我国民用燃煤一次颗粒物的减排潜力研究
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摘要
民用燃煤是我国当前所有燃煤行业中一次PM_(2.5)最大的排放源。研究比较了18种原煤和6种半焦型煤在一典型的传统采暖炉中燃烧时的PM_(2.5)排放因子,并对比了一组典型无烟煤、半焦型煤和烟煤在改进型反式采暖炉中燃烧时的PM_(2.5)排放因子。半焦型煤的平均PM_(2.5)排放因子比所测试的原煤约低94%,同时改进型反式采暖炉对所测试的烟煤也约减排94%。这些结果表明用半焦型煤替代原煤和改进民用炉具均是实现我国民用燃煤PM_(2.5)减排的有效途径。
Residential coal combustion is currently the largest primary PM_(2.5) emission source among all China's coal consumption sectors. This study compared PM_(2.5) emission factors(EFs) from 18 raw coal and 6 semi-coke briquette samples in a typical heating stove, as well as one anthracite, one semi-coke briquette, and one bituminous samples burned in an advanced heating stove. Average PM_(2.5) EFs for tested semi-coke samples is about 94% lower than that for tested raw coal samples, while the average PM_(2.5) EF for the tested bituminous sample in the advanced stove is also about 94% lower than that in the traditional one. These results implicate that the replacement of current residential coal with semi-coke briquette and the improvement of residential stove technology can both benefit for the PM_(2.5) emission reduction in China.
Residential coal combustion is currently the largest primary PM_(2.5) emission source among all China's coal consumption sectors. This study compared PM_(2.5) emission factors(EFs) from 18 raw coal and 6 semi-coke briquette samples in a typical heating stove, as well as one anthracite, one semi-coke briquette, and one bituminous samples burned in an advanced heating stove. Average PM_(2.5) EFs for tested semi-coke samples is about 94% lower than that for tested raw coal samples, while the average PM_(2.5) EF for the tested bituminous sample in the advanced stove is also about 94% lower than that in the traditional one. These results implicate that the replacement of current residential coal with semi-coke briquette and the improvement of residential stove technology can both benefit for the PM_(2.5) emission reduction in China.
引文
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[27]张琦,李庆,蒋靖坤,等.一套民用固体燃料燃烧大气污染物排放测试系统的搭建和评测[J].环境科学学报,DIO:10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2015.0744,2015.Zhang Qi,Li Qing,Jiang Jingkun,et al.Construction and Evaluation of a Pollutant Measurement System for Residential Solid Fuel Combustion[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,DIO:10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2015.0744,2015(in Chinese).
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[29]Chen Yingjun,Sheng Guoying,Bi Xinhui,et al.Emission factors for carbonaceous particles and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from residential coal combustion in China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(6):1861-1867.
[30]孔少飞,白志鹏,陆炳.民用燃料燃烧排放PM2.5和PM10中碳组分排放因子对比[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(11):2749-2756.Kong Shaofei,Bai Zhipeng,Lu Bing.Comparative analysis on emission factors of carbonaceous components in PM2.5 and PM10 from domestic fuels combustion[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(11):2749-2756(in Chinese).
[2]国家统计局能源统计司.全国能源平衡表[M]//中国能源统计年鉴2014.北京:中国统计出版社,2015.National Bureau of Statistics.Energy Balance of China[M]//China Energy Statistical Yearbook 2014.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2015(in Chinese).
[3]Wang S X,Zhao B,Cai S Y,et al.Emission trends and mitigation options for air pollutants in East Asia[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2014,14(13):6571-6603.
[4]Wang Rong,Tao Shu,Wang Wentao,et al.Black carbon emissions in China from 1949 to 2050[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(14):7595-7603.
[5]赵磊,周洪光.超低排放燃煤火电机组湿式电除尘器细颗粒物脱除分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(2):468-473.Zhao Lei,Zhou Hongguang.Particle removal efficiency analysis of WESP in an ultra low emission coal-fired power plant[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(2):468-473(in Chinese).
[6]Chen Yingjun,Zhi Guorui,Feng Yanli,et al.Measurements of black and organic carbon emission factors for household coal combustion in china:implication for emission reduction[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(24):9495-9500.
[7]Shen Guofeng,Xue Miao,Chen Yuanchen,et al.Comparison of carbonaceous particulate matter emission factors among different solid fuels burned in residential stoves[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,89:337-345.
[8]Chen Yingjun,Tian Chongguo,Feng Yanli,et al.Measurements of emission factors of PM2.5,OC,EC,and BC for household stoves of coal combustion in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,109:190-196.
[9]Bond T C,Covert D S,Kramlich J C,et al.Primary particle emissions from residential coal burning:optical properties and size distributions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,2002,107(D21):8347.
[10]Chen Yingjun,Zhi Guorui,Feng Yanli,et al.Measurements of emission factors for primary carbonaceous particles from residential raw-coal combustion in China[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33(20):L20815.
[11]刘源,张元勋,魏永杰,等.民用燃煤含碳颗粒物的排放因子测量[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(9):1409-1416.Liu Yuan,Zhang Yuanxun,Wei Yongjie,et al.Measurement of emission factors of carbonaceous aerosols from residential coal combustion[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2007,27(9):1409-1416(in Chinese).
[12]Li Qing,Li Xinghua,Jiang Jingkun,et al.Semi-coke briquettes:towards reducing emissions of primary PM2.5,particulate carbon,and carbon monoxide from household coal combustion in China[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:19306.
[13]Ge Su,Xu Xu,Chow J C,et al.Emissions of air pollutants from household stoves:honeycomb coal versus coal cake[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38(17):4612-4618.
[14]Zhi Guorui,Peng Conghu,Chen Yingjun,et al.Deployment of coal briquettes and improved stoves:possibly an option for both environment and climate[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(15):5586-5591.
[15]Bond T C,Covert D S,Kramlich J C,et al.Primary particle emissions from residential coal burning:optical properties and size distributions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,2002,107(D21):8347.
[16]Landis E R,Bostick N H,Gluskoter H J,et al.Assessment of the coal resources of the Kyrgyz Republic;coal character and distribution,geology,mining,and importance to the nation's future[R].U.S.Geological Survey:Branch of Information Services,1997.
[17]Ge Su,Bai Zhipeng,Liu Weili,et al.Boiler briquette coal versus raw coal:part I-Stack gas emissions[J].Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2001,51(4):524-533.
[18]World Health Organization.Indoor air quality guidelines:household fuel combustion[R].Geneva:World Health Organization,2015.
[19]Zhi Guorui,Chen Yingjun,Feng Yanli,et al.Emission characteristics of carbonaceous particles from various residential coal-stoves in China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(9):3310-3315.
[20]Sinton J E,Smith K R,Peabody J W,et al.An assessment of programs to promote improved household stoves in China[J].Energy for Sustainable Development,2004,8(3):33-52.
[21]张伟豪,陈晓夫,刘晓英,等.中国生物质炉灶技术和应用进展[J].化工进展,2009,28(S):516-520.Zhang Weihao,Chen Xiaofu,Liu Xiaoying,et al.China’s biomass stove technology and its application progress[J].Chemical Industry Engineering Progress,2009,28(S):516-520
[22]农业部科技教育司.中国农村能源统计年鉴2000-2008[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2008.Department of science and technology education,Ministry of Agriculture.Energy Balance of China[M]China Rural Energy Statistical Yearbook 2000-2008.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2008(in Chinese).
[23]中华人民共和国农业部.NY/T 1001-2006民用省柴节煤灶、炉、炕技术条件[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2006.The Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China.NY/T 1001-2006 Technical specification of domestic improved stoves and kangs for firewood and coal[S].Beijing:China Agriculture Press(in Chinese).
[24]Carter E M,Shan Ming,Yang Xudong,et al.Pollutant emissions and energy efficiency of chinese gasifier cooking stoves and implications for future intervention studies[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(11):6461-6467.
[25]Shen Guofeng,Chen Yuanchen,Xue Chunyu,et al.Pollutant emissions from improved coal-and woodfuelled cookstoves in rural households[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(11):6590-6598.
[26]Li Qing,Jiang Jingkun,Zhang Qi,et al.Influences of coal size,volatile matter content,and additive on primary particulate matter emissions from household stove combustion[J].Fuel,2016,182:70-787.
[27]张琦,李庆,蒋靖坤,等.一套民用固体燃料燃烧大气污染物排放测试系统的搭建和评测[J].环境科学学报,DIO:10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2015.0744,2015.Zhang Qi,Li Qing,Jiang Jingkun,et al.Construction and Evaluation of a Pollutant Measurement System for Residential Solid Fuel Combustion[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,DIO:10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2015.0744,2015(in Chinese).
[28]Shen Guofeng,Yang Yifeng,Wang Wei,et al.Emission factors of particulate matter and elemental carbon for crop residues and coals burned in typical household stoves in China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(18):7157-7162.
[29]Chen Yingjun,Sheng Guoying,Bi Xinhui,et al.Emission factors for carbonaceous particles and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from residential coal combustion in China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(6):1861-1867.
[30]孔少飞,白志鹏,陆炳.民用燃料燃烧排放PM2.5和PM10中碳组分排放因子对比[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(11):2749-2756.Kong Shaofei,Bai Zhipeng,Lu Bing.Comparative analysis on emission factors of carbonaceous components in PM2.5 and PM10 from domestic fuels combustion[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(11):2749-2756(in Chinese).