广花盆地地下水三氮时空分布特征及影响因素分析
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摘要
广花盆地是广州市唯一的地下水应急水源区。三氮(氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮)是研究区地下水的主要污染物,通过分析其时空变化特征,探讨主要影响因素,可为广州市制定地下水保护与利用规划提供理论基础和科学依据。为准确掌握研究区地下水中三氮的分布,利用广花盆地80个地下水监测井2012—2016年的监测数据,分雨季和旱季分析了研究区松散岩类孔隙水、基岩裂隙水和岩溶水中三氮的时空分布特征,并利用相关系数定量分析了降雨量与氮含量之间的相关性,采用灰色关联法计算了耕地面积、化肥施用量、降雨量与氮含量之间的关联度,以及从垂向和水平两个方向探讨了氮含量变化的原因。结果表明,2012—2016年广花盆地0~100 m深度地下水的氮污染较严重,氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的超标率分别为47%、29%和5%。由于松散岩类孔隙水、基岩裂隙水和岩溶水均属浅层地下水,相互联系紧密,其含氮污染物的分布极为相似,氮含量按从大到小排列均为硝酸盐氮、氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮,超标率按从大到小排列均为氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮。受氧化还原环境的影响,随地下水埋藏深度的增加,广花盆地地下水中的氮含量逐渐减少,其中氨氮和亚硝酸盐的含量逐渐增大,硝酸盐氮的含量逐渐减小。受土地利用类型的影响,研究区地下水中三氮的空间分布差异较大。其中城乡居民区地下水的污染最严重,其污染主要来源于废污水的排放。近5年耕地地下水中氮的含量随时间呈减少趋势,主要是受耕地面积减少所致。总体而言,近5年研究区地下水中氮的含量随降雨量增大而减小,并随雨季和旱季的交替而增减,雨季地下水中氮的含量较旱季小。
Guanghua Basin is the only emergency groundwater source in Guangzhou. We can provide theoretical and scientific basis for Guangzhou to formulate groundwater protection and utilization planning by analyzing the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of three-nitrogen which is the main pollutant of groundwater in the study area and discussing the main influencing factors. To accurately grasp the distribution of three-nitrogen in groundwater, we analyzed the spatial-temporal distribution of which both in rainy and dry seasons in loose-rocks pore water, bedrock fissure water and karst water by using monitoring data of 80 wells in Guanghua basin from 2012 to 2016. And the correlation between rainfall and concentration of nitrogen was analysed by the correlation coefficient, the correlation between the area of cultivated land, the amount of fertilizer, rainfall and the concentration of nitrogen by the gray correlation method, the reasons for the change of concentration of nitrogen were discussed both on the vertical and horizontal directions. The results showed that the nitrogen pollution in groundwater of Guanghua Basin in the depth from 0 to 100 meters was serious in 2012—2016. The over standard rate of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were 47%, 29% and 5%. The distribution of nitrogen pollutants was very similar because that the loose-rocks pore water, bedrock fissure water and karst water are closely linked each other which were all shallow groundwater. The composition of concentration of nitrogen in the three kinds of groundwater was all NO_3~--N>NH_4~+-N>NO_2~--N, and the over standard rate of which was all NH_4~+-N>N_O2~--N>NO_3~--N. Under the influence of redox environment, the concentration of nitrogen in groundwater of Guanghua basin had gradually decreased with the increase of depth of groundwater. At the same time, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite had become greater and the concentration of nitrate nitrogen had become smaller. Influenced by the type of land use condition, the spatial distribution of three-nitrogen in the groundwater of the study area was different. The pollution of groundwater in residence community was the most serious, and which mainly came from the discharge of waste water. In the last five years, the concentration of nitrogen in the cultivated land had been decreasing, mainly due to the reduction of cultivated land area. In general, in the past five years, the concentration of nitrogen in groundwater had been decreasing with the increase of rainfall, and which would change because of the alternation of rainy seasons and dry seasons. And the concentration of nitrogen in groundwater in rainy seasons was smaller than that in dry seasons.
Guanghua Basin is the only emergency groundwater source in Guangzhou. We can provide theoretical and scientific basis for Guangzhou to formulate groundwater protection and utilization planning by analyzing the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of three-nitrogen which is the main pollutant of groundwater in the study area and discussing the main influencing factors. To accurately grasp the distribution of three-nitrogen in groundwater, we analyzed the spatial-temporal distribution of which both in rainy and dry seasons in loose-rocks pore water, bedrock fissure water and karst water by using monitoring data of 80 wells in Guanghua basin from 2012 to 2016. And the correlation between rainfall and concentration of nitrogen was analysed by the correlation coefficient, the correlation between the area of cultivated land, the amount of fertilizer, rainfall and the concentration of nitrogen by the gray correlation method, the reasons for the change of concentration of nitrogen were discussed both on the vertical and horizontal directions. The results showed that the nitrogen pollution in groundwater of Guanghua Basin in the depth from 0 to 100 meters was serious in 2012—2016. The over standard rate of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were 47%, 29% and 5%. The distribution of nitrogen pollutants was very similar because that the loose-rocks pore water, bedrock fissure water and karst water are closely linked each other which were all shallow groundwater. The composition of concentration of nitrogen in the three kinds of groundwater was all NO_3~--N>NH_4~+-N>NO_2~--N, and the over standard rate of which was all NH_4~+-N>N_O2~--N>NO_3~--N. Under the influence of redox environment, the concentration of nitrogen in groundwater of Guanghua basin had gradually decreased with the increase of depth of groundwater. At the same time, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite had become greater and the concentration of nitrate nitrogen had become smaller. Influenced by the type of land use condition, the spatial distribution of three-nitrogen in the groundwater of the study area was different. The pollution of groundwater in residence community was the most serious, and which mainly came from the discharge of waste water. In the last five years, the concentration of nitrogen in the cultivated land had been decreasing, mainly due to the reduction of cultivated land area. In general, in the past five years, the concentration of nitrogen in groundwater had been decreasing with the increase of rainfall, and which would change because of the alternation of rainy seasons and dry seasons. And the concentration of nitrogen in groundwater in rainy seasons was smaller than that in dry seasons.
引文
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蒋然,朱小平,梁志宏,等.2016.桂林毛村地下河水质评价[J].水资源保护,32(5):85-90.
李雯,赵宝峰,王杰.2009.基于灰色关联度法的泾河径流量变化因素分析[J].水资源与水工程学报,20(2):92-94.
刘景涛,孙继朝,林良俊,等.2011.广州市地下水环境三氮污染初探[J].中国地质,38(2):489-494.
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庞园,张明珠,庞志研,等.2017.广花盆地地下水水质评价及变化趋势分析[J].水电能源科学,35(11):40-43,35.
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王佳音,张世涛,王明玉,等.2013.滇池流域大河周边地下水氮污染的时空分布特征及影响因素分析[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,30(3):339-346.
许可,陈鸿汉.2011.地下水中三氮污染物迁移转化规律研究进展[J].中国人口·资源与环境,21(S2):421-424.
於嘉闻,周金龙,曾妍妍,等.2016.新疆喀什地区东部地下水三氮空间分布特征及影响因素[J].环境化学,35(11):2402-2410.
张婷,陈世俭,傅娇凤.2014.四湖地区地下水三氮含量及时空分布特征分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,23(9):1295-1300.
GLENN E P,JORDAN F,WAUGH W J.2017.Phytoremediation of a Nitrogen-Contaminated Desert Soil by Native Shrubs and Microbial Processes[J].Land Degradation&Development,28(1):361-369.
HUANG T L,CAO X,ZHANG Q,et al.2014.Catalytic oxidation of high-concentration ammonia in groundwater by a naturally formed co-oxide filter film[J].Desalination and Water Treatment,52(7-9):1615-1623.
KI M G,KOH D C,YOON H,et al.2015.Temporal variability of nitrate concentration in groundwater affected by intensive agricultural activities in a rural area of Hongseong,South Korea[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,74(7):6147-6161.
MORAN S B,STACHELHAUS S L,KELLY R P,et al.2014.Submarine Groundwater Discharge as a Source of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen and Phosphorus to Coastal Ponds of Southern Rhode Island[J].Estuaries and Coasts,37(1):104-118.
NILSSON L,WIDERLUND A.2017.Tracing nitrogen cycling in mining waters using stable nitrogen isotope analysis[J].Applied Geochemistry,84:41-51.
NISSIM W G,VOICU A,LABRECQUE M.2014.Willow short-rotation coppice for treatment of polluted groundwater[J].Ecological Engineering,62:102-114.
VANCE D,NEARY L,SUEKER J,et al.2015.Nitrate Remediation:The Importance of the Advanced Nitrogen Cycle in Remedy Selection[J].Remediation Journal,26(1):93-105.
陈建平,丁际豫,吴子杰.2015.氮肥对地下水中氮迁转机理研究[J].长江科学院院报,32(2):24-29.
陈建耀,王亚,张洪波,等.2006.地下水硝酸盐污染研究综述[J].地理科学进展,25(1):34-44.
冯海波,董少刚,王立新,等.2017.潜水与承压水三氮污染空间分布及成因分析--以内蒙古托克托地区为例[J].中国农村水利水电,(4):91-96.
韩宇平,柴奕,刘中培,等.2017.人民胜利渠灌区地下水氮含量时空分布特征研究[J].华北水利水电大学学报(自然科学版),(6):1-7.
蒋然,朱小平,梁志宏,等.2016.桂林毛村地下河水质评价[J].水资源保护,32(5):85-90.
李雯,赵宝峰,王杰.2009.基于灰色关联度法的泾河径流量变化因素分析[J].水资源与水工程学报,20(2):92-94.
刘景涛,孙继朝,林良俊,等.2011.广州市地下水环境三氮污染初探[J].中国地质,38(2):489-494.
刘晓晨,孙占祥.2008.地下水硝态氮污染现状及研究进展[J].辽宁农业科学,(5):41-45.
庞园,张明珠,庞志研,等.2017.广花盆地地下水水质评价及变化趋势分析[J].水电能源科学,35(11):40-43,35.
万长园,王明玉,王慧芳,等.2014.华北平原典型剖面地下水三氮污染时空分布特征[J].地球与环境,42(4):472-479.
王佳音,张世涛,王明玉,等.2013.滇池流域大河周边地下水氮污染的时空分布特征及影响因素分析[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,30(3):339-346.
许可,陈鸿汉.2011.地下水中三氮污染物迁移转化规律研究进展[J].中国人口·资源与环境,21(S2):421-424.
於嘉闻,周金龙,曾妍妍,等.2016.新疆喀什地区东部地下水三氮空间分布特征及影响因素[J].环境化学,35(11):2402-2410.
张婷,陈世俭,傅娇凤.2014.四湖地区地下水三氮含量及时空分布特征分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,23(9):1295-1300.