水分处理对冬小麦生育期耗水分配及产量影响
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摘要
【目的】探索冬小麦产量及水分利用效率对灌溉水在生育期运筹的响应过程。【方法】通过人工控水试验开展了6个生长季(2012—2018年)的测坑冬小麦灌溉试验,试验设置不同灌溉水时间和不同次灌水定额,3个处理分别为拔节90 mm(I90)、拔节45 mm+抽穗45 mm(I45*2)、拔节30 mm+抽穗30 mm+灌浆30 mm(I30*3),总灌溉额均为90 mm,重点研究了灌溉水在生育期分配对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。【结果】6个生长季的试验数据统计分析表明,I90、I45*2和I30*3处理的平均产量分别为6 878.3、7 249.1和7 568.6 kg/hm~2;与I90处理相比,I45*2和I30*3处理的产量分别提高了4.4%和10.0%;在灌溉定额一定条件下,不同灌溉处理对生育期总耗水没有显著影响,但I45*2处理比I90处理生殖生长阶段的耗水增加了23.7%,且生育期水分利用效率提高了14.8%。【结论】有限供水条件下,小定额多次灌溉可以有效改善生育后期麦田水分状况,有利于光合产物向籽粒的转化,进一步提高冬小麦千粒质量和收获指数,最终提高了冬小麦经济产量和水分利用效率。
【Objective】With freshwater in Hebei Plain becoming scarcer, limiting groundwater extraction for agricultural irrigation has been mandated. Optimizing irrigation schedule of winter wheat using limited water becomes essential to maximizing crop yield to safeguard food production in this region. The overarching objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of irrigation schedule on water consumption and use efficiency of winter wheat during vegetative-production stage, as well as the ultimate yield.【Method】A six-year experiment(2012—2018) was conducted in a field plot by limiting the overall irrigation amount to 90 mm. We compared four irrigation frequencies: irrigating all water at the jointing stage(I90), irrigating at the jointing and anthesis stage each with 45 mm of water(I45*2), irrigating at jointing, heading and earlier grain-filling stage each with 30 mm of water(I30*3). For each treatment, we measured water consumption at different growing stages and the final yield.【Result】Increasing irrigation frequency improved water use by the crop during productive stage, benefiting harvest index(HI) and grain weight. The average yield over the six years under treatments I90, I45*2 and I30*3 was6 878.3, 7 249.1 and 7 568.6 kg/hm~2, respectively. There was no significant difference in water consumption between the treatments, despite I45*2 improving WUE at reproductive stage by 23.7%, compared to I90.【Conclusion】Optimizing irrigation schedule with limited water to winter wheat is able to minimize yield loss.
【Objective】With freshwater in Hebei Plain becoming scarcer, limiting groundwater extraction for agricultural irrigation has been mandated. Optimizing irrigation schedule of winter wheat using limited water becomes essential to maximizing crop yield to safeguard food production in this region. The overarching objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of irrigation schedule on water consumption and use efficiency of winter wheat during vegetative-production stage, as well as the ultimate yield.【Method】A six-year experiment(2012—2018) was conducted in a field plot by limiting the overall irrigation amount to 90 mm. We compared four irrigation frequencies: irrigating all water at the jointing stage(I90), irrigating at the jointing and anthesis stage each with 45 mm of water(I45*2), irrigating at jointing, heading and earlier grain-filling stage each with 30 mm of water(I30*3). For each treatment, we measured water consumption at different growing stages and the final yield.【Result】Increasing irrigation frequency improved water use by the crop during productive stage, benefiting harvest index(HI) and grain weight. The average yield over the six years under treatments I90, I45*2 and I30*3 was6 878.3, 7 249.1 and 7 568.6 kg/hm~2, respectively. There was no significant difference in water consumption between the treatments, despite I45*2 improving WUE at reproductive stage by 23.7%, compared to I90.【Conclusion】Optimizing irrigation schedule with limited water to winter wheat is able to minimize yield loss.
引文
[1] ZHANG X, WANG Y, SUN H, et al. Optimizing the yield of winter wheat by regulating water consumption during vegetative and reproductive stages under limited water supply[J]. Journal of Irrigation Science, 2013, 31(5):1 103-1 112.
[2]李振声,欧阳竹,刘小京,等.建设“渤海粮仓”的科学依据—需求、潜力和途径[J].中国科学院院刊, 2011, 26(4):371-374.
[3]张光辉,连英立,刘春华,等.华北平原水资源紧缺情势与因源[J].地球科学与环境学报, 2011, 33(2):172-176.
[4] CAO G, HAN D, SONG X. Evaluating actual evapotranspiration and impacts of groundwater storage change in the North China Plain[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2014, 28(4):1 797-1 808.
[5] SUN H Y, SHEN Y J, YU Q A, et al. Effect of precipitation change on water balance and WUE of the winter wheat-summer maize rotation in the North China Plain[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2010, 97(8):1 139-1 145.
[6]张凯,曾昭海,赵杰,等.华北平原压采地下水对小麦生产的影响分析[J].中国农业科技导报, 2016, 18(5):111-117.
[7]陈素英,张喜英,邵立威,等.华北平原旱地不同熟制作物产量、效益和水分利用比较[J].中国生态农业学报, 2015, 23(5):535-543.
[8] SUN H Y, ZHANG X Y, CHEN S Y, et al. Performance of a double cropping system under a continuous minimum irrigation strategy[J]. Agronomy Journal, 2014, 106(1):281-289.
[9] ZHANG X Y, PEI D, CHEN S Y, et al. Performance of double-cropped winter wheat-summer maize under minimum irrigation in the North China Plain[J]. Agronomy Journal, 2006, 98(6):1 620-1 626.
[10] ZHANG X Y, PEI D, CHEN S Y. Root growth and soil water utilization of winter wheat in the North China Plain[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2004, 18(12):2 275-2 287.
[11] ZHANG X Y, CHEN S Y, SUN H Y, et al. Root size, distribution and soil water depletion as affected by cultivars and environmental factors[J]. Field Crop Research, 2009, 114(1):75-83.
[12] BARRACLOUGH P B, WEIR A H. Effects of a compacted subsoil layer on root and shoot growth, water-use and nutrient-uptake of winter-wheat[J].Journal of Agricultural Science, 1988, 110:207-216.
[13]孔箐锌,张海林,宋振伟,等.不同灌溉水平对冬小麦耗水构成及利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究, 2009, 27(4):37-41.
[14] MA S C, XU B C, LI F M, et al. Effects of root pruning on competitive ability and water use efficiency in winter wheat[J]. Field Crop Research, 2008,105(1/2):56-63.
[15] LI Q Q, DONG B D, QIAO Y Z, et al. Root growth, available soil water, and water-use efficiency of winter wheat under different irrigation regimes ap plied at different growth stages in North China[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2010, 97(10):1 676-1 682.
[16] RICHARDS R A, REBETZKE G J, CONDON A G, et al. Breeding opportunities for increasing the efficiency of water use and crop yield in temperate cereals[J]. Crop Science, 2002, 42(1):111-121.
[17] REYNOLDS M, BONNETT D, CHAPMAN S C, et al. Raising yield potential of wheat. I. Overview of a consortium approach and breeding strategies[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2011, 62(2):439-452.
[18] MAN J, SHI Y, YU Z, et al. Dry matter production, photosynthesis of flag leaves and water use in winter wheat are affected by supplemental irrigation in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China[J]. Plos One, 2015, 10(9):e0137274
[19] WANG B, ZHANG Y, HAO B, et al. Grain yield and water use efficiency in extremely-late sown winter wheat cultivars under two irrigation regimes in the North China Plain[J]. Plos One, 2016, 11(4):e0153695:
[20] LI H M, INANAGA S, LI Z H, et al. Optimizing irrigation scheduling for winter wheat in the North China Plain[J]. Agriculural Water Management,2005, 76(1):8-23.
[21] ZHANG Y P, ZHANG Y H, WANG Z M, et al. Characteristics of canopy structure and contributions of non-leaf organs to yield in winter wheat under different irrigated conditions[J]. Field Crop Research, 2011, 123(3):187-195.
[22] XU X, ZHANG M, LI J, et al. Improving water use efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat by optimizing irrigations in the North China Plain[J].Field Crop Research, 2018, 221:219-227.
[23] FANG Q, ZHANG X, SHAO L, et al. Assessing the performance of different irrigation systems on winter wheat under limited water supply[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2018, 196:133-143.
[24]崔嘉欣,宁慧峰,宋妮,等.旱后复水对冬小麦旗叶生理特性及籽粒产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2019, 38(1):8-13.
[25] ZHANG X Y, CHEN S Y, SUN H Y, et al. Dry matter, harvest index, grain yield and water use efficiency as affected by water supply in winter wheat[J].Irrigation Science, 2008, 27(1):1-10.
[26]吴宝建,王东.畦田节灌对冬小麦光合特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2018, 37(12):1-9.
[27]刘昌明,张喜英,由懋正.大型蒸渗仪与小型棵间蒸发器结合测定冬小麦蒸散的研究[J].水利学报, 1998(10):37-40.
[28]攻文军.灌水方式对华北不同品种玉米产量形成和水分利用的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2018, 37(3):18-22.
[2]李振声,欧阳竹,刘小京,等.建设“渤海粮仓”的科学依据—需求、潜力和途径[J].中国科学院院刊, 2011, 26(4):371-374.
[3]张光辉,连英立,刘春华,等.华北平原水资源紧缺情势与因源[J].地球科学与环境学报, 2011, 33(2):172-176.
[4] CAO G, HAN D, SONG X. Evaluating actual evapotranspiration and impacts of groundwater storage change in the North China Plain[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2014, 28(4):1 797-1 808.
[5] SUN H Y, SHEN Y J, YU Q A, et al. Effect of precipitation change on water balance and WUE of the winter wheat-summer maize rotation in the North China Plain[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2010, 97(8):1 139-1 145.
[6]张凯,曾昭海,赵杰,等.华北平原压采地下水对小麦生产的影响分析[J].中国农业科技导报, 2016, 18(5):111-117.
[7]陈素英,张喜英,邵立威,等.华北平原旱地不同熟制作物产量、效益和水分利用比较[J].中国生态农业学报, 2015, 23(5):535-543.
[8] SUN H Y, ZHANG X Y, CHEN S Y, et al. Performance of a double cropping system under a continuous minimum irrigation strategy[J]. Agronomy Journal, 2014, 106(1):281-289.
[9] ZHANG X Y, PEI D, CHEN S Y, et al. Performance of double-cropped winter wheat-summer maize under minimum irrigation in the North China Plain[J]. Agronomy Journal, 2006, 98(6):1 620-1 626.
[10] ZHANG X Y, PEI D, CHEN S Y. Root growth and soil water utilization of winter wheat in the North China Plain[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2004, 18(12):2 275-2 287.
[11] ZHANG X Y, CHEN S Y, SUN H Y, et al. Root size, distribution and soil water depletion as affected by cultivars and environmental factors[J]. Field Crop Research, 2009, 114(1):75-83.
[12] BARRACLOUGH P B, WEIR A H. Effects of a compacted subsoil layer on root and shoot growth, water-use and nutrient-uptake of winter-wheat[J].Journal of Agricultural Science, 1988, 110:207-216.
[13]孔箐锌,张海林,宋振伟,等.不同灌溉水平对冬小麦耗水构成及利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究, 2009, 27(4):37-41.
[14] MA S C, XU B C, LI F M, et al. Effects of root pruning on competitive ability and water use efficiency in winter wheat[J]. Field Crop Research, 2008,105(1/2):56-63.
[15] LI Q Q, DONG B D, QIAO Y Z, et al. Root growth, available soil water, and water-use efficiency of winter wheat under different irrigation regimes ap plied at different growth stages in North China[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2010, 97(10):1 676-1 682.
[16] RICHARDS R A, REBETZKE G J, CONDON A G, et al. Breeding opportunities for increasing the efficiency of water use and crop yield in temperate cereals[J]. Crop Science, 2002, 42(1):111-121.
[17] REYNOLDS M, BONNETT D, CHAPMAN S C, et al. Raising yield potential of wheat. I. Overview of a consortium approach and breeding strategies[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2011, 62(2):439-452.
[18] MAN J, SHI Y, YU Z, et al. Dry matter production, photosynthesis of flag leaves and water use in winter wheat are affected by supplemental irrigation in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China[J]. Plos One, 2015, 10(9):e0137274
[19] WANG B, ZHANG Y, HAO B, et al. Grain yield and water use efficiency in extremely-late sown winter wheat cultivars under two irrigation regimes in the North China Plain[J]. Plos One, 2016, 11(4):e0153695:
[20] LI H M, INANAGA S, LI Z H, et al. Optimizing irrigation scheduling for winter wheat in the North China Plain[J]. Agriculural Water Management,2005, 76(1):8-23.
[21] ZHANG Y P, ZHANG Y H, WANG Z M, et al. Characteristics of canopy structure and contributions of non-leaf organs to yield in winter wheat under different irrigated conditions[J]. Field Crop Research, 2011, 123(3):187-195.
[22] XU X, ZHANG M, LI J, et al. Improving water use efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat by optimizing irrigations in the North China Plain[J].Field Crop Research, 2018, 221:219-227.
[23] FANG Q, ZHANG X, SHAO L, et al. Assessing the performance of different irrigation systems on winter wheat under limited water supply[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2018, 196:133-143.
[24]崔嘉欣,宁慧峰,宋妮,等.旱后复水对冬小麦旗叶生理特性及籽粒产量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2019, 38(1):8-13.
[25] ZHANG X Y, CHEN S Y, SUN H Y, et al. Dry matter, harvest index, grain yield and water use efficiency as affected by water supply in winter wheat[J].Irrigation Science, 2008, 27(1):1-10.
[26]吴宝建,王东.畦田节灌对冬小麦光合特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2018, 37(12):1-9.
[27]刘昌明,张喜英,由懋正.大型蒸渗仪与小型棵间蒸发器结合测定冬小麦蒸散的研究[J].水利学报, 1998(10):37-40.
[28]攻文军.灌水方式对华北不同品种玉米产量形成和水分利用的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2018, 37(3):18-22.