间伐强度对柏木人工林生长及林下植物的影响
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摘要
【目的】针对川中丘陵区普遍存在的柏木人工林密度过大、木材生产力低、林下灌草盖度低和天然更新不良等问题,开展生态疏伐试验,探讨间伐强度对林分生长和林下植物的影响,为开展柏木生态经济型防护林的营林活动提供参考。【方法】以25年生柏木人工林为研究对象,采用随机区组方法,设置4种间伐强度(20%~25%,15%~20%,10%~15%和对照)的处理,观察林分胸径、树高、蓄积量、生物多样性和天然更新幼苗数量,探讨间伐强度对其影响。【结果】不同强度间伐5年后林分平均胸径和胸径连年生长量在各处理之间均存在显著差异,胸径生长量随间伐强度加大而增加;平均树高以20%~25%间伐强度最大,达10.7 m,但20%~25%间伐强度与15%~20%间伐强度和10%~15%间伐强度之间无显著差异,而树高连年生长量在不同处理之间差异显著;20%~25%,15%~20%和10%~15%不同强度间伐5年后林分蓄积量分别为97.35,93.43和93.19 m3·hm-2,均比对照小,但蓄积连年生长量随间伐强度由高到低分别为6.11,4.58和3.66 m3·hm-2a-1,均高于对照;20%~25%间伐强度林分的灌木和草本Simpson指数分别为0.769 5和0.444 6,Shannon-Wiener指数分别为1.702 5和0.769 0,都比其他处理高;不同间伐强度天然更新幼苗株数仅在苗高5~30 cm等级存在显著差异,30~50和50~150 cm的幼苗在不同处理之间差异不明显;评价结果表明,综合得分以20%~25%间伐强度最大,且随间伐强度降低而减小。【结论】间伐后保留木的生长空间和营养空间得到有效改善,林分胸径和树高生长量随间伐强度增大而增加,但不同间伐强度蓄积量差异不显著;适度间伐可提高林下灌木和草本生物多样性指数;林分更新幼苗数量也随着间伐强度的增大而增加;就本研究的4种间伐强度而言,中龄阶段柏木人工林的适宜间伐强度为20%~25%。
【Objective 】 Aimed at the problems of high stand density,poor timber productivity,low coverage of understory vegetation and poor natural regeneration of Cupressus funebris plantation in hilly areas in central Sichuan,a thinning experiment was carried out to analyze the impacts of different thinning intensities on the stand growth and the understory plants and to provide guidance for managing eco-economic protection forests in the region. 【Method 】A 25 years old cypress plantation was used for the experiment,four thinning intensities( 20%- 25%,15%- 20%,10%-15%,and control) were used with a randomized block experimental design. DBH,height,volume,biodiversity,and number of naturally regenerated seedlings were measured to determine their responses to different thinning intensities.【Result】The results indicated that the mean stand DBH and current annual increment( CAI) of DBH were significantly different among various thinning intensities,and a higher thinning intensity led to a higher DHB increment. The maximum mean height( 10. 7 m) occurred in stands with 20%- 25% thinning intensities,but not significantly different from those of thinning intensity of 15%- 20% and 10%- 15%. However,significant differences were found in the height CAI among the four thinning intensities. Standing volume was 97. 35,93. 43,and 93. 19 m3·hm- 2respectively in stand with thinning intensity of 20%- 25%,15%- 20%,and 10%- 15%,and were lower than that of the control. But the volume CAI was 6. 11,4. 58,and 3. 66 m3·hm- 2a- 1respectively and higher than that of the control. The Simpson index of shrubs and herbs for stand thinned at 20%- 25% was 0. 769 5 and 0. 444 6,Shannon-Wiener index was 1. 702 5 and0. 769 0 respectively,and the values of both indices were higher than that of the other thinning intensities. The number of naturally-regenerated seedlings was significantly different among different thinning intensities only for seedlings of 5- 30 cm in height,but no significant differences for seedlings of 30- 50 and 50- 150 cm height classes. A comprehensive evaluation showed that the highest score was found for the thinning intensity of 20%- 25%,and the total score decreased with the lowering of thinning intensity. 【Conclusion】The growing space and nutritional condition were effectively improved for the retained trees after thinning,stand DBH and height were increased with the increase of thinning intensity.However,the stand volume was not significantly different among the four thinning intensities. Besides,thinning at appropriate intensities can increase the biodiversity indices of shrubs and herbs,the quantity of naturally regenerated seedlings also increased with the increase of thinning intensity. 20%- 25% was the better one among the 4 thinning intensities for silvicultural interventions for the middle aged cypress plantation in the region.
【Objective 】 Aimed at the problems of high stand density,poor timber productivity,low coverage of understory vegetation and poor natural regeneration of Cupressus funebris plantation in hilly areas in central Sichuan,a thinning experiment was carried out to analyze the impacts of different thinning intensities on the stand growth and the understory plants and to provide guidance for managing eco-economic protection forests in the region. 【Method 】A 25 years old cypress plantation was used for the experiment,four thinning intensities( 20%- 25%,15%- 20%,10%-15%,and control) were used with a randomized block experimental design. DBH,height,volume,biodiversity,and number of naturally regenerated seedlings were measured to determine their responses to different thinning intensities.【Result】The results indicated that the mean stand DBH and current annual increment( CAI) of DBH were significantly different among various thinning intensities,and a higher thinning intensity led to a higher DHB increment. The maximum mean height( 10. 7 m) occurred in stands with 20%- 25% thinning intensities,but not significantly different from those of thinning intensity of 15%- 20% and 10%- 15%. However,significant differences were found in the height CAI among the four thinning intensities. Standing volume was 97. 35,93. 43,and 93. 19 m3·hm- 2respectively in stand with thinning intensity of 20%- 25%,15%- 20%,and 10%- 15%,and were lower than that of the control. But the volume CAI was 6. 11,4. 58,and 3. 66 m3·hm- 2a- 1respectively and higher than that of the control. The Simpson index of shrubs and herbs for stand thinned at 20%- 25% was 0. 769 5 and 0. 444 6,Shannon-Wiener index was 1. 702 5 and0. 769 0 respectively,and the values of both indices were higher than that of the other thinning intensities. The number of naturally-regenerated seedlings was significantly different among different thinning intensities only for seedlings of 5- 30 cm in height,but no significant differences for seedlings of 30- 50 and 50- 150 cm height classes. A comprehensive evaluation showed that the highest score was found for the thinning intensity of 20%- 25%,and the total score decreased with the lowering of thinning intensity. 【Conclusion】The growing space and nutritional condition were effectively improved for the retained trees after thinning,stand DBH and height were increased with the increase of thinning intensity.However,the stand volume was not significantly different among the four thinning intensities. Besides,thinning at appropriate intensities can increase the biodiversity indices of shrubs and herbs,the quantity of naturally regenerated seedlings also increased with the increase of thinning intensity. 20%- 25% was the better one among the 4 thinning intensities for silvicultural interventions for the middle aged cypress plantation in the region.
引文
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童书振,张建国,罗红艳,等.2000.杉木林密度间伐试验.林业科学,36(增刊1):86-89.(Tong S Z,Zhang J G,Luo H Y,et al.Studies on the density and thinning experiments of Chinese fir stands.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,36(Sp1):86-89.[in Chinese])
王金锡,慕长龙,彭培好,等.2006.长江中上游防护林体系生态效益监测与评价.成都:四川科学技术出版社,274-378.(Wang J X,Mu C L,Peng P H,et al.2006.Monitoring and evaluation of the ecological benefits of the protection forest system in the upper reaches of Changjiang river.Chengdu:Sichuan Press of Science and Technology,274-378.[in Chinese])
王凯,马履一,贾忠奎,等.2013.不同年龄油松人工林林下植物对不同间伐强度的短期响应.东北林业大学学报,41(10):1-9.(Wang K,Ma L Y,Jia Z K,et al.2013.Short-term responses of undergrowth of Pinus tabuliformis plantation at different stand ages to different thinning intensity.Journal of Northeast Forestry University,41(10):1-9.[in Chinese])
王懿祥,张守攻,陆元昌,等.2014.干扰树间伐对马尾松人工林目标树生长的初期效应.林业科学,50(10):67-73.(Wang Y X,Zhang S G,Lu Y C,et al.2014.Initial effects of crop trees growth after crop tree release on Pinus massoniana plantation.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,50(10):67-73.[in Chinese])
吴鹏飞,朱波.2008.不同林龄段桤柏混交林生态系统的水源涵养功能.中国水土保持科学,6(3):94-101.(Wu P F,Zhu B.2008.Water conversation function of the mixed Alnus cremastogyne and Cupressus funebris stand ecosystem at different stand age.Science of Soil and Water Conservation,6(3):94-101.[in Chinese])
徐金良,毛玉民,郑成忠,等.2014.抚育间伐对杉木人工林生长及出材量的影响.林业科学研究,27(1):99-107.(Xu J L,Mao Y M,Zheng C Z,et al.2014.Effect of thinning on growth and timber outturn in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation.Forest Research,27(1):99-107.[in Chinese])
杨玉坡.1993.长江上游(川江)防护林研究.北京:科学出版社,143-262.(Yang Y P.1993.Researches on the Chuanjiang Protection Forests in the Upper Reaches of the Changjiang River.Beijing:Science Press,143-262.[in Chinese])
张水松,陈长发,吴克选.等.2005.杉木林间伐强度试验20年生长效应的研究.林业科学,41(5):56-65.(Zhang S S,Chen C F,Wu K X,et al.2005.Growth effects of intermediate cuttings intensity experiment for twenty years in Cunninghamia lanceolata.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,41(5):56-65.[in Chinese])
张象君,王庆成,郝龙飞,等.2011.长白落叶松人工林林隙间伐对林下更新及植物多样性的影响.林业科学,47(8):7-13.(Zhang X J,Wang Q C,Hao L F,et al.2011.Effect of gap thinning on the regeneration and plant species diversity in Larix olgensis plantation.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,47(8):7-13.[in Chinese])
郑丽凤,周新年,罗积长,等.2008.择伐强度对天然针阔混交林更新格局的影响.福建林学院学报,28(4):310-313.(Zheng L F,Zhou X N,Luo J Z,et al.2008.Effects of selective intensity on regeneration pattern of natural mixed stand of conifer and broad-1 eaved trees.Journal of Fujian College of Forestry,28 (4):310-313.[in Chinese])
Ares A,Neill A R,Puettmann K J.2010.Understory abundance,species diversity and functional attribute response to thinning in coniferous stands.Forest Ecology and Management,260(7):1104-1113.
Caňellas I,Rio M D,Roig S,et al.2004.Growth response to thinning in Quercus pyrenaica Willd.coppice stands in Spanish central mountain.Annals of Forest Science,61(3):243-250.
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成向荣,徐金良,刘佳,等.2014.间伐对杉木人工林林下植被多样性及其以营养元素现存量影响.生态环境学报,23(1):30-34.(Cheng X R,Xu J L,Liu J,et al.2014.Effect of thinning on understory vegetation diversity and its nutrient stocks in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation.Ecology and Environmental Sciences,23(1):30-34.[in Chinese])
董希斌,王立海.2003.采伐强度对林分蓄积生长量与更新影响的研究.林业科学,39(6):122-125.(Dong X B,Wang L H.2003.Impacts of cutting intensity on volume increment and regeneration of different forests.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,39(6):122-125.[in Chinese])
高昌云,张文辉,何景峰,等.2013.黄龙山油松人工林间伐效果的综合评价.应用生态学报,24(5):1313-1319.(Gao C Y,Zhang W H,He J F,et al.2013.Effects of thinning intensity on Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in Huanglong Mountain,Northwest China:A comprehensive evaluation.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,24(5):1313-1319.[in Chinese])
龚固堂,黎燕琼,朱志芳,等.2012.川中丘陵区人工柏木防护林适宜林分结构及水文效应.生态学报,32(3):923-930.(Gong G T,Li Y Q,Zhu Z F,et al.2012.The suitable stand structure and hydrological effects of the cypress protection forests in the central Sichuan hilly region,Acta Ecologica Sinica,32(3):923-930.[in Chinese])
雷静品,肖文发,黄志霖,等.2009.带状改造对柏木人工林林下植被多样性和环境影响.江西农业大学学报,31(3):281-287.(Lei J P,Xiao W F,Huang Z L,et al.2009.Effects of the strip reform on the diversity of undergrowth vegetation and environment in Cupressus funebris plantation.Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,31(3):281-287.[in Chinese])
雷相东,陆元昌,张会儒,等.2005.抚育间伐对落叶松云冷杉混交林的影响.林业科学,41(4):78-85.(Lei X D,Lu Y C,Zhang H R,et al.2005.Effects of thinning on mixed stands of Larix olgensis,Abies nephrolepis,and Picea jazoensis.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,41(4):78-85.[in Chinese])
李春义,马履一,王希群,等.2007.抚育间伐对北京山区侧柏人工林林下植物多样性的短期影响.北京林业大学学报,29(3):60-66.(Li C Y,Ma L Y,Wang X Q,et al.2007.Short-term effects of tending on the undergrowth diversity of Platycladus orientalis plantation in Beijing mountainous areas.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,29(3):60-66.[in Chinese])
黎燕琼,龚固堂,郑绍伟,等.2013.低效柏木纯林不同改造措施对水土保持功能的影响.生态学报,33(3):934-943.(Li Y Q,Gong G T,Zheng S W,et al.2013.Impact on water and soil conservation of different bandwidths in low-efficiency cypress forest transformation.Acta Ecologica Sinica,33(3):934-943 .[in Chinese])
马履一,李春义,王希群,等.2007.不同强度间伐对北京山区油松生长及其林下植物多样性的影响.林业科学,43(5):1-9.(Ma L Y,Li C Y,Wang X Q,et al.2007.Effects of thinning on the growth and the diversity of undergrowth of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in Beijing mountainous areas.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,43 (5):1-9.[in Chinese])
童书振,张建国,罗红艳,等.2000.杉木林密度间伐试验.林业科学,36(增刊1):86-89.(Tong S Z,Zhang J G,Luo H Y,et al.Studies on the density and thinning experiments of Chinese fir stands.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,36(Sp1):86-89.[in Chinese])
王金锡,慕长龙,彭培好,等.2006.长江中上游防护林体系生态效益监测与评价.成都:四川科学技术出版社,274-378.(Wang J X,Mu C L,Peng P H,et al.2006.Monitoring and evaluation of the ecological benefits of the protection forest system in the upper reaches of Changjiang river.Chengdu:Sichuan Press of Science and Technology,274-378.[in Chinese])
王凯,马履一,贾忠奎,等.2013.不同年龄油松人工林林下植物对不同间伐强度的短期响应.东北林业大学学报,41(10):1-9.(Wang K,Ma L Y,Jia Z K,et al.2013.Short-term responses of undergrowth of Pinus tabuliformis plantation at different stand ages to different thinning intensity.Journal of Northeast Forestry University,41(10):1-9.[in Chinese])
王懿祥,张守攻,陆元昌,等.2014.干扰树间伐对马尾松人工林目标树生长的初期效应.林业科学,50(10):67-73.(Wang Y X,Zhang S G,Lu Y C,et al.2014.Initial effects of crop trees growth after crop tree release on Pinus massoniana plantation.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,50(10):67-73.[in Chinese])
吴鹏飞,朱波.2008.不同林龄段桤柏混交林生态系统的水源涵养功能.中国水土保持科学,6(3):94-101.(Wu P F,Zhu B.2008.Water conversation function of the mixed Alnus cremastogyne and Cupressus funebris stand ecosystem at different stand age.Science of Soil and Water Conservation,6(3):94-101.[in Chinese])
徐金良,毛玉民,郑成忠,等.2014.抚育间伐对杉木人工林生长及出材量的影响.林业科学研究,27(1):99-107.(Xu J L,Mao Y M,Zheng C Z,et al.2014.Effect of thinning on growth and timber outturn in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation.Forest Research,27(1):99-107.[in Chinese])
杨玉坡.1993.长江上游(川江)防护林研究.北京:科学出版社,143-262.(Yang Y P.1993.Researches on the Chuanjiang Protection Forests in the Upper Reaches of the Changjiang River.Beijing:Science Press,143-262.[in Chinese])
张水松,陈长发,吴克选.等.2005.杉木林间伐强度试验20年生长效应的研究.林业科学,41(5):56-65.(Zhang S S,Chen C F,Wu K X,et al.2005.Growth effects of intermediate cuttings intensity experiment for twenty years in Cunninghamia lanceolata.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,41(5):56-65.[in Chinese])
张象君,王庆成,郝龙飞,等.2011.长白落叶松人工林林隙间伐对林下更新及植物多样性的影响.林业科学,47(8):7-13.(Zhang X J,Wang Q C,Hao L F,et al.2011.Effect of gap thinning on the regeneration and plant species diversity in Larix olgensis plantation.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,47(8):7-13.[in Chinese])
郑丽凤,周新年,罗积长,等.2008.择伐强度对天然针阔混交林更新格局的影响.福建林学院学报,28(4):310-313.(Zheng L F,Zhou X N,Luo J Z,et al.2008.Effects of selective intensity on regeneration pattern of natural mixed stand of conifer and broad-1 eaved trees.Journal of Fujian College of Forestry,28 (4):310-313.[in Chinese])
Ares A,Neill A R,Puettmann K J.2010.Understory abundance,species diversity and functional attribute response to thinning in coniferous stands.Forest Ecology and Management,260(7):1104-1113.
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