干旱区绿洲荒漠交错带空间贫困分异特征、减贫需求与扶贫对策研究——以新疆和田地区为例
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摘要
干旱区绿洲荒漠交错带具有自然环境恶劣、社会发展滞后、经济基础薄弱、人口素质较低、贫困现象普遍的显著特征。依据空间贫困理论、GIS空间分析技术和TOPSIS模型,研究了和田地区空间贫困等级、致贫原因及其障碍度指数,并提出了相应的扶贫对策建议。结果表明:(1)和田地区一级贫困区包括和田县(0.528 0)、民丰县(0.466 3);二级贫困区包括皮山县(0.387 1)、于田县(0.378 8)、和田市(0.371 5)、策勒县(0.348 3)、墨玉县(0.325 7);三级贫困区包括洛浦县(0.221 3)。(2)和田地区排序前五的减贫需求包括:生产资料(86.8%)、资金(85.5%)、住房(74.3%)、教育培训(67.0%)和饮水(64.7%)。针对研究区的空间贫困分异特征以及减贫需求,从完善公共基础设施、实施转移就业行动、发展特色优势产业、改善生产生活条件、加大教育培训力度与金融扶持力度等方面提出了相应的对策建议。
The oasis and desert ecotone in arid area has the characteristics of bad natural environment,lagged social development,weak economic base,low population quality and widespread poverty.According to the theory of space poverty,GIS spatial analysis technology and TOPSIS model,this paper studies the spatial poverty grade,causes of poverty and its obstacle index in Hotan Prefecture,Xinjiang,China,and puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions for poverty alleviation.The results show as follows:(1) the first-level poverty areas in Hotan Prefecture include Hotan County(0.528 0) and Minfeng County(0.466 3); the second-level poverty areas include Pishan County(0.387 1),Yutian County(0.378 8),Hotan City(0.371 5),Cele County(0.348 3),Moyu County(0.325 7); the third-level poverty-stricken areas,including Luopu County(0.221 3).(2) The main factors of poverty in Hotan Prefecture are poor natural conditions,lack of infrastructure,lag of people's livelihood,single economic output and high proportion of ethnic minority population.(3) The top five poverty reduction needs in Hotan region include:Means of production(86.8%),funds(85.5%),housing(74.3%),education and training(67.0%),drinking water(64.7%).According to the different characteristics of spatial poverty and the demand of poverty reduction in the research area,the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward from the aspects of improving public infrastructure,implementing the action of transferring employment,developing characteristic advantageous industries,improving production and living conditions,strengthening education and training and financial support.
The oasis and desert ecotone in arid area has the characteristics of bad natural environment,lagged social development,weak economic base,low population quality and widespread poverty.According to the theory of space poverty,GIS spatial analysis technology and TOPSIS model,this paper studies the spatial poverty grade,causes of poverty and its obstacle index in Hotan Prefecture,Xinjiang,China,and puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions for poverty alleviation.The results show as follows:(1) the first-level poverty areas in Hotan Prefecture include Hotan County(0.528 0) and Minfeng County(0.466 3); the second-level poverty areas include Pishan County(0.387 1),Yutian County(0.378 8),Hotan City(0.371 5),Cele County(0.348 3),Moyu County(0.325 7); the third-level poverty-stricken areas,including Luopu County(0.221 3).(2) The main factors of poverty in Hotan Prefecture are poor natural conditions,lack of infrastructure,lag of people's livelihood,single economic output and high proportion of ethnic minority population.(3) The top five poverty reduction needs in Hotan region include:Means of production(86.8%),funds(85.5%),housing(74.3%),education and training(67.0%),drinking water(64.7%).According to the different characteristics of spatial poverty and the demand of poverty reduction in the research area,the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward from the aspects of improving public infrastructure,implementing the action of transferring employment,developing characteristic advantageous industries,improving production and living conditions,strengthening education and training and financial support.
引文
[1] 刘小鹏,苏晓芳,王亚娟,等.空间贫困研究及其对我国贫困地理研究的启示[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(1):144-152.[LIU Xiaopeng,SU Xiaofang,WANG Yajkuan,et al.Review on spatial poverty and deprivation and its enlightenments to poverty geography studies in China[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(1):144-152.]
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[3] 武鹏,李同昇,李卫民.县域农村贫困化空间分异及其影响因素:以陕西山阳县为例[J].地理研究,2018,37(3):593-606.[WU Peng,LI Tongsheng,LI Weimin.Spatial differentiation and influencing factors analysis of rural poverty at county scale:A case study of Shanyang County in Shaanxi Province,China[J].Geographical Research,2018,37(3):593-606.]
[4] 杜国明,关桐桐,李冬梅,等.黑龙江省贫困村空间分布特征[J].经济地理,2018,38(3):149-156.[DU Guoming,GUAN Tongtong,LI dongmei,et al.Spatial distribution of poverty village in Heilongjiang Province[J].Economic Geography,2018,38(3):149-156.]
[5] 周蕾,熊礼阳,王一晴,等.中国贫困县空间格局与地形的空间耦合关系[J].经济地理,2017,37(10):157-166.[ZHOU Lei,XIONG Liyang,WANG Yiqing,et al.Spatial distribution of poverty-stricken counties in China and their natural topographic characteristics and controlling effects[J].Economic Geography,2017,37(10):157-166.]
[6] 王永明,王美霞,吴殿廷,等.贵州省乡村贫困空间格局与形成机制分析[J].地理科学,2017,37(2):217-227.[WANG Yongming,WANG Meixia,WU Dianting,et al.Spatial patterns and determinants of rural poverty:A case of Guizhou Province,China[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(2):217-227.]
[7] 刘小鹏,李永红,王亚娟,等.县域空间贫困的地理识别研究——以宁夏泾源县为例[J].地理学报,2017,72(3):545-557.[LIU Xiaopeng,LI Yonghong,WANG Yajuan,et al.Geographical identification of spatial poverty at county scale[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(3):545-557]
[8] 田宇,许建,麻学锋.武陵山片区多维贫困度量及其空间表征[J].经济地理,2017,37(1):162-169.[ TIAN Yu,XU Jian,MA Xuefeng.Multidimensional poverty measurement and spatial distribution of contiguous special poverty-stricken areas:A case study on key city in Wuling Mountain Area of poverty alleviation[J].Economic Geography,2017,37(1):162-169.]
[9] 王美昌,高云虹.中国城乡贫困变动:2004—2012[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(4):49-57.[WANG Meichang,GAO Yunhong.Poverty change in China:During the period of 2004—2012[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2017,27(4):49-57.]
[10] 王忠.矿业权集聚、经济增长与区域贫困减缓[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(2):117-125.[WANG Zhong.Mineral rights agglomeration,economic growth & regional poverty alleviation[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2017,27(2):117-125.]
[11] 钟少颖,何则.基于DEA与ESDA的中国国家级贫困县发展效率的测度与时空演化研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,(10):130-136.[ZHONG Shaoying,HE Ze.Measuring and space-time evolution of national-level poverty counties development efficiency in China based on DEA and ESDA[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2016,(10):130-136.]
[12] 赵莹,刘小鹏,郭永杰.基于GIS的宁夏六盘山区空间贫困特征模型分析[J].水土保持研究,2014,(5):94-99.[ZHAO Ying,LIU Xiaopeng,GUO Yongjie.Model analysis for spatial poverty in the poor areas of Liupan Mountain in Ningxia Hui Autonomous region based on GIS[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,(5):94-99.]
[13] 陈佳,杨新军,尹莎.农户贫困恢复力测度、影响效应及对策研究——基于农户家庭结构的视角[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,(1):150-157.[CHEN Jia,YANG Xinjun,YIN Sha.Measures of the resilience,effect and countermeasures of household poverty:The perspective of household structure[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2016,(1):150-157.]
[14] 满苏尔·沙比提.新疆地理[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2012:176-201.[SHABITI Mansuer.Xinjiang Geography[M].Beijing:Beijing Normal University Publishing Group,2012:176-201.]
[15] CARRERA E J S.Imitation and evolutionary stability of poverty traps[J].Journal of Bioeconomics,2012,(1):1-20.
[16] 许月卿,李双成,蔡运龙.基于GIS和人工神经网络的区域贫困化空间模拟分析——以贵州省猫跳河流域为例[J].地理科学进展,2006,(3):79-85,140.[XU Yueqing,LI Shuangcheng,CAI Yunlong.Spatial simulation using GIS and artificial neural network for regional poverty:A case study of Maotiaohe water shed,Guizhou Province[J].Progress in Geography,2006,(3):79-85,140.]
[17] 曾永明,张果.基于GIS和BP神经网络的区域农村贫困空间模拟分析——一种区域贫困程度测度新方法[J].地理与地理信息科学,2011,27(2):70-75.[ZENG Yongming,ZHANG Guo.Spatial simulating in regional rural poverty based on GIS and BP neural network:A new appraisement method on regional rural poverty[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2011,27(2):70-75.]
[18] 朱珠,张琳,叶晓雯,等.基于TOPSIS方法的土地利用综合效益评价[J].经济地理,2012,32(10):139-144.[ZHU Zhu,ZHANG Lin,YE Xiaowen,et al.Evaluation of comprehensive land use efficiency based on TOPSIS[J].Economic Geography,2012,32(10):139-144.]
[19] 张倩,蒋栋,谷庆宝,等.基于AHP和TOPSIS的污染场地修复技术筛选方法研究[J].土壤学报,2012,49(6):1088-1094.[ZHANG Qian,JIANG Dong,GU Qingbao,et al.Selection of remediation techniques for contaminated sites using AHP and TOPSIS[J].Acta Pedolocica Sinica,2012,49(6):1088-1094.]
[20] 李玉双,葛京凤,梁彦庆,等.河北省城市土地集约利用与城市化的耦合协调度分析[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(2):238-242,249.[ LI Yushuang,GE Jingfeng,LIANG Yanqing,et al.Analysis on coupling coordination degree between intensive urban land use and urbanization in Hebei Province[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,20(2):238-242,249.]
[21] 张毅,何秉宇,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,等.和田地区贫困与反贫困研究:一个干旱绿洲荒漠交错带的典型分析[J].新疆大学学报(哲学·人文社会科学版),1999,(1):36-38.[ZHANG Yi,HE Bingyu,TAXIPULATI Teyibai,et al.A study of poverty and antipoverty in Hotan:A typical analysis in the alternating area in between the oasis and the desert[J].Journal of Xinjiang University Philosophy,Humanities & Socia Sciences,1999,(1):36-38.]
[22] 黄国勇,张敏,夏咏,秦波.新疆边境贫困县自然地理环境影响因素实证分析[J].干旱区地理,2015,38(4):814-820.[HUANG Guoyong,ZHANG Min,QIN Bo.Poor effect test of natural geographical environment in arid areas quantile regression method based on panel data[J].Arid Land Geography,2015,38(4):814-820.]
[23] 刘林,徐天骄.农户多维贫困测度与发展能力提升优先序——以新疆南疆三地州为例[J].生态经济,2016,32(9):116-121,139.[LIU Lin,XU Tianjiao.Multidimensional poverty measurement and development capability promotion prioritization:A case study of three regions of southern Xinjiang[J].Ecological Economy,2016,32(9):116-121,139.]
[24] 王小林.贫困测量:理论与方法[M].第二版.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2017.[WANG Xiaolin.The measurement of poverty:Theories and Methods[M].Second Edition.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press,2017.]
[25] 薛成莉.新疆少数民族贫困地区整村推进精准脱贫现状探析:以和田县伊斯拉木阿瓦提乡库如勒克村为例[J].和田师范专科学校学报,2016,35(4):76-79.[XUE Chengli.An analysis of Pushing Precisely out of Poverty in the way of “The whole village advance”in the minority poverty Area of Xinjiang:A case study of Kuruleke Village in Hotan County[J].Journal of Hotan Normal College,2016,35(4):76-79.]
(1)数据来源:新疆和田地区行政公署办公室,2017年4月
(2)数据来源:新疆科技信息服务网.脱贫攻坚势在必行——贯彻落实和田地委扩大会议精神述评[EB/OL].http://www.xjinfo.gov.cn./show.asp?newsid=219614
(3)数据来源:洛浦县人民政府门户网站.洛浦县异地扶贫搬迁工程进展有力[EB/OL].http://www.xjlpx.gov.cn/nzcms_show_news.asp?id=8178
(4)数据来源:洛浦县人民政府门户网站.致全县广大贫困农户的一封信[EB/OL].http://www.xjlpx.gov.cn/nzcms_show_news.asp?id=6501
[2] 李东,由亚男,马长发,等.干旱区绿洲城镇空间贫困分异特征及其影响因素分析:以新疆南疆三地州为例[J].世界地理研究,2018,27(3):86-98.[LI Dong,YOU Yanan,MA Changfa,et al.Analysis on the differentiation characteristics of spatial poverty and its influencing factors in the oasis towns of arid areas:Taking three south Xinjiang districts as an example[J].World Regional Studies,2018,27(3):86-98.]
[3] 武鹏,李同昇,李卫民.县域农村贫困化空间分异及其影响因素:以陕西山阳县为例[J].地理研究,2018,37(3):593-606.[WU Peng,LI Tongsheng,LI Weimin.Spatial differentiation and influencing factors analysis of rural poverty at county scale:A case study of Shanyang County in Shaanxi Province,China[J].Geographical Research,2018,37(3):593-606.]
[4] 杜国明,关桐桐,李冬梅,等.黑龙江省贫困村空间分布特征[J].经济地理,2018,38(3):149-156.[DU Guoming,GUAN Tongtong,LI dongmei,et al.Spatial distribution of poverty village in Heilongjiang Province[J].Economic Geography,2018,38(3):149-156.]
[5] 周蕾,熊礼阳,王一晴,等.中国贫困县空间格局与地形的空间耦合关系[J].经济地理,2017,37(10):157-166.[ZHOU Lei,XIONG Liyang,WANG Yiqing,et al.Spatial distribution of poverty-stricken counties in China and their natural topographic characteristics and controlling effects[J].Economic Geography,2017,37(10):157-166.]
[6] 王永明,王美霞,吴殿廷,等.贵州省乡村贫困空间格局与形成机制分析[J].地理科学,2017,37(2):217-227.[WANG Yongming,WANG Meixia,WU Dianting,et al.Spatial patterns and determinants of rural poverty:A case of Guizhou Province,China[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(2):217-227.]
[7] 刘小鹏,李永红,王亚娟,等.县域空间贫困的地理识别研究——以宁夏泾源县为例[J].地理学报,2017,72(3):545-557.[LIU Xiaopeng,LI Yonghong,WANG Yajuan,et al.Geographical identification of spatial poverty at county scale[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(3):545-557]
[8] 田宇,许建,麻学锋.武陵山片区多维贫困度量及其空间表征[J].经济地理,2017,37(1):162-169.[ TIAN Yu,XU Jian,MA Xuefeng.Multidimensional poverty measurement and spatial distribution of contiguous special poverty-stricken areas:A case study on key city in Wuling Mountain Area of poverty alleviation[J].Economic Geography,2017,37(1):162-169.]
[9] 王美昌,高云虹.中国城乡贫困变动:2004—2012[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(4):49-57.[WANG Meichang,GAO Yunhong.Poverty change in China:During the period of 2004—2012[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2017,27(4):49-57.]
[10] 王忠.矿业权集聚、经济增长与区域贫困减缓[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(2):117-125.[WANG Zhong.Mineral rights agglomeration,economic growth & regional poverty alleviation[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2017,27(2):117-125.]
[11] 钟少颖,何则.基于DEA与ESDA的中国国家级贫困县发展效率的测度与时空演化研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,(10):130-136.[ZHONG Shaoying,HE Ze.Measuring and space-time evolution of national-level poverty counties development efficiency in China based on DEA and ESDA[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2016,(10):130-136.]
[12] 赵莹,刘小鹏,郭永杰.基于GIS的宁夏六盘山区空间贫困特征模型分析[J].水土保持研究,2014,(5):94-99.[ZHAO Ying,LIU Xiaopeng,GUO Yongjie.Model analysis for spatial poverty in the poor areas of Liupan Mountain in Ningxia Hui Autonomous region based on GIS[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,(5):94-99.]
[13] 陈佳,杨新军,尹莎.农户贫困恢复力测度、影响效应及对策研究——基于农户家庭结构的视角[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,(1):150-157.[CHEN Jia,YANG Xinjun,YIN Sha.Measures of the resilience,effect and countermeasures of household poverty:The perspective of household structure[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2016,(1):150-157.]
[14] 满苏尔·沙比提.新疆地理[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2012:176-201.[SHABITI Mansuer.Xinjiang Geography[M].Beijing:Beijing Normal University Publishing Group,2012:176-201.]
[15] CARRERA E J S.Imitation and evolutionary stability of poverty traps[J].Journal of Bioeconomics,2012,(1):1-20.
[16] 许月卿,李双成,蔡运龙.基于GIS和人工神经网络的区域贫困化空间模拟分析——以贵州省猫跳河流域为例[J].地理科学进展,2006,(3):79-85,140.[XU Yueqing,LI Shuangcheng,CAI Yunlong.Spatial simulation using GIS and artificial neural network for regional poverty:A case study of Maotiaohe water shed,Guizhou Province[J].Progress in Geography,2006,(3):79-85,140.]
[17] 曾永明,张果.基于GIS和BP神经网络的区域农村贫困空间模拟分析——一种区域贫困程度测度新方法[J].地理与地理信息科学,2011,27(2):70-75.[ZENG Yongming,ZHANG Guo.Spatial simulating in regional rural poverty based on GIS and BP neural network:A new appraisement method on regional rural poverty[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2011,27(2):70-75.]
[18] 朱珠,张琳,叶晓雯,等.基于TOPSIS方法的土地利用综合效益评价[J].经济地理,2012,32(10):139-144.[ZHU Zhu,ZHANG Lin,YE Xiaowen,et al.Evaluation of comprehensive land use efficiency based on TOPSIS[J].Economic Geography,2012,32(10):139-144.]
[19] 张倩,蒋栋,谷庆宝,等.基于AHP和TOPSIS的污染场地修复技术筛选方法研究[J].土壤学报,2012,49(6):1088-1094.[ZHANG Qian,JIANG Dong,GU Qingbao,et al.Selection of remediation techniques for contaminated sites using AHP and TOPSIS[J].Acta Pedolocica Sinica,2012,49(6):1088-1094.]
[20] 李玉双,葛京凤,梁彦庆,等.河北省城市土地集约利用与城市化的耦合协调度分析[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(2):238-242,249.[ LI Yushuang,GE Jingfeng,LIANG Yanqing,et al.Analysis on coupling coordination degree between intensive urban land use and urbanization in Hebei Province[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,20(2):238-242,249.]
[21] 张毅,何秉宇,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,等.和田地区贫困与反贫困研究:一个干旱绿洲荒漠交错带的典型分析[J].新疆大学学报(哲学·人文社会科学版),1999,(1):36-38.[ZHANG Yi,HE Bingyu,TAXIPULATI Teyibai,et al.A study of poverty and antipoverty in Hotan:A typical analysis in the alternating area in between the oasis and the desert[J].Journal of Xinjiang University Philosophy,Humanities & Socia Sciences,1999,(1):36-38.]
[22] 黄国勇,张敏,夏咏,秦波.新疆边境贫困县自然地理环境影响因素实证分析[J].干旱区地理,2015,38(4):814-820.[HUANG Guoyong,ZHANG Min,QIN Bo.Poor effect test of natural geographical environment in arid areas quantile regression method based on panel data[J].Arid Land Geography,2015,38(4):814-820.]
[23] 刘林,徐天骄.农户多维贫困测度与发展能力提升优先序——以新疆南疆三地州为例[J].生态经济,2016,32(9):116-121,139.[LIU Lin,XU Tianjiao.Multidimensional poverty measurement and development capability promotion prioritization:A case study of three regions of southern Xinjiang[J].Ecological Economy,2016,32(9):116-121,139.]
[24] 王小林.贫困测量:理论与方法[M].第二版.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2017.[WANG Xiaolin.The measurement of poverty:Theories and Methods[M].Second Edition.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press,2017.]
[25] 薛成莉.新疆少数民族贫困地区整村推进精准脱贫现状探析:以和田县伊斯拉木阿瓦提乡库如勒克村为例[J].和田师范专科学校学报,2016,35(4):76-79.[XUE Chengli.An analysis of Pushing Precisely out of Poverty in the way of “The whole village advance”in the minority poverty Area of Xinjiang:A case study of Kuruleke Village in Hotan County[J].Journal of Hotan Normal College,2016,35(4):76-79.]
(1)数据来源:新疆和田地区行政公署办公室,2017年4月
(2)数据来源:新疆科技信息服务网.脱贫攻坚势在必行——贯彻落实和田地委扩大会议精神述评[EB/OL].http://www.xjinfo.gov.cn./show.asp?newsid=219614
(3)数据来源:洛浦县人民政府门户网站.洛浦县异地扶贫搬迁工程进展有力[EB/OL].http://www.xjlpx.gov.cn/nzcms_show_news.asp?id=8178
(4)数据来源:洛浦县人民政府门户网站.致全县广大贫困农户的一封信[EB/OL].http://www.xjlpx.gov.cn/nzcms_show_news.asp?id=6501