资源安全视域下南海渔业纠纷探析
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摘要
南海周边国家经济发展依赖海洋资源,地缘政治深受海洋影响,渔业纠纷往往成为海洋资源争夺的重点。由渔业纠纷而引起的暴力事件、外交冲突、国家对立,已成为关乎南海海域安全与稳定的突出议题。资源匮乏、民族情绪、领海争议等原因,推动南海相关国家对渔业纠纷进行安全化操作,激化南海渔业纠纷。在此背景下,协商建立渔业合作机制为南海资源安全治理提供了新平台。渔业合作机制所产生的"外溢效应",将会不断弥补国家间的信任赤字、推动国家利益的聚合、加快非传统安全治理的进程,而渔业合作机制也将成为综合安全治理的着力点。
The countries around the South China Sea are geographically dependent on the ocean,and their economic developments rely on the ocean resources.Therefore,fishery disputes have become the focus of the competition for marine resources.Violent incidents,diplomatic conflicts and national antagonism caused by fishery disputes have become prominent issues related to safety and stability of the South China Sea.Some reasons which include the resource scarcity and national sentiment and territorial disputes have intensified the fishery disputes in the South China Sea.In this context,establishing a fishery cooperation mechanism could provide a platform for the resource management in the South China Sea.On one hand,the"spillover effect"produced by fisheries cooperation may increase trust between countries
and promote collecting the national interests.On the other hand,fisheries cooperation could become one of the most core contents in the regional security governance.
The countries around the South China Sea are geographically dependent on the ocean,and their economic developments rely on the ocean resources.Therefore,fishery disputes have become the focus of the competition for marine resources.Violent incidents,diplomatic conflicts and national antagonism caused by fishery disputes have become prominent issues related to safety and stability of the South China Sea.Some reasons which include the resource scarcity and national sentiment and territorial disputes have intensified the fishery disputes in the South China Sea.In this context,establishing a fishery cooperation mechanism could provide a platform for the resource management in the South China Sea.On one hand,the"spillover effect"produced by fisheries cooperation may increase trust between countries
and promote collecting the national interests.On the other hand,fisheries cooperation could become one of the most core contents in the regional security governance.
引文
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(3)参见鞠海龙:《南海渔业衰减相关问题研究》,《东南亚研究》2012年第6期;李聆群:《南海渔业合作:来自地中海渔业合作的启示》,《东南亚研究》2017年第4期;葛红亮、鞠海龙:《南中国海地区渔业合作与管理机制分析---以功能主义为视角》,《昆明理工大学学报》2013年第1期。
(4)参见郑先武:《全球化背景下的“安全”:一种概念的重构》,《国际论坛》2006年第1期,第47页。
(5)参见巴里·布赞:《非传统安全研究的理论框架》,《世界经济与政治》2010年第1期,第123页。
(1)Richard H.Ullman,“Redefining Security,”International Security,Vol.8,No.1,1983,pp.129-153.
(2)参见朱锋:《“非传统安全”解析》,《中国社会科学》2004年第4期,第140页。
(3)Richard H.Ullman,“Redefining Security,”International Security,Vol.8,No.1,1983,p.139.
(4)Travis Sharp,“Resource Conflict in the Twenty-First Century,”Peace Review:A Journal of Social Justice,Vol.19,2007,p.323.
(5)Kent Hughes Butts,“Geopolitics of Resource Scarcity,”Penn State Journal law&International Affairs,Vol.3,2015,p.3.
(1)张元卓:《政治经济学大词典》,北京:经济科学出版社,1998年,第299-301页。
(2)Jeffrey D.Wilson,“Regionalising Resource Security in the Asia-Pacific:the Challenge of Economic Nationalism,”Australian Journal of International Affairs,Vol.69,No.2,2015,p.225.
(3)参见迈克尔·T·克莱尔:《资源战争:全球冲突新场景》,童新耕译,上海:上海译文出版社,2002年,第21页。
(4)Kamila Proninska,“Resource War in Contemporary International Relations,”Polish Quarterly of International Affairs,Vol.14,No.3,2005,p.29.
(5)参见王逸舟:《〈联合国海洋法公约〉生效后的国际关系》,《百科知识》1996年第6期,第4页。
(1)FAO划定的主要渔区第36区主要包括南海北部地区,37区涵盖了大部分南海区域。具体分区图参见:FAO,“Major Fishing Areas:Pacific,Northwest(Major Fishing Area 61)”,http://www.fao.org/fishery/area/Area61/en;“MAjor Fishing Areas:Pacific,Western Central(Major Fishing Area 71)”,http://www.fao.org/fishery/area/Area71/en[2018-08-10]。
(2)Hongzhou Zhang,“Fisheries Cooperation in the South China Sea:Evaluating the Options,”Marine Policy,Vol.89,2018,p.68.
(3)参见鞠海龙:《南海渔业资源衰减相关问题研究》,《东南亚研究》2012年第6期,第52页。
(4)Robert Pomeroy,John Parks,et al.,“Fish Wars-Conflict and Collaboration in Fisheries Management in Southeast Asia,”Marine Policy,Vol.31,2007,p.646.
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(1)参见《李克强在第12届东亚峰会上的讲话》,中国外交部网站,2017年11月14日,http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/ziliao_674904/zyjh_674906/t1510608.shtml[2018-11-18]。