2 4.
[64]Schulz,Principle,19 ss.
[65]Xu,L'insegnamento,9.
[66]Schulz,Principles,83 ss.
[67]Schulz,Principles,83 ss.
[68]比如E.Kadens,Contracts.Cases and problems,Chicago,2014,55。
[69]这是霍姆斯1897年1月8日在波士顿大学法学院新大楼落成典礼上的演讲,载Harvard Law Review,10,1897,457,469。[译者注:中译文参考了[美]奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯:“法律的道路”,张千帆、杨春福、黄斌译,《南京大学法律评论》(2000年秋季号),第14页。