不同风速条件下海表空气动力学粗糙度参数化方案
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摘要
实验室和外海观测资料已经证实,高风速下海面拖曳系数的变化和中低风速下并不相同。考虑到海面飞沫以及海浪状态对拖曳系数的影响,本文提出一种新的拖曳系数计算方案,该方案可适用于各种风速条件下。在中低风速下飞沫对拖曳系数的影响可以忽略不计,无量纲的海面粗糙长度先随着波龄的增加而增加,继而随波龄的增加而减小;然而在高风速下,因气泡破裂或者波浪破碎产生的飞沫使得风廓线对数函数改变,造成拖曳系数的减小。对不同波龄而言,拖曳系数和粗糙长度达到最大值的风速并不相同。同时,高风速下,海面拖曳系数的降低减少了摩擦速度随风速增加而增加的速率。
Field and laboratory observations indicate that the variation in drag coefficient with wind speed at high winds is different from that under low-to-moderate winds.By taking the effects of wave development and sea spray into account,a new parameterization of drag coefficient applicable from low to extreme winds is proposed.It is shown that,under low-to-moderate wind conditions so that the sea spray effects could be neglected,the nondimensional aerodynamic roughness first increases and then decreases with the increasing wave age;whereas under high wind conditions,the drag coefficient decreases with the increasing wind speed due to the modification of the logarithmic wind profile by the effect of sea spray droplets produced by bursting bubbles or wind tearing breaking wave crests.The drag coefficients and sea surface aerodynamic roughnesses reaching their maximum values vary under different wave developments.Correspondingly,the reduction of drag coefficient under high winds reduces the increasing rate of friction velocity with increasing wind speed.
Field and laboratory observations indicate that the variation in drag coefficient with wind speed at high winds is different from that under low-to-moderate winds.By taking the effects of wave development and sea spray into account,a new parameterization of drag coefficient applicable from low to extreme winds is proposed.It is shown that,under low-to-moderate wind conditions so that the sea spray effects could be neglected,the nondimensional aerodynamic roughness first increases and then decreases with the increasing wave age;whereas under high wind conditions,the drag coefficient decreases with the increasing wind speed due to the modification of the logarithmic wind profile by the effect of sea spray droplets produced by bursting bubbles or wind tearing breaking wave crests.The drag coefficients and sea surface aerodynamic roughnesses reaching their maximum values vary under different wave developments.Correspondingly,the reduction of drag coefficient under high winds reduces the increasing rate of friction velocity with increasing wind speed.
引文
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[12]Black,P.G.,E.A.D'Asaro,T.B.Sanford,W.M.Drennan,J.A.Zhang,J.R.French,P.P.Niiler,E.J.Terrill,and E.J.Walsh,2007.Air-sea exchange in hurricanes:Synthesis of observations from the coupled boundary layer air-sea transfer experiment,Bull.Am.Meteorol.Soc.,88(3),357-374,doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-3-357.
[13]Holthuijsen L.H.,Powell,M.D.,J.D.Pietrzak,2012.Wind and wave in extreme hurricanes[J].Geophys.Res.,117.,289-303.
[14]Makin,V.K.,2005.A note on the drag of the sea surface at hurricane winds[J],Boundary Layer M eteorol.,115,169-176,doi:10.1007/s10546-004-3647-x.
[15]Andreas,E.L.,2002.A review of the sea spray generation function for the open ocean[J]Atmosphere Ocean Interactions,Vol.1,W.Perrie,Ed.,WIT Press,1-46.
[16]Andreas,E.L.,2004.Spray Stress Revisited[J]Phys.Oceanogr.,34:1429-1440.
[17]Liu,B.,C.Guan,and L.Xie,2012.The wave state and sea spray related parameterization of wind stress applicable from low to extreme winds[J].Geophys.Res.,117,C00J22,doi:10.1029/2011JC007786.
[18]张连新,韩桂军,李威,等,2014.台风期间海洋飞沫对海气湍通量的影响研究[J].海洋学报,36(11):46-56.
[19]Andreas E L,Emanuel K A,2001.Effects of sea spray on tropical cyclone intensity.[J]Atmos Sci,58:3741-3751.
[20]Liu B,Liu H,Xie L,Guan C,Zhao D.,2011.A coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean modeling system:[J]Simulation of the intensity of an idealized tropical cyclone.Mon Wea Rev,139:132-152.
[21]Liu B,Guan C L,Xie L A,Zhao D L.,2015.Derivation of a wave-state-dependent sea spray generation function and its application in estimating sea spray heat flux.[J]Science China:Earth Sciences,58:1862-1871,doi:10.1007/s11430-015-5169-4.
[22]Wu,J.,1980.Wind-stress coeffcients over sea surface near neutral conditions-a revisit.[J].Phys.Oceanogr.10,727-740.
[2]Guan,C.,and L.Xie,2004.On the linear parameterization of drag coefficient over sea surface[J].Phys.Oceanogr.,34(12),2847-2851,doi:10.1175/JPO2664.1.
[3]Stewart,R.W.,1974.The air-sea momentum exchange.Bound.Layer Meteorol.6,151-167.
[4]Masuda,.A,and T.Kusaba.,1987.On the Iocal equilibrium of winds and wnid-waves in relation to surface drag.[J]Oceanogr.Soc.Japan,43,28-36.
[5]Donelan,M.A.,1990.Air-sea interaction,in The Sea[J]:Ocean Engineering Science,edited by B.L.Mehaute and D.M.Hanes,pp.239-292,Wiley Interscience,New York.
[6]Toba,Y,N.Iida,H.Kawamura,N.Ebuchi and LS.F.Jones,(1990):Wave dependence of seasurface wind stress[J].Phys.Oceanogr.,20,705-721
[7]Jones,I.S.F.,and Y.Toba,2001.Wind Stress Over the Ocean[J],307pp.,Cambridge Univ.Press,Cambridge,U.K.,doi:10.1017/CBO9780511552076.
[8]Garratt,J.R.,1977.Review of drag coefficients over oceans and confinents[J],Mon.Weather Rev.,105(7),915-929,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<0915:RODC00>2.O.C0;2.
[9]Powell,M.D.,P.J.Vickery,T.A.Reinhold.Reduced drag coefficient for high wind speeds in tropical cyclones.[J]Nature,2003,422:279-283.
[10]Moon,I.J.,I.Ginis,and T.Hara,2004.Effect of surface waves on air-sea momentum exchange.Part II:Behavior of drag coefficient under tropical cyclones[J]J Atmos.Sci.,61,2334-2348,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<2334:EOS WOA>2.O.C0;2.
[11]Jarosz,E.,D.A.Mitchell,D.W.Wang,and W.J.Teague,2007.Bottomup determination of air-sea momentum exchange under a major tropical cyclone[J]Science,315(5819),1707-1709,doi:10.1126/science.1136466
[12]Black,P.G.,E.A.D'Asaro,T.B.Sanford,W.M.Drennan,J.A.Zhang,J.R.French,P.P.Niiler,E.J.Terrill,and E.J.Walsh,2007.Air-sea exchange in hurricanes:Synthesis of observations from the coupled boundary layer air-sea transfer experiment,Bull.Am.Meteorol.Soc.,88(3),357-374,doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-3-357.
[13]Holthuijsen L.H.,Powell,M.D.,J.D.Pietrzak,2012.Wind and wave in extreme hurricanes[J].Geophys.Res.,117.,289-303.
[14]Makin,V.K.,2005.A note on the drag of the sea surface at hurricane winds[J],Boundary Layer M eteorol.,115,169-176,doi:10.1007/s10546-004-3647-x.
[15]Andreas,E.L.,2002.A review of the sea spray generation function for the open ocean[J]Atmosphere Ocean Interactions,Vol.1,W.Perrie,Ed.,WIT Press,1-46.
[16]Andreas,E.L.,2004.Spray Stress Revisited[J]Phys.Oceanogr.,34:1429-1440.
[17]Liu,B.,C.Guan,and L.Xie,2012.The wave state and sea spray related parameterization of wind stress applicable from low to extreme winds[J].Geophys.Res.,117,C00J22,doi:10.1029/2011JC007786.
[18]张连新,韩桂军,李威,等,2014.台风期间海洋飞沫对海气湍通量的影响研究[J].海洋学报,36(11):46-56.
[19]Andreas E L,Emanuel K A,2001.Effects of sea spray on tropical cyclone intensity.[J]Atmos Sci,58:3741-3751.
[20]Liu B,Liu H,Xie L,Guan C,Zhao D.,2011.A coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean modeling system:[J]Simulation of the intensity of an idealized tropical cyclone.Mon Wea Rev,139:132-152.
[21]Liu B,Guan C L,Xie L A,Zhao D L.,2015.Derivation of a wave-state-dependent sea spray generation function and its application in estimating sea spray heat flux.[J]Science China:Earth Sciences,58:1862-1871,doi:10.1007/s11430-015-5169-4.
[22]Wu,J.,1980.Wind-stress coeffcients over sea surface near neutral conditions-a revisit.[J].Phys.Oceanogr.10,727-740.