泥石流冲击力简化计算方法——以舟曲县三眼峪泥石流为例
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摘要
基于舟曲县三眼峪泥石流灾害的实地考察和资料分析,对该地区常见的夯土木构、砖木结构、砖混结构和框架结构4类典型受损的结构形式进行了分析,确定建筑物的破坏模式主要为淤埋破坏和倒塌破坏。对现有的泥石流冲击作用计算公式进行了分类整理,以三眼峪泥石流实测数据为例对比分析整体冲击力和大石块冲击力的不同计算理论和计算结果。为便于工程技术人员进行房屋抗泥石流设计,提出了基于泥石流深度并考虑泥石流动力效应的设计计算方法,给出了以三眼峪泥石流为例的动力影响系数设计值和设计泥石流深度取值范围;并对当地典型夯土木结构房屋进行了泥石流安全性分析。此简化计算方法物理意义清晰,计算快捷有效,可用于泥石流多发地带的设计荷载计算,其关键参数泥石流深度可根据当地常年记录以统计值采用,动力放大值可根据沟床纵比降和沟床糙率系数确定。
Based on field surveys on Sanyanyu debris flow gully in Zhouqu County and analysis of associated data,in this study it conducted an technical evaluation on performances of local building structures against debris flow.According to damage patterns,four types of house structures were sorted out for demonstration,which were rammed earth-wooden structure,brick-wood structure,brick-concrete structure and frame structure,typically subjected to two principal types of loading modes,either burying by silts or collapsing due to colliding. Comparison was made to examine calculation differences between some of available equations,when actual measurement data collected from the Sanyanyu debris flow were used for calculation of debris flow impact incurred by both debris flow fluid and big boulders floating in debris flow body. Then it analyzed the derivations of these equations and interpreted the corresponding calculation results. For facilitating engineering and technical personnel to design structures with sufficient resistance to debris flow,a proposed equation then was introduced by integrating the depth of debris flow with dynamic effect of debris flow. The suggested expression was readily to set a proper value range for coefficients of dynamic effect and depth of debris flow in practice,and it had been verified by a case study for examining the design of a typical local rammed earth-wooden structure against debris flow in the Sanyanyu.The optimized simplification gave this method good advantages in a better understanding of its physical significance and its higher efficiency in determination of design load in engineered control of debris flow-prone regions.Moreover,it is quite technically feasible for engineers to gain some key prerequisite parameters to use the equation.For example,the value of debris flow depth could be substituted by an average value according to local historic observations. And the values of dynamic effect could be determined by combination of the value of vertical slope of gully bed and the roughness coefficient.
Based on field surveys on Sanyanyu debris flow gully in Zhouqu County and analysis of associated data,in this study it conducted an technical evaluation on performances of local building structures against debris flow.According to damage patterns,four types of house structures were sorted out for demonstration,which were rammed earth-wooden structure,brick-wood structure,brick-concrete structure and frame structure,typically subjected to two principal types of loading modes,either burying by silts or collapsing due to colliding. Comparison was made to examine calculation differences between some of available equations,when actual measurement data collected from the Sanyanyu debris flow were used for calculation of debris flow impact incurred by both debris flow fluid and big boulders floating in debris flow body. Then it analyzed the derivations of these equations and interpreted the corresponding calculation results. For facilitating engineering and technical personnel to design structures with sufficient resistance to debris flow,a proposed equation then was introduced by integrating the depth of debris flow with dynamic effect of debris flow. The suggested expression was readily to set a proper value range for coefficients of dynamic effect and depth of debris flow in practice,and it had been verified by a case study for examining the design of a typical local rammed earth-wooden structure against debris flow in the Sanyanyu.The optimized simplification gave this method good advantages in a better understanding of its physical significance and its higher efficiency in determination of design load in engineered control of debris flow-prone regions.Moreover,it is quite technically feasible for engineers to gain some key prerequisite parameters to use the equation.For example,the value of debris flow depth could be substituted by an average value according to local historic observations. And the values of dynamic effect could be determined by combination of the value of vertical slope of gully bed and the roughness coefficient.
引文
[1]胡向德,毕远宏,魏新平,等.舟曲县三眼峪沟泥石流灾害治理工程分析[J].水土保持通报,2012,32(3):267-270[HU xiangde,BI yuanhong,WEI xinping,et al.An Analysis of Treatment Project of Debris Flow Disaster in Sanyanyu Gully of Zhouqu County[J].Bullentin of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,32(3):267-270]
[2]马东涛,祁龙.三眼峪沟泥石流灾害及其综合治理[J].水土保持通报.1997,17(4):26-31[MA Dongtao,QI Long.Study on comprehensive controlling of debris flow hazards in Sanvanvu Gully[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,1997,17(4):26-31]
[3]余斌,杨永红,苏永超等.甘肃省舟曲8.7特大泥石流调查研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(4),437-444[YU Bin,YANG Yonghong,SU Yongchao,et al.Research on the giant debris flow hazards in Zhouqu County,Gansu Province on August 7[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(4),437-444]
[4]胡凯衡,崔鹏,葛永刚.舟曲“8.8”特大泥石流对建筑物的破坏方式[J].山地学报,2012,30(4):484-490[HU Kaiheng,CUI Peng,GE Yonggang.Building destruction patterns by August 8,2010 debris flow in Zhouqu Western China[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2012,30(4):484-490]
[5]张宇,韦方强,崔鹏.砖混建筑在泥石流冲击作用下的破坏形态模拟[J].自然灾害学报,2005,14(5):61-67[ZHANG Yu,WEI Fangqiang,CUI Peng.Destruction mode simulation of reinforced masonry structure under impact of debris flow[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2005,14(5):61-67]
[6]HU Kaiheng,CUI Peng,ZHANG Jianqiang.Characteristics of damage to buildings by debris flows on 7 August 2010 in Zhouqu,Western China[J].Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2012,12(7):2209-2217
[7]姚德基,商向朝.七十年代的国外泥石流研究[C]//中国科学院成都地理研究所.泥石流论文集(1).重庆:科学出版社重庆分社,1981:132-141[YAO Deji,SHANG Xiangchao.Oversars studies on debris flow in 1970s[C]//Chengdu Institute of Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Debris flow conference proceedings(1).Chongqing:Science Press,Chongqing Branch,1981:132-141]
[8]BAGNOLD R A.Experiments on gravity-free dispersion of large solid sphere in a Newtonian fluid under shear[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society,of London:A,1954(225):49-63
[9]TAKAHASHI T.Debris flow on prismatic open channel[J].Journal of the Hydraulics Division,1980,106(HY3):381-396
[10]CHEN C L.General solution for visoplastic of debris flow[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1988,114(3):259-282
[11]谢涛,谢湘平,韦方强,等.鱼脊型泥石流水石分离结构适用性的模型试验研究[J].水利学报,2015,45(12):1472-1480[XIE Tao,XIE Xiangping,WEI Fangqiang,et al.Applicability experiment of herringbone water-sediment separation structure for debris flow prevention[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2015,45(12):1472-1480]
[12]胡凯衡,韦方强,洪勇,等.泥石流冲击力的野外测量[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(z1):2813-2819[HU Kaiheng,WEI Fangqiang,HONG Yong et al.Field measurement of impact force of debris flow[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(z1):2813-2819]
[13]唐金波,胡凯衡,周公旦,等.基于小波分析的泥石流冲击力信号处理[J].四川大学学报工程科学版,2013,45(1):8-13[TANG Jinbo,HU Kaiheng,ZHOU Gongdan,et al.Debris Flow Impact Pressure Signal Processing by the Wavelet Analysis[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2013,45(1):8-13]
[14]李培振,高宇,郭沫君.泥石流冲击力的研究现状[J].结构工程师,2015,31(1):200-206[LI Peizhen,GAO Yu,GUO Mojun.Research status and development trend of debris flow impact force[J].Structural Engineers,2015,31(1):200-206]
[15]LICHTENHAHN C.Die Berechnung von Sperren in Beton und Eisenbeton.Kolloquiumüber Wildbach-sperren[J].Mitteilungen der Forstlichen Bundesanstalt Wien,1973,102:91-127
[16][苏]C.M.弗莱施曼.泥石流[M],姚德基,译.北京:科学出版社,1986:164-241[C.M.FLEISHMAN.Debris Flows[M],YAO Deji(translated).Beijing:Science Press,1986:164-241]
[17]张宇,韦方强,王青.基于动量守恒的粘性泥石流冲击力计算[J].泥沙研究,2006,(3):23-26[ZHANG Yu,WEI Fangqiang,WANG Qing.Impact force calculation of viscous debris flow based on momentum conservation[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2006,(3):23-26]
[18]陈光曦,王继康,王林海.泥石流防治[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1983:71-80[CHEN Guangxi,WANG Jikang,WANG Linhai.Debris flow control[M].Beijing:China Railway Publishing House,1983:71-80]
[19]何晓英,唐红梅,朱绣竹,等.泥石流浆体冲击特性实验研究[J].振动与冲击,2013,32(24):127-134[HE Xiaoying,TANG Hongmei,ZHU Xiuzhu,et al.Tests for impacting characteristics of debris flows slurry[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2013,32(24):127-134]
[20]杨敏.舟曲三眼峪沟特大泥石流灾害的形成条件[D].成都:中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所,2014:53-54[YANG Min.Formation conditions of the disastrous debris flow of Sanyanyu Gully in Zhouqu County,Gansu Province[D].Chengdu:Chengdu Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,CAS,2014:53-54]
[21]SCOTTON P,DEGANUTTI A.Phreatic line and dynamic impact in laboratory debris flow experiments[J].American Society of Civil Engineers,1997:777-786
[22]中国地质调查局.DZ/T0239-2004泥石流灾害防治工程设计规范[S].北京:地质出版社,2004:7-10[China Geological Survey.DZ/T0239-2004 Debris flow disaster prevention engineering design specifications[S].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2004:7-10]
[23]康志成,李悼芬,马蔼乃,等.中国泥石流研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:159-221[KANG Zhicheng,LI Zhuofen,MA Ainai.Debris-flow Research in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2004:159-221]
[24]吴积善,康志成,田连权.云南蒋家沟泥石流观测研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1990:16-141[WU Jishan,KANG Zhicheng,TIAN Lianquan.Observation of debris flow in Jiangjia Valley,Yunnan Province[M].Beijing:Science Press,1990:16-141]
[25]杜榕桓.泥石流观测与研究[M]//章书成,Oldrich HUNGR,Olav SLAYMAKER.泥石流中巨石冲击力计算.北京:科学出版社,1996:67-72[Du Ronghuan.Debris Flow Observation and Research[M]//ZHANG Shucheng,Oldrich HUNGR,Olav SLAYMAKER.The calculation of impact force of boulders in debris flow.Beijing:Science Press,1996:67-72]
[26]何思明,吴永,沈均.泥石流大块石冲击力的简化计算[J].自然灾害学报,2009,18(5):51-56[HE Si-ming,WU Yong,SHEN Jun.Simplified calculation of impact force of massive stone in debris-flow[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2009,18(5):51-56]
[27]T.Mizuyama.Computational method and some considerations on impulsive force of debris flow acting on Sabo dams[J].Journal of the Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering,1979,11(2):40-43
[28]甘肃省国土资源厅.甘肃省地质灾害防治工程勘查设计技术要求[M].甘肃:兰州大学出版社,2003:1-81[Gansu Provincial Department of Land and Resources.Technical requirements for the exploration and design of geological disaster prevention and control in Gansu Province[M].Gansu:Lanzhou University press,2003:1-81]
[29]康志成.我国泥石流流速研究与计算方法[J].山地学报,1987,4(04):247-259[KANG Zhicheng.A velocity research of debris flow and it is calculating method in China[J].Mountain Research,1987,5(4):247-259]
[30]李军,胡向德,黎志恒,等.舟曲三眼峪沟特大泥石流形成及径流特征分析[J].甘肃地质,2013,22(3):58-63[LI Jun,HU Xiangde,LI Zhiheng,et al.Analysis on development of debris flow in Sanyanyu Gully[J].Gansu Geology,2013,22(3):58-63]
[2]马东涛,祁龙.三眼峪沟泥石流灾害及其综合治理[J].水土保持通报.1997,17(4):26-31[MA Dongtao,QI Long.Study on comprehensive controlling of debris flow hazards in Sanvanvu Gully[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,1997,17(4):26-31]
[3]余斌,杨永红,苏永超等.甘肃省舟曲8.7特大泥石流调查研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(4),437-444[YU Bin,YANG Yonghong,SU Yongchao,et al.Research on the giant debris flow hazards in Zhouqu County,Gansu Province on August 7[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(4),437-444]
[4]胡凯衡,崔鹏,葛永刚.舟曲“8.8”特大泥石流对建筑物的破坏方式[J].山地学报,2012,30(4):484-490[HU Kaiheng,CUI Peng,GE Yonggang.Building destruction patterns by August 8,2010 debris flow in Zhouqu Western China[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2012,30(4):484-490]
[5]张宇,韦方强,崔鹏.砖混建筑在泥石流冲击作用下的破坏形态模拟[J].自然灾害学报,2005,14(5):61-67[ZHANG Yu,WEI Fangqiang,CUI Peng.Destruction mode simulation of reinforced masonry structure under impact of debris flow[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2005,14(5):61-67]
[6]HU Kaiheng,CUI Peng,ZHANG Jianqiang.Characteristics of damage to buildings by debris flows on 7 August 2010 in Zhouqu,Western China[J].Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2012,12(7):2209-2217
[7]姚德基,商向朝.七十年代的国外泥石流研究[C]//中国科学院成都地理研究所.泥石流论文集(1).重庆:科学出版社重庆分社,1981:132-141[YAO Deji,SHANG Xiangchao.Oversars studies on debris flow in 1970s[C]//Chengdu Institute of Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Debris flow conference proceedings(1).Chongqing:Science Press,Chongqing Branch,1981:132-141]
[8]BAGNOLD R A.Experiments on gravity-free dispersion of large solid sphere in a Newtonian fluid under shear[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society,of London:A,1954(225):49-63
[9]TAKAHASHI T.Debris flow on prismatic open channel[J].Journal of the Hydraulics Division,1980,106(HY3):381-396
[10]CHEN C L.General solution for visoplastic of debris flow[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1988,114(3):259-282
[11]谢涛,谢湘平,韦方强,等.鱼脊型泥石流水石分离结构适用性的模型试验研究[J].水利学报,2015,45(12):1472-1480[XIE Tao,XIE Xiangping,WEI Fangqiang,et al.Applicability experiment of herringbone water-sediment separation structure for debris flow prevention[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2015,45(12):1472-1480]
[12]胡凯衡,韦方强,洪勇,等.泥石流冲击力的野外测量[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(z1):2813-2819[HU Kaiheng,WEI Fangqiang,HONG Yong et al.Field measurement of impact force of debris flow[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(z1):2813-2819]
[13]唐金波,胡凯衡,周公旦,等.基于小波分析的泥石流冲击力信号处理[J].四川大学学报工程科学版,2013,45(1):8-13[TANG Jinbo,HU Kaiheng,ZHOU Gongdan,et al.Debris Flow Impact Pressure Signal Processing by the Wavelet Analysis[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2013,45(1):8-13]
[14]李培振,高宇,郭沫君.泥石流冲击力的研究现状[J].结构工程师,2015,31(1):200-206[LI Peizhen,GAO Yu,GUO Mojun.Research status and development trend of debris flow impact force[J].Structural Engineers,2015,31(1):200-206]
[15]LICHTENHAHN C.Die Berechnung von Sperren in Beton und Eisenbeton.Kolloquiumüber Wildbach-sperren[J].Mitteilungen der Forstlichen Bundesanstalt Wien,1973,102:91-127
[16][苏]C.M.弗莱施曼.泥石流[M],姚德基,译.北京:科学出版社,1986:164-241[C.M.FLEISHMAN.Debris Flows[M],YAO Deji(translated).Beijing:Science Press,1986:164-241]
[17]张宇,韦方强,王青.基于动量守恒的粘性泥石流冲击力计算[J].泥沙研究,2006,(3):23-26[ZHANG Yu,WEI Fangqiang,WANG Qing.Impact force calculation of viscous debris flow based on momentum conservation[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2006,(3):23-26]
[18]陈光曦,王继康,王林海.泥石流防治[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1983:71-80[CHEN Guangxi,WANG Jikang,WANG Linhai.Debris flow control[M].Beijing:China Railway Publishing House,1983:71-80]
[19]何晓英,唐红梅,朱绣竹,等.泥石流浆体冲击特性实验研究[J].振动与冲击,2013,32(24):127-134[HE Xiaoying,TANG Hongmei,ZHU Xiuzhu,et al.Tests for impacting characteristics of debris flows slurry[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2013,32(24):127-134]
[20]杨敏.舟曲三眼峪沟特大泥石流灾害的形成条件[D].成都:中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所,2014:53-54[YANG Min.Formation conditions of the disastrous debris flow of Sanyanyu Gully in Zhouqu County,Gansu Province[D].Chengdu:Chengdu Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,CAS,2014:53-54]
[21]SCOTTON P,DEGANUTTI A.Phreatic line and dynamic impact in laboratory debris flow experiments[J].American Society of Civil Engineers,1997:777-786
[22]中国地质调查局.DZ/T0239-2004泥石流灾害防治工程设计规范[S].北京:地质出版社,2004:7-10[China Geological Survey.DZ/T0239-2004 Debris flow disaster prevention engineering design specifications[S].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2004:7-10]
[23]康志成,李悼芬,马蔼乃,等.中国泥石流研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:159-221[KANG Zhicheng,LI Zhuofen,MA Ainai.Debris-flow Research in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2004:159-221]
[24]吴积善,康志成,田连权.云南蒋家沟泥石流观测研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1990:16-141[WU Jishan,KANG Zhicheng,TIAN Lianquan.Observation of debris flow in Jiangjia Valley,Yunnan Province[M].Beijing:Science Press,1990:16-141]
[25]杜榕桓.泥石流观测与研究[M]//章书成,Oldrich HUNGR,Olav SLAYMAKER.泥石流中巨石冲击力计算.北京:科学出版社,1996:67-72[Du Ronghuan.Debris Flow Observation and Research[M]//ZHANG Shucheng,Oldrich HUNGR,Olav SLAYMAKER.The calculation of impact force of boulders in debris flow.Beijing:Science Press,1996:67-72]
[26]何思明,吴永,沈均.泥石流大块石冲击力的简化计算[J].自然灾害学报,2009,18(5):51-56[HE Si-ming,WU Yong,SHEN Jun.Simplified calculation of impact force of massive stone in debris-flow[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2009,18(5):51-56]
[27]T.Mizuyama.Computational method and some considerations on impulsive force of debris flow acting on Sabo dams[J].Journal of the Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering,1979,11(2):40-43
[28]甘肃省国土资源厅.甘肃省地质灾害防治工程勘查设计技术要求[M].甘肃:兰州大学出版社,2003:1-81[Gansu Provincial Department of Land and Resources.Technical requirements for the exploration and design of geological disaster prevention and control in Gansu Province[M].Gansu:Lanzhou University press,2003:1-81]
[29]康志成.我国泥石流流速研究与计算方法[J].山地学报,1987,4(04):247-259[KANG Zhicheng.A velocity research of debris flow and it is calculating method in China[J].Mountain Research,1987,5(4):247-259]
[30]李军,胡向德,黎志恒,等.舟曲三眼峪沟特大泥石流形成及径流特征分析[J].甘肃地质,2013,22(3):58-63[LI Jun,HU Xiangde,LI Zhiheng,et al.Analysis on development of debris flow in Sanyanyu Gully[J].Gansu Geology,2013,22(3):58-63]