种族主义与美国政治极化研究
摘要
美国种族主主义由来已久,当前种族主义回潮是美国国内外多重社会危机叠加的结果。它加剧了美国的政治极化生态,导致政党极化、国会分裂、联邦政府与州政府矛盾激化、政治系统僵化、政治右翼保守化倾向加剧。种族主义对政治极化生态的影响主要通过白人反弹、狗哨政治、右翼社会保守运动的方式实现。特朗普政府时期,种族主义有扩大的态势,认同政治的地位和作用进一步凸显,在此背景下,美国政治极化将进一步恶化。
American racism is time-honored. Currently, the resurging of racism in America is the result of multiple crises combined both at home and abroad, which has sped up the political polarization in the U.S., resulting in the polarization of political parties, the split of the Congress, the intensifying contradiction between the federal government and the state governments, the petrifaction of political system, and the right-ring political conservatism. Racism influences political polarization by the white backlash the dog whistle politics and the right-ring social movement. During the Trump administration, racism has taken a trend of expansion, as well as the status and role of the identity politics have become further highlighted. In such a context, the political polarization in the U.S. will become further worsened.
American racism is time-honored. Currently, the resurging of racism in America is the result of multiple crises combined both at home and abroad, which has sped up the political polarization in the U.S., resulting in the polarization of political parties, the split of the Congress, the intensifying contradiction between the federal government and the state governments, the petrifaction of political system, and the right-ring political conservatism. Racism influences political polarization by the white backlash the dog whistle politics and the right-ring social movement. During the Trump administration, racism has taken a trend of expansion, as well as the status and role of the identity politics have become further highlighted. In such a context, the political polarization in the U.S. will become further worsened.
引文
(1)谢韬:《从大选看美国的历史周期、政党重组和区域主义》,载《美国研究》,2012年第4期。
(2)相关文献参见节大磊:《美国的政治极化与美国民主》,载《美国研究》,2016 年第2期;张业亮:《“极化”的美国政治:神话还是现实?》,载《美国研究》,2008年第3期;周琪、王欢:《值得关注的美国政治“极化”趋势》,载《当代世界》,2011年第4期。
(3)Jane Junn and Kerry L.Haynie,New Race Politics in America:Understanding Minority and Immigrant Politics,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008.
(4)Antoine J.Banks,Anger and Racial Politics:The Emotional Foundation of Racial Attitudes in America,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2014.
(5)Michael Tesler and Michael Tesler,Post-racial Or Most-racial:Race and Politics in the Obama Era,University of Chicago,2016.
(6)Marisa Abrajano and Zoltan Hajna ,White Backlash-Immigration,Race,and American Politics,Princeton University Press,2015.
(7)Chauncey DeVega,“How Racism is Driving Political Polarization in the Age of Obama”,Daily Kos,August 5th ,2014,http://www.dailykos.com/
(8)Eduardo Bonilla-Silva,“Racism Without Racists:Color-blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial”,Lanham:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,3 edition,November 16th,2009.
(9)Rifles and Typhus,“The Deadliest War”,Harvard Magazine,May-June,2001,https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225020/http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/050155.html
(10)Eduardo Bonilla-Silva,Racism Without Racists:Color-blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial,Lanham:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers;4 edition,July 29th,2013.
(11)Doug McAdam,Karina Kloos,Deeply Divided:Racial Politics and Social Movements in Postwar America,New York:Oxford University Press,2014.
(12)Bernadette D.Proctor and Jessica L.Semega,and Melissa A.Kollar ,“Income and Poverty in the United States:2015”,Current Population Reports,United States Census Bureau,U.S.Department of Commerce,Issued September,2016.
(13)Gina Kolata,“Death Rates Rising for Middle-Aged White Americans,Study Finds”,New York Times,November 2,2015 ,http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/03/health/death-rates-rising-for-middle-aged-white-americans-study-finds.html
(14)“Some U.S.Occupations Have High Shares of Unauthorized Immigrant Workers”,Pew Research Center,November 2,2016,http://www.pewhispanic.org/2016/11/03/occupations-of-unauthorized-immigrant-workers/ph_11-03-16_unauthorized-02-01/
(15)“U.S.-born and Unauthorized Immigrant Workers,by Major Industry,2012”,Pew Research Center,March 26,2015,http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/03/26/share-of-unauthorized-immigrant-workers-in-production-construction-jobs-falls-since-2007/ph_2015-03-26_unauthorized-immigrants-testimony-report-04/
(16)“Modern Immigration Wave Brings 59 Million to U.S,Driving Population Growth and Change Through 2065 Views of Immigration’s Impact on U.S.Society Mixed”,Pew Research Center,September 28,2015,http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/09/28/modern-immigration-wave-brings-59-million-to-u-s-driving-population-growth-and-change-through-2065
(17)John Sides,“White Christian America is dying”,The Washington Post,August 15,2016,https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/08/15/white-christian-america-is-dying/
(18)③ ④ ⑤ “Modern Immigration Wave Brings 59 Million to U.S.,Driving Population Growth and Change Through 2065 Views of Immigration’s Impact on U.S.Society Mixed”,Pew Research Center,September 28,2015,http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/09/28/modern-immigration-wave-brings-59-million-to-u-s-driving-population-growth-and-change-through-2065
(19)Marisa Abrajano and Zoltan L.Hajnal,White Backlash-Immigration,Race,and American Politics,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,2015.
(20)Ian Haney-Lope,Dog Whistle Politics:How Coded Racial Appeals Have Wrecked the Middle Class,New York:Oxford University Press,2014.
(21)“Political Polarization in the American Public”,Pew Research Center,June 12,2014,http://www.people-press.org/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/
(22)﹝美﹞R·道格拉斯·阿诺德,邓友平译:《美国国会行动的逻辑》,上海三联书店,2010年,第10页。
(23)“Political Polarization in the American Public”,Pew Research Center,June 12,2014,http://www.people-press.org/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/
(24)⑤ Carroll Doherty,“7 things to know about polarization in America”,Pew Research Center,June 12,2014,http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/12/7-things-to-know-about-polarization-in-america/
(25)Susan Davis,“This Congress could be least productive since 1947”,USA Today,Aug14,2012,http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/story/2012-08-14/unproductive-congress-not-passing-bills/57060096/1
(26)Francis Fukuyama,Political Order and Political Decay:From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy,London:Macmillan Press,September,2014.
(27)Gary Gerstle,American Crucible:Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,August 25,2002.
(28)Marisa Abrajano and Zoltan L.Hajnal,White Backlash:Immigration,Race,and American Politics,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,March 22,2015 .
(29)Mark Potok,“The Year in Hate and Extremism 2013 Spring Issue ”,Southern Poverty Law Center,March 4th,2013,https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2013/year-hate-and-extremism
(30)Frank Newport ,“American Public Opinion and Immigration”,Gallup,July 20,2015 ,http://www.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/184262/american-public-opinion-immigration.aspx
(31)John Gramlich ,“Trump Voters Want to Build the Wall,But Are More Divided on other Immigration Questions”,Pew Research Center,November 29th,2016,http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/29/trump-voters-want-to-build-the-wall-but-are-more-divided-on-other-immigration-questions/
(32)Carroll Doherty,“5 Facts about Trump Supporters’ Views of Immigration”,Pew Research Center,August 25 th,2016,http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/08/25/5-facts-about-trump-supporters-views-of-immigration/
(33)Michael Lipka and Jessica Martinez,“Catholics,especially Hispanics,echo pope’s call to embrace immigrants”,Pew Research Center,September 25,2015,http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/09/25/catholics-especially-hispanics-echo-popes-call-to-embrace-immigrants/
(34)Rich Morinieave,“Behind Trump’s Win in Rural White America:Women Joined Men in Backing Him”,Pew Research Center,November 17th,2016,http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/17/behind-trumps-win-in-rural-white-america-women-joined-men-in-backing-him/
(35)“Economy Tops other Key Issues in Importance for Presidential Vote”,Pew Research Center,September 28,2016,http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/10/06/the-state-of-american-jobs/st_2016-10-06_jobs-11/
(36)Abby L.Ferber,“Increasing Synergy between the Conservative Movement and the Far Right”,Mobilizing Ideas,October1st,2013,https://mobilizingideas.wordpress.com/2013/10/01/increasing-synergy-between-the-conservative-movement-and-the-far-right/
(37)Leonard Zeskind,Blood and Politics:The History of the White Nationalist Movement from the Margins to the Mainstream,New York:Farrar,Straus and Giroux Press,May 12,2009.
(38)David Holthouse and Illustration Sean McCabe,“926 Hate Groups Active in 2008”,2009 Spring Issue,Southern Poverty Law Center,Feb 26,2009,https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2009/926-hate-groups-active-2008
(39)Abby L.Ferber ,“Increasing Synergy between the Conservative Movement and the Far Right”,Mobilizing Ideas,October 1st,2013,https://mobilizingideas.wordpress.com/2013/10/01/increasing-synergy-between-the-conservative-movement-and-the-far-right/
(40)Jaeah Lee and Brandon Ellington Patterson and Gabrielle Canonjun,“The Rise of Violent Right-Wing Extremism,Explained”,Mother Jones,Jun 30,2015,http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/06/right-wing-extremism-explainer-charleston-mass-shooting-terrorism
(41)“Hate Group Numbers Up By 54% Since 2000”,Southern Poverty Law Center,February 26,2009,https://www.splcenter.org/news/2009/02/26/hate-group-numbers-54-2000
(42)Jaeah Lee and Brandon Ellington Patterson and Gabrielle Canonjun,“The Rise of Violent Right-Wing Extremism,Explained”,Mother Jones,Jun 30,2015,http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/06/right-wing-extremism-explainer-charleston-mass-shooting-terrorism
(43)Abby L.Ferber,“Increasing Synergy between the Conservative Movement and the Far Right”,Mobilizing Ideas,October 1st,2013,https://mobilizingideas.wordpress.com/2013/10/01/increasing-synergy-between-the-conservative-movement-and-the-far-right/
(44)Ian Gray”,The Huffington Post,November 7th,2012,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/06/tea-party-election-results_n_2084506.html
(45)http://politicaldictionary.com/words/dog-whistle-politics/
(46)Michael Steele,“For Decades GOP Pursued ‘Southern Strategy’ That Alienated Minorities”,The Huffington Post,May 25,2011,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/22/michael-steele-for-decade_n_547702.html
(47)Ian Gray,“Tea Party Election Results:Conservative Movement Of 2010 Takes Pounding In 2012”,The Huffington Post ,November 7th,2012,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/06/tea-party-election-results_n_2084506.ht
(48)Alex Kane and AlterNet,“9 Most Racist Moments of the 2012 Election”,AlterNet,October 15,2012 ,http://www.alternet.org/news-amp-politics/9-most-racist-moments-2012-election
(49)Tom Scocca,“Eighty-Eight Percent of Romney Voters Were White”,Slate,November.7th ,2012 ,http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/scocca/2012/11/mitt_romney_white_voters_the_gop_candidate_s_race_based_monochromatic_campaign.html
(50)J.E.Lowndes,From the New Deal to the New Right:Race and the Southern Origins of Modern Conservatism,New Haven:Yale University Press,2008.
(51)Holly Yan and Kristina Sgueglia and Kylie Walker,“Make America White Again:Hate speech and Crimes Post-election”,CNN,December 22,2016,http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/10/us/post-election-hate-crimes-and-fears-trnd/
(52)“Active Groups 2016” ,Intelligence Report,Southern Poverty Law Center,Spring IssueFebruary 15,2017,https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2017/active-hate-groups-2016
(53)Ta-Nehisi Coates,“The First White President”,The Atlantic,October,2017 ,https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/10/the-first-white-president-ta-nehisi-coates/537909/
(54)David Lauter,“ Trumo at the 100- day Mark:Stable Support but Few Achievements ”,Los Angeles Times,April 26,2017 http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-100-day-20170426-story.html
(2)相关文献参见节大磊:《美国的政治极化与美国民主》,载《美国研究》,2016 年第2期;张业亮:《“极化”的美国政治:神话还是现实?》,载《美国研究》,2008年第3期;周琪、王欢:《值得关注的美国政治“极化”趋势》,载《当代世界》,2011年第4期。
(3)Jane Junn and Kerry L.Haynie,New Race Politics in America:Understanding Minority and Immigrant Politics,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008.
(4)Antoine J.Banks,Anger and Racial Politics:The Emotional Foundation of Racial Attitudes in America,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2014.
(5)Michael Tesler and Michael Tesler,Post-racial Or Most-racial:Race and Politics in the Obama Era,University of Chicago,2016.
(6)Marisa Abrajano and Zoltan Hajna ,White Backlash-Immigration,Race,and American Politics,Princeton University Press,2015.
(7)Chauncey DeVega,“How Racism is Driving Political Polarization in the Age of Obama”,Daily Kos,August 5th ,2014,http://www.dailykos.com/
(8)Eduardo Bonilla-Silva,“Racism Without Racists:Color-blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial”,Lanham:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,3 edition,November 16th,2009.
(9)Rifles and Typhus,“The Deadliest War”,Harvard Magazine,May-June,2001,https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225020/http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/050155.html
(10)Eduardo Bonilla-Silva,Racism Without Racists:Color-blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial,Lanham:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers;4 edition,July 29th,2013.
(11)Doug McAdam,Karina Kloos,Deeply Divided:Racial Politics and Social Movements in Postwar America,New York:Oxford University Press,2014.
(12)Bernadette D.Proctor and Jessica L.Semega,and Melissa A.Kollar ,“Income and Poverty in the United States:2015”,Current Population Reports,United States Census Bureau,U.S.Department of Commerce,Issued September,2016.
(13)Gina Kolata,“Death Rates Rising for Middle-Aged White Americans,Study Finds”,New York Times,November 2,2015 ,http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/03/health/death-rates-rising-for-middle-aged-white-americans-study-finds.html
(14)“Some U.S.Occupations Have High Shares of Unauthorized Immigrant Workers”,Pew Research Center,November 2,2016,http://www.pewhispanic.org/2016/11/03/occupations-of-unauthorized-immigrant-workers/ph_11-03-16_unauthorized-02-01/
(15)“U.S.-born and Unauthorized Immigrant Workers,by Major Industry,2012”,Pew Research Center,March 26,2015,http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/03/26/share-of-unauthorized-immigrant-workers-in-production-construction-jobs-falls-since-2007/ph_2015-03-26_unauthorized-immigrants-testimony-report-04/
(16)“Modern Immigration Wave Brings 59 Million to U.S,Driving Population Growth and Change Through 2065 Views of Immigration’s Impact on U.S.Society Mixed”,Pew Research Center,September 28,2015,http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/09/28/modern-immigration-wave-brings-59-million-to-u-s-driving-population-growth-and-change-through-2065
(17)John Sides,“White Christian America is dying”,The Washington Post,August 15,2016,https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/08/15/white-christian-america-is-dying/
(18)③ ④ ⑤ “Modern Immigration Wave Brings 59 Million to U.S.,Driving Population Growth and Change Through 2065 Views of Immigration’s Impact on U.S.Society Mixed”,Pew Research Center,September 28,2015,http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/09/28/modern-immigration-wave-brings-59-million-to-u-s-driving-population-growth-and-change-through-2065
(19)Marisa Abrajano and Zoltan L.Hajnal,White Backlash-Immigration,Race,and American Politics,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,2015.
(20)Ian Haney-Lope,Dog Whistle Politics:How Coded Racial Appeals Have Wrecked the Middle Class,New York:Oxford University Press,2014.
(21)“Political Polarization in the American Public”,Pew Research Center,June 12,2014,http://www.people-press.org/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/
(22)﹝美﹞R·道格拉斯·阿诺德,邓友平译:《美国国会行动的逻辑》,上海三联书店,2010年,第10页。
(23)“Political Polarization in the American Public”,Pew Research Center,June 12,2014,http://www.people-press.org/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/
(24)⑤ Carroll Doherty,“7 things to know about polarization in America”,Pew Research Center,June 12,2014,http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/12/7-things-to-know-about-polarization-in-america/
(25)Susan Davis,“This Congress could be least productive since 1947”,USA Today,Aug14,2012,http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/story/2012-08-14/unproductive-congress-not-passing-bills/57060096/1
(26)Francis Fukuyama,Political Order and Political Decay:From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy,London:Macmillan Press,September,2014.
(27)Gary Gerstle,American Crucible:Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,August 25,2002.
(28)Marisa Abrajano and Zoltan L.Hajnal,White Backlash:Immigration,Race,and American Politics,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,March 22,2015 .
(29)Mark Potok,“The Year in Hate and Extremism 2013 Spring Issue ”,Southern Poverty Law Center,March 4th,2013,https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2013/year-hate-and-extremism
(30)Frank Newport ,“American Public Opinion and Immigration”,Gallup,July 20,2015 ,http://www.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/184262/american-public-opinion-immigration.aspx
(31)John Gramlich ,“Trump Voters Want to Build the Wall,But Are More Divided on other Immigration Questions”,Pew Research Center,November 29th,2016,http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/29/trump-voters-want-to-build-the-wall-but-are-more-divided-on-other-immigration-questions/
(32)Carroll Doherty,“5 Facts about Trump Supporters’ Views of Immigration”,Pew Research Center,August 25 th,2016,http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/08/25/5-facts-about-trump-supporters-views-of-immigration/
(33)Michael Lipka and Jessica Martinez,“Catholics,especially Hispanics,echo pope’s call to embrace immigrants”,Pew Research Center,September 25,2015,http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/09/25/catholics-especially-hispanics-echo-popes-call-to-embrace-immigrants/
(34)Rich Morinieave,“Behind Trump’s Win in Rural White America:Women Joined Men in Backing Him”,Pew Research Center,November 17th,2016,http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/17/behind-trumps-win-in-rural-white-america-women-joined-men-in-backing-him/
(35)“Economy Tops other Key Issues in Importance for Presidential Vote”,Pew Research Center,September 28,2016,http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/10/06/the-state-of-american-jobs/st_2016-10-06_jobs-11/
(36)Abby L.Ferber,“Increasing Synergy between the Conservative Movement and the Far Right”,Mobilizing Ideas,October1st,2013,https://mobilizingideas.wordpress.com/2013/10/01/increasing-synergy-between-the-conservative-movement-and-the-far-right/
(37)Leonard Zeskind,Blood and Politics:The History of the White Nationalist Movement from the Margins to the Mainstream,New York:Farrar,Straus and Giroux Press,May 12,2009.
(38)David Holthouse and Illustration Sean McCabe,“926 Hate Groups Active in 2008”,2009 Spring Issue,Southern Poverty Law Center,Feb 26,2009,https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2009/926-hate-groups-active-2008
(39)Abby L.Ferber ,“Increasing Synergy between the Conservative Movement and the Far Right”,Mobilizing Ideas,October 1st,2013,https://mobilizingideas.wordpress.com/2013/10/01/increasing-synergy-between-the-conservative-movement-and-the-far-right/
(40)Jaeah Lee and Brandon Ellington Patterson and Gabrielle Canonjun,“The Rise of Violent Right-Wing Extremism,Explained”,Mother Jones,Jun 30,2015,http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/06/right-wing-extremism-explainer-charleston-mass-shooting-terrorism
(41)“Hate Group Numbers Up By 54% Since 2000”,Southern Poverty Law Center,February 26,2009,https://www.splcenter.org/news/2009/02/26/hate-group-numbers-54-2000
(42)Jaeah Lee and Brandon Ellington Patterson and Gabrielle Canonjun,“The Rise of Violent Right-Wing Extremism,Explained”,Mother Jones,Jun 30,2015,http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/06/right-wing-extremism-explainer-charleston-mass-shooting-terrorism
(43)Abby L.Ferber,“Increasing Synergy between the Conservative Movement and the Far Right”,Mobilizing Ideas,October 1st,2013,https://mobilizingideas.wordpress.com/2013/10/01/increasing-synergy-between-the-conservative-movement-and-the-far-right/
(44)Ian Gray”,The Huffington Post,November 7th,2012,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/06/tea-party-election-results_n_2084506.html
(45)http://politicaldictionary.com/words/dog-whistle-politics/
(46)Michael Steele,“For Decades GOP Pursued ‘Southern Strategy’ That Alienated Minorities”,The Huffington Post,May 25,2011,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/22/michael-steele-for-decade_n_547702.html
(47)Ian Gray,“Tea Party Election Results:Conservative Movement Of 2010 Takes Pounding In 2012”,The Huffington Post ,November 7th,2012,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/06/tea-party-election-results_n_2084506.ht
(48)Alex Kane and AlterNet,“9 Most Racist Moments of the 2012 Election”,AlterNet,October 15,2012 ,http://www.alternet.org/news-amp-politics/9-most-racist-moments-2012-election
(49)Tom Scocca,“Eighty-Eight Percent of Romney Voters Were White”,Slate,November.7th ,2012 ,http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/scocca/2012/11/mitt_romney_white_voters_the_gop_candidate_s_race_based_monochromatic_campaign.html
(50)J.E.Lowndes,From the New Deal to the New Right:Race and the Southern Origins of Modern Conservatism,New Haven:Yale University Press,2008.
(51)Holly Yan and Kristina Sgueglia and Kylie Walker,“Make America White Again:Hate speech and Crimes Post-election”,CNN,December 22,2016,http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/10/us/post-election-hate-crimes-and-fears-trnd/
(52)“Active Groups 2016” ,Intelligence Report,Southern Poverty Law Center,Spring IssueFebruary 15,2017,https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2017/active-hate-groups-2016
(53)Ta-Nehisi Coates,“The First White President”,The Atlantic,October,2017 ,https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/10/the-first-white-president-ta-nehisi-coates/537909/
(54)David Lauter,“ Trumo at the 100- day Mark:Stable Support but Few Achievements ”,Los Angeles Times,April 26,2017 http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-100-day-20170426-story.html