三代粘虫成虫迁飞的雷达观测与分析
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摘要
【目的】明确2015年吉林省3代粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)成虫的迁飞动态,揭示3代粘虫成虫自东北向南迁出的动向及成功迁出的概率,为粘虫的预测预报及综合治理提供科学依据。【方法】基于扫描昆虫雷达观测,采用田间饲育、诱蛾器监测、轨迹模拟及天气背景学分析等研究方法,分析3代粘虫成虫迁飞动态及迁出概率。【结果】(1)3代粘虫蛾可交尾及产卵,卵亦可孵化,但幼虫发育迟缓。(2)3代粘虫蛾数量相比于一代增长了10.3倍,成虫卵巢发育级别集中于1级,大多未交尾,处于从本地迁出的状态。(3)迁出期的风向以南风、西南风、东南风为主,不利于粘虫回迁至南方的越冬区域。(4)共有3 d的调查日观测到了粘虫聚集成层的迁飞现象。轨迹分析显示,极大比率的粘虫种群最终去向集中于观测点公主岭以北的区域或者朝鲜境内。【结论】3代粘虫受制于秋季风场无法成功回迁,成为了Pied-piper效应的牺牲者,无法为2016年春季粘虫的发生提供有效虫源。
[Objectives] Radar observations were carried out in Gongzhuling, Jilin Province of China in 2015 to confirm the migration dynamics of the third-generation of the armyworm, Mythimna separata, and to analyze the probability of their southward migration. The results provide a scientific basis for forecasting and management of this pest. [Methods] The migration of third-generation armyworms was investigated based on scanning entomological radar observations, field rearing, field survey trap monitoring and trajectory analysis. [Results] 1. 3~(rd) generation armyworm moths can reproduce successfully but larval development is delayed. 2. 10.3 times more third generation adults were trapped than first generation adults, and most 3~(rd) generation moths had undeveloped and unmated ovaries suggesting that they were emigrating from local habitats. 3. Wind direction was basically south, southeast and southwest rather than northeast, which prevented 3~(rd) generation moths from returning to overwintering regions in southern China. 4. Aerial stratification was observed over three days. Trajectory analysis indicated that most landing areas were restricted to either north of Gongzhuling or North Korea. [Conclusion] Prevailing southerlies in 2015 prevented local third-generation moths from migrating to overwintering regions. The Pied piper effect made these emigrants incapable of forming a source population of armyworms the following summer.
[Objectives] Radar observations were carried out in Gongzhuling, Jilin Province of China in 2015 to confirm the migration dynamics of the third-generation of the armyworm, Mythimna separata, and to analyze the probability of their southward migration. The results provide a scientific basis for forecasting and management of this pest. [Methods] The migration of third-generation armyworms was investigated based on scanning entomological radar observations, field rearing, field survey trap monitoring and trajectory analysis. [Results] 1. 3~(rd) generation armyworm moths can reproduce successfully but larval development is delayed. 2. 10.3 times more third generation adults were trapped than first generation adults, and most 3~(rd) generation moths had undeveloped and unmated ovaries suggesting that they were emigrating from local habitats. 3. Wind direction was basically south, southeast and southwest rather than northeast, which prevented 3~(rd) generation moths from returning to overwintering regions in southern China. 4. Aerial stratification was observed over three days. Trajectory analysis indicated that most landing areas were restricted to either north of Gongzhuling or North Korea. [Conclusion] Prevailing southerlies in 2015 prevented local third-generation moths from migrating to overwintering regions. The Pied piper effect made these emigrants incapable of forming a source population of armyworms the following summer.
引文
Chen RL,1979.Forecasting of Agriculture Pests.Changchun:Jilin People's Press.121-144.[陈瑞鹿,1979.农作物病虫预测预报手册.长春:吉林人民出版社121-144.]
Chen RL,Bao XZ,Drake VA,Farrow RA,Wang SY,Sun YJ,Zhai BP,1989.Radar observations of the spring migration into northeastern china of the oriental armyworm moth,Mythimna separata,and other insects.Ecological Entomology,14(2):149-162.
Cong SB,Wan P,Huang MS,W HH,Xu D,Wang JT,2015.Population dynamics and wintering pattern of Mythimna separate Walker in Wuhan.Hubei Agricultural Sciences,54(23):5904-5907.[丛胜波,万鹏,黄民松,武怀恒,许冬,王金涛,2015.武汉地区粘虫的种群动态及越冬规律.湖北农业科学,54(23):5904-5907.]
Feng HQ,Zhao XC,Wu XF,Bo W,Wu KM,Cheng DF,Guo YY,2008.Autumn migration of mythimna separata(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)over the bohai sea in northern china.Environmental Entomology,37(3):774-781.
Fu XW,2015.Study on the community structure and population dynamics of migratory insects across the Bohai strait.Doctoral dissertation.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.[付晓伟,2015.“渤海湾通道”迁飞性昆虫群落结构及种群动态研究.博士学位论文.北京:中国农业科学院.]
Gao YB,Sun YJ,Zhang Q,Sun W,Zhou JC,2014.The spring migration behavior of the oriental armyworm,Mythimna separata,in northeastern China.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,51(4):906-913.[高月波,孙雅杰,张强,孙嵬,周佳春,2014.东北粘虫春季空中虫群的迁飞行为.应用昆虫学报,51(4):906-913.]
Hu G,Wu QL,Wu XW,Jiang YY,Zeng J,Zhai BP,2014.Outbreak mechanism of second generation armyworms in northeastern China:A case study in 1980.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,51(4):943-957.[胡高,吴秋琳,武向文,姜玉英,曾娟,翟保平,2014.东北二代粘虫大发生机制:1980年个例分析.应用昆虫学报,51(4):943-957.]
Jiang XF,Cai B,Luo LZ,Cao YZ,Liu YQ,2003.Influences of temperature and humidity synthes ize on flight capacity in the moths of oriental armyworm,Mythimna separata(Walker).Acta Ecologica Sinica,23(4):738-743.[江幸福,蔡彬,罗礼智,曹雅忠,刘悦秋,2003.温、湿度综合效应对粘虫蛾飞行能力的影响.生态学报,23(4):738-743.]
Jiang XF,Luo LZ,Zhang L,Sappington TW,Hu Y,2011.Regulation of migration in mythimna separata(Walker)in China:a review integrating environmental,physiological,hormonal,genetic,and molecular factors.Environmental Entomology,40(3):516.
Jiang XF,Zhang L,Cheng YX,Luo LZ,2014.Novel features,occurrence trends and economic impact of the oriental armyworm,Mythimna separata(Walker)in China.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,51(6):1444-1449.[江幸福,张蕾,程云霞,罗礼智,2014.我国粘虫发生危害新特点及趋势分析.应用昆虫学报,51(6):1444-1449.]
Jiang YY,Li CG,Zeng J,Liu J,2014.Population dynamics of the armyworm in China:A review of the past 60 years’research.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,51(4):890-898.[姜玉英,李春广,曾娟,刘杰,2014.我国粘虫发生概况:60年回顾.应用昆虫学报,51(4):890-898.]
Jin CX,He Z,1965.Introduction for feeding armyworm.Entomological Knowledge,9(6):51-52.[金翠霞,何忠,1965.粘虫饲养方法介绍.昆虫知识,9(6):51-52]
Kalnay E,Kanamitsu M,Kistler R,Collins W,Deaven D,Gandin L,Iredell M,Saha S,White G,Woollen J,Zhu Y,Leetmaa A,Reynolds B,Chelliah M,Ebisuzaki W,Higgins W,Janowiak J,Mo KC,Ropelewski C,Wang J,Jenne R,Joseph D,1996.The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,77(3):437-470.
Li GB,1993.Research summary and major advances of Mythimna separata in China.Plant Protection,19(4):2-4.[李光博,1993.我国粘虫研究概况及主要进展.植物保护,19(4):2-4.]
Li MC,Chen RL,Liu TY,Leo CS,1965.Studies on the source of the early spring generation of the armyworm,Leucania separata Walker,in Kirin Province.Ⅰ.Studies on the hibernation and problems of the source.Acta Entomologica Sinica,14(1):23-33.[李绵春,陈瑞鹿,刘增义,庐兆先,1965.吉林省粘虫猖獗世代发生虫源的研究--Ⅰ.发生虫源的探讨和越冬问题研究.昆虫学报,14(1):23-33.]
Liu J,Jiang YY,Zeng J,2015.Occurrence characteristics of armyworm in China in 2013.Plant Protection,41(3):131-137.[刘杰,姜玉英,曾娟,2015.2013年我国粘虫发生特点分析.植物保护,41(3):131-137.]
Mao YK,Huang QY,Zhu F,Wang XP,Lei CL,2015.The research of occurrence regularity of Mythimna separate(Walker)in Zhongxiang city of Hubei Province.Journal of Environmental Entomology,37(6):1176-1181.[毛永凯,黄求应,朱芬,王小平,雷朝亮,2015.湖北省钟祥市粘虫发生规律研究.环境昆虫学报,38(6):1176-1181.]
Pan L,2009.Pied Piper effect of the migration arena in East Asia and inntermittent outbreak mechanisms of the third generation armyworm in Northerern China.Master dissertation.Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University.[潘蕾,2009.东亚迁飞场的Pied Piper效应与我国三代粘虫的间歇性暴发机制.硕士学位论文.南京:南京农业大学]
Pan L,Wu XW,Chen X,Jiang YY,Zeng J,Zhai BP,2014.Pied piper effect of the migration arena in northeastern China on Mythimna separata(Walker).Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,51(4):974-986.[潘蕾,武向文,陈晓,姜玉英,曾娟,翟保平,2014.东北迁飞场对粘虫的pied piper效应.应用昆虫学报,51(4):974-986.]
Stein AF,Draxler RR,Rolph GD,Stunder BJB,Cohen MD,Ngan F,2015.NOAA's hysplit atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling system.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,96(12):2059-2077.
Sun W,Cheng ZJ,Zhang Q,Zhou JC,Gao YB,2016.Monitoring on the second-generation adult armywaorm by scanning entomological radar.Journal of Northeast Agricultural Sciences,41(6):79-81.[孙嵬,程志加,张强,周佳春,高月波,2016.应用扫描昆虫雷达监测二代粘虫成虫.东北农业科学,41(6):79-81.]
Wu XW,2001.Pied piper effect of the insect migration arena in Northeastern China.Master dissertation.Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University.[武向文,2001.我国东北地区昆虫迁飞场的Piedpiper效应.硕士学位论文.南京:南京农业大学.]
Zeng J,Jiang YY,Liu J,2013.Analysis of the armyworm outbreak in 2012 and suggestions of monitoring and forecasting.Plant Protection,39(2),117-121.[曾娟,姜玉英,刘杰,2013.2012年粘虫暴发特点分析与监测预警建议.植物保护,39(2):117-121.]
Zhang YH,2008.Radar observation and population analysis of migratory insects in north and northeast of China.Doctoral dissertation.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.[张云慧,2008.东北与华北地区迁飞昆虫的垂直昆虫雷达监测与虫源分析.博士学位论文.中国农业科学院.]
Zhang YH,Zhang Z,Jiang YY,Zeng J,Gao YB,Cheng DF,2012.Preliminary analysis of the outbreak of the third-generation armyworm Mythimna separata in China in 2012.Plant Protection,38(5):1-8.[张云慧,张智,姜玉英,曾娟,高月波,程登发,2012.2012年三代粘虫大发生原因初步分析.植物保护,38(5):1-8.]
Zhang Z,2013.Monitoring and population dynamics analyses of important migratory pest insects in Northern China.Doctoral dissertation.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.[张智,2013.北方地区重大迁飞性害虫的监测与种群动态分析.博士学位论文.北京:中国农业科学院.]
Zhang L,Jiang XF,Luo LZ,2008.Determination of sensitive stage for switching migrant oriental armyworms into residents.Environmental Entomology,37(6):1389-1395.
Zhao XC,Feng HQ,Wu B,Wu XF,Liu ZF,Wu KM,Mc Neil JN,2009.Does the onset of sexual maturation terminate the expression of migratory behaviour in moths?a study of the oriental armyworm,mythimna separata.Journal of Insect Physiology,55(11):1039-1043.
Chen RL,Bao XZ,Drake VA,Farrow RA,Wang SY,Sun YJ,Zhai BP,1989.Radar observations of the spring migration into northeastern china of the oriental armyworm moth,Mythimna separata,and other insects.Ecological Entomology,14(2):149-162.
Cong SB,Wan P,Huang MS,W HH,Xu D,Wang JT,2015.Population dynamics and wintering pattern of Mythimna separate Walker in Wuhan.Hubei Agricultural Sciences,54(23):5904-5907.[丛胜波,万鹏,黄民松,武怀恒,许冬,王金涛,2015.武汉地区粘虫的种群动态及越冬规律.湖北农业科学,54(23):5904-5907.]
Feng HQ,Zhao XC,Wu XF,Bo W,Wu KM,Cheng DF,Guo YY,2008.Autumn migration of mythimna separata(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)over the bohai sea in northern china.Environmental Entomology,37(3):774-781.
Fu XW,2015.Study on the community structure and population dynamics of migratory insects across the Bohai strait.Doctoral dissertation.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.[付晓伟,2015.“渤海湾通道”迁飞性昆虫群落结构及种群动态研究.博士学位论文.北京:中国农业科学院.]
Gao YB,Sun YJ,Zhang Q,Sun W,Zhou JC,2014.The spring migration behavior of the oriental armyworm,Mythimna separata,in northeastern China.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,51(4):906-913.[高月波,孙雅杰,张强,孙嵬,周佳春,2014.东北粘虫春季空中虫群的迁飞行为.应用昆虫学报,51(4):906-913.]
Hu G,Wu QL,Wu XW,Jiang YY,Zeng J,Zhai BP,2014.Outbreak mechanism of second generation armyworms in northeastern China:A case study in 1980.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,51(4):943-957.[胡高,吴秋琳,武向文,姜玉英,曾娟,翟保平,2014.东北二代粘虫大发生机制:1980年个例分析.应用昆虫学报,51(4):943-957.]
Jiang XF,Cai B,Luo LZ,Cao YZ,Liu YQ,2003.Influences of temperature and humidity synthes ize on flight capacity in the moths of oriental armyworm,Mythimna separata(Walker).Acta Ecologica Sinica,23(4):738-743.[江幸福,蔡彬,罗礼智,曹雅忠,刘悦秋,2003.温、湿度综合效应对粘虫蛾飞行能力的影响.生态学报,23(4):738-743.]
Jiang XF,Luo LZ,Zhang L,Sappington TW,Hu Y,2011.Regulation of migration in mythimna separata(Walker)in China:a review integrating environmental,physiological,hormonal,genetic,and molecular factors.Environmental Entomology,40(3):516.
Jiang XF,Zhang L,Cheng YX,Luo LZ,2014.Novel features,occurrence trends and economic impact of the oriental armyworm,Mythimna separata(Walker)in China.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,51(6):1444-1449.[江幸福,张蕾,程云霞,罗礼智,2014.我国粘虫发生危害新特点及趋势分析.应用昆虫学报,51(6):1444-1449.]
Jiang YY,Li CG,Zeng J,Liu J,2014.Population dynamics of the armyworm in China:A review of the past 60 years’research.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,51(4):890-898.[姜玉英,李春广,曾娟,刘杰,2014.我国粘虫发生概况:60年回顾.应用昆虫学报,51(4):890-898.]
Jin CX,He Z,1965.Introduction for feeding armyworm.Entomological Knowledge,9(6):51-52.[金翠霞,何忠,1965.粘虫饲养方法介绍.昆虫知识,9(6):51-52]
Kalnay E,Kanamitsu M,Kistler R,Collins W,Deaven D,Gandin L,Iredell M,Saha S,White G,Woollen J,Zhu Y,Leetmaa A,Reynolds B,Chelliah M,Ebisuzaki W,Higgins W,Janowiak J,Mo KC,Ropelewski C,Wang J,Jenne R,Joseph D,1996.The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,77(3):437-470.
Li GB,1993.Research summary and major advances of Mythimna separata in China.Plant Protection,19(4):2-4.[李光博,1993.我国粘虫研究概况及主要进展.植物保护,19(4):2-4.]
Li MC,Chen RL,Liu TY,Leo CS,1965.Studies on the source of the early spring generation of the armyworm,Leucania separata Walker,in Kirin Province.Ⅰ.Studies on the hibernation and problems of the source.Acta Entomologica Sinica,14(1):23-33.[李绵春,陈瑞鹿,刘增义,庐兆先,1965.吉林省粘虫猖獗世代发生虫源的研究--Ⅰ.发生虫源的探讨和越冬问题研究.昆虫学报,14(1):23-33.]
Liu J,Jiang YY,Zeng J,2015.Occurrence characteristics of armyworm in China in 2013.Plant Protection,41(3):131-137.[刘杰,姜玉英,曾娟,2015.2013年我国粘虫发生特点分析.植物保护,41(3):131-137.]
Mao YK,Huang QY,Zhu F,Wang XP,Lei CL,2015.The research of occurrence regularity of Mythimna separate(Walker)in Zhongxiang city of Hubei Province.Journal of Environmental Entomology,37(6):1176-1181.[毛永凯,黄求应,朱芬,王小平,雷朝亮,2015.湖北省钟祥市粘虫发生规律研究.环境昆虫学报,38(6):1176-1181.]
Pan L,2009.Pied Piper effect of the migration arena in East Asia and inntermittent outbreak mechanisms of the third generation armyworm in Northerern China.Master dissertation.Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University.[潘蕾,2009.东亚迁飞场的Pied Piper效应与我国三代粘虫的间歇性暴发机制.硕士学位论文.南京:南京农业大学]
Pan L,Wu XW,Chen X,Jiang YY,Zeng J,Zhai BP,2014.Pied piper effect of the migration arena in northeastern China on Mythimna separata(Walker).Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,51(4):974-986.[潘蕾,武向文,陈晓,姜玉英,曾娟,翟保平,2014.东北迁飞场对粘虫的pied piper效应.应用昆虫学报,51(4):974-986.]
Stein AF,Draxler RR,Rolph GD,Stunder BJB,Cohen MD,Ngan F,2015.NOAA's hysplit atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling system.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,96(12):2059-2077.
Sun W,Cheng ZJ,Zhang Q,Zhou JC,Gao YB,2016.Monitoring on the second-generation adult armywaorm by scanning entomological radar.Journal of Northeast Agricultural Sciences,41(6):79-81.[孙嵬,程志加,张强,周佳春,高月波,2016.应用扫描昆虫雷达监测二代粘虫成虫.东北农业科学,41(6):79-81.]
Wu XW,2001.Pied piper effect of the insect migration arena in Northeastern China.Master dissertation.Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University.[武向文,2001.我国东北地区昆虫迁飞场的Piedpiper效应.硕士学位论文.南京:南京农业大学.]
Zeng J,Jiang YY,Liu J,2013.Analysis of the armyworm outbreak in 2012 and suggestions of monitoring and forecasting.Plant Protection,39(2),117-121.[曾娟,姜玉英,刘杰,2013.2012年粘虫暴发特点分析与监测预警建议.植物保护,39(2):117-121.]
Zhang YH,2008.Radar observation and population analysis of migratory insects in north and northeast of China.Doctoral dissertation.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.[张云慧,2008.东北与华北地区迁飞昆虫的垂直昆虫雷达监测与虫源分析.博士学位论文.中国农业科学院.]
Zhang YH,Zhang Z,Jiang YY,Zeng J,Gao YB,Cheng DF,2012.Preliminary analysis of the outbreak of the third-generation armyworm Mythimna separata in China in 2012.Plant Protection,38(5):1-8.[张云慧,张智,姜玉英,曾娟,高月波,程登发,2012.2012年三代粘虫大发生原因初步分析.植物保护,38(5):1-8.]
Zhang Z,2013.Monitoring and population dynamics analyses of important migratory pest insects in Northern China.Doctoral dissertation.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.[张智,2013.北方地区重大迁飞性害虫的监测与种群动态分析.博士学位论文.北京:中国农业科学院.]
Zhang L,Jiang XF,Luo LZ,2008.Determination of sensitive stage for switching migrant oriental armyworms into residents.Environmental Entomology,37(6):1389-1395.
Zhao XC,Feng HQ,Wu B,Wu XF,Liu ZF,Wu KM,Mc Neil JN,2009.Does the onset of sexual maturation terminate the expression of migratory behaviour in moths?a study of the oriental armyworm,mythimna separata.Journal of Insect Physiology,55(11):1039-1043.