高速公路隧道行车视觉特性分析
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摘要
从交通安全的角度,为获取高速公路隧道行车视觉特性,利用Tobii Glass2眼动仪在夏季11:00—14:00开展了实车测试实验,采集了驾驶人的眼动数据。选取驾驶人的注视持续时间、平均注视时间、瞳孔直径、注视时间比例、扫视时间比例等指标,利用ErgoLAB平台和Origin数据分析软件对相关指标统计分析。以老山隧道为例,分析了隧道照明分段、半开敞棚洞段和隧道内部视线不良路段的驾驶人视觉特性。实验结果表明,驾驶人在隧道照明出入口段驾驶过程中注视时间比例较高;驾驶人在隧道照明基础段行驶过程中注视时间比例降低,扫视时间比例升高;隧道出口段采用半开敞棚洞结构能够降低驾驶人行驶过程中的注视时间比例及扫视时间比例,减弱驾驶人获取驾驶信息的难度和驾驶过程中的紧张感;驾驶人在长大隧道内部视距不良路段行驶时,注视时间比例集中在70%左右,注视热点区域主要集中在视线正前方。
Considering traffic safety,Tobii Glass2 eye movement tester is used in vehicle experiments at 11:00 to14:00 in summer to get visual characteristics of drivers in freeway tunnel.Data of eye movement of drivers is collected.The indices of fixation duration,average fixation time,pupil diameter,fixation ratio,and scanning ratio are selected and analyzed by ErgoLAB and Origin.Taking Laoshan Tunnel as a case study,visual characteristics of drivers are analyzed in lighting sections,semi-open shed sections,and poor range of visibility sections inside the tunnel.The results show that fixation ratio is higher in entrance and exit sections of lighting tunnels.Fixation ratio is lower while scanning ratio is higher in foundation sections of lighting tunnels.At the exit sections,the fixation ratio and scanning ratio of drivers can be reduced by semi-open shed design.Drivers are less nervousness when have fewer difficulties in obtaining driving information.When driving in long tunnels with poor visual distance,the proportion of fixation time of drivers is about 70%,and their gaze area is mainly in the direct line of sight.
Considering traffic safety,Tobii Glass2 eye movement tester is used in vehicle experiments at 11:00 to14:00 in summer to get visual characteristics of drivers in freeway tunnel.Data of eye movement of drivers is collected.The indices of fixation duration,average fixation time,pupil diameter,fixation ratio,and scanning ratio are selected and analyzed by ErgoLAB and Origin.Taking Laoshan Tunnel as a case study,visual characteristics of drivers are analyzed in lighting sections,semi-open shed sections,and poor range of visibility sections inside the tunnel.The results show that fixation ratio is higher in entrance and exit sections of lighting tunnels.Fixation ratio is lower while scanning ratio is higher in foundation sections of lighting tunnels.At the exit sections,the fixation ratio and scanning ratio of drivers can be reduced by semi-open shed design.Drivers are less nervousness when have fewer difficulties in obtaining driving information.When driving in long tunnels with poor visual distance,the proportion of fixation time of drivers is about 70%,and their gaze area is mainly in the direct line of sight.
引文
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[2]MIYOSHI T,NAKAYASU H.Analysis of relationship between characteristics of driver′s eye movements and visual scene in driving events[C].IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems,Taipei,Taiwan:IEEE,2011.
[3]CHAKRABARTY N,GUPTA K.Analysis of driver behaviour and crash characteristics during adverse weather conditions[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2013(104):1048-1057.
[4]KIM H S,HWANG Y,YOON D,et al.Driver workload characteristics analysis using eeg data from an urban road[J].IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,2014,15(4):1844-1849.
[5]刘浩学,陈克鹏.汽车安全运行心理学[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1998.LIU Haoxue,CHEN Kepeng.Safety psychology of automobile operation[M].Beijing:China Communications Press,1998.(in Chinese)
[6]石京,肖遥.驾驶心理对交通安全的影响[J].交通信息与安全,2014,32(5):65-70.SHI Jing,XIAO Yao.Effect of driver′s psychology on traffic safety[J].Journal of Transportation Information and Safety,2014,32(5):65-70.(in Chinese)
[7]丁光明,刘浩学,赵炜华,等.高速公路长隧道出口段驾驶人视觉特征变化规律[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2011,31(2):77-80,85.DING Guangming,LIU Haoxue,ZHAO Weihua,et al.Variation of driver′visual feature in expressway tunnel exit[J].Journal of Chang′an University(Nature Science Edition),2011,31(2):77-80,85.(in Chinese)
[8]侯海晶,金立生,关志伟,等.驾驶风格对驾驶行为的影响[J].中国公路学报,2018,31(4):18-27.HOU Haijing,JIN Lisheng,GUAN Zhiwei,et al.Effects of driving style on driver behavior[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2018,31(4):18-27.(in Chinese)
[9]闫彬,陈红,魏建秋.驾驶员感知特性对隧道群交通安全的影响[J].中国安全科学学报,2011,21(11):16-21.YAN Bin,CHEN Hong,WEI Jianqiu.Influence of driver′s perceptual features on traffic safety in tunnel group[J].China Safety Science Journal,2011,21(11):16-21.(in Chinese)
[10]胡月琦,刘浩学,朱彤,等.高速公路特长隧道环境中驾驶员视觉特性研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2017,27(6):31-36.HU Yueqi,LIU Haoxue,ZHU Tong,et al.Research on visual characteristics of drivers driving through extremely long expressway tunnel[J].China Safety Science Journal,2017,27(6):31-36.(in Chinese)
[11]朱可宁,龚波.高速公路特长隧道出口段驾驶人心理负荷变化规律[J].交通科技与经济,2017,19(3):6-9.ZHU Kening,GONG Bo.Research on driver mental load in exit of super long tunnel[J].Technology&Economy in Areas of Communications,2017,19(3):6-9.(in Chinese)
[12]田晶晶,李世武,孙文财,等.高速公路隧道环境对驾驶人视觉特性的影响[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2015,35(增刊1):216-221.TIAN Jingjing,LI Shiwu,SUN Wencai,et al.Effects of freeway tunnel on driver′s visual characteristics[J].Journal of Chang′an University(Nature Science Edition),2015,35(S1):216-221.(in Chinese)
[13]朱建军.老山隧道监控系统设计[J].公路隧道,2006(4):46-48.ZHU Jianjun.Design of Laoshan tunnel monitoring system[J].Road Tunnel,2006(4):46-48.(in Chinese)
[14]吴玲,刘浩学,朱彤.高速公路特长隧道驾驶人视觉特征变化规律及安全状态判别模型研究[J].公路,2016,61(1):138-143.WU Ling,LIU Haoxue,ZHU Tong.Research on driver visual characteristics and safe state discrimimate model on highway super long tunnel[J].Highway,2016,61(1):138-143.(in Chinese)
[15]郭应时.交通环境及驾驶经验对驾驶员眼动和工作负荷影响的研究[D].西安:长安大学,2009.GUO Yingshi.Study on effect of traffic environment and driving experience on driver′s eye movement and workload[D].Xi′an:Chang′an University,2009.(in Chinese)
[16]MCCULLOUGH V A,KETVIRTIS A.Vertical illuminance as a criterion for energy-effective tunnel lighting design[J].Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society,2013,13(1):230-242.
[17]SATOSHI Hirakawa,YOSHINORI Karasawa,TSUYOSHI Funaki.Visibility evaluation of expressway-tunnel lighting in consideration of vehicle headlights[J].Electrical Engineering in Japan,2015,193(2):1-9.
[18]HU J B,LI R,TSAI J.Methodology for evaluation of lighting standards at an expressway tunnel threshold zone[J].Advanced Materials Research,2013(779-780):685-694.
[19]张晓芹,胡江碧.公路隧道照明设置理论与评价方法现状分析[J].公路,2016,61(1):215-219.ZHANG Xiaoqin,HU Jiangbi.Analysis of theory for highway tunnel lighting set and evaluation method situation[J].Highway,2016,61(1):215-219.(in Chinese)