基于响应面法的玉米秸秆成型工艺优化
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摘要
为了研究玉米秸秆成型过程中各参数之间的交互作用,获得最佳的工艺参数,该文采用5因素的响应面试验设计研究了原料水分(8%~24%)、温度(50~150℃)、压缩速度(10~50 mm/min)、压力(51.0~127.4 MPa)、保压时间(10~50 s)5个成型参数对玉米秸秆成型颗粒的松弛密度、Meyer强度以及压缩比能耗3个成型技术指标的影响,建立了响应面模型,结合成型燃料标准,获得了最佳的工艺参数,并对优化后的试验参数进行了试验验证。试验结果表明:在选取试验参数范围内,温度、原料水分、压力均会对技术指标产生较大影响;而压缩速度和保压时间所产生的影响相对较小。最优化的工艺参数(压力、温度、水分)为:4 k N(51.0 MPa)、110.8℃、17%,在该参数组合下的验证试验结果为:松弛密度为1031 kg/m~3,Meyer强度为27.1 N/m~2,比能耗为10.03 k J/kg。该研究可为秸秆生物质成型燃料制备产业提供参考。
The compression process parameters(preheating temperature, raw material moisture content, compression speed,compression force, and the holding time etc.) have great influence on the energy consumption and product quality of biomass pellet. Choosing the optimal parameters can improve the pellet quality, as well as reduce energy consumption of molding. Meyer hardness is an important strength index, it reflects the solid's ability to resist deformation. Meyer strength is used to characterize the durability because it's difficult to measure durability in a single pellet formation experiment with standard method. Response surface method is an effective method of parameter optimization. In this research, we used a five-factor BBD experimental design to determine the effects of the raw material moisture content(8%-24%), the preheating temperature(50-150 ℃), compression speed(10-50 mm/min), compression force(51.0-127.4 MPa), the holding time(10-50 s) to the three technical indicators(pellet relaxed density, Meyer hardness, and specific energy consumption). The result showed that within the scope of selected experimental parameters, preheating temperature, material moisture content, and compression force had a larger influence on the three technical indicators, while the impact of compression speed and the holding time was relatively small. With preheating temperature going up from 50 ℃ to 150 ℃, pellet relaxed density and Meyer hardness increased obviously. When preheating temperature was less than 100 ℃, specific energy consumption reduced with preheating temperature increasing. While preheating temperature was more than 100 ℃, with increase of the preheating temperature, specific energy consumption rose. With raw material moisture content going up from 8% to 24%,pellet relaxed density, Meyer hardness and specific energy consumption decreased rapidly. With compression force going up from 51.0 to127.4 MPa, pellet relaxed density, Meyer hardness and specific energy consumption increased clearly.ANOVA analysis was done with the original data, the model was optimized, and a response surface model was established.Relaxed density was fitted with improved quadratic model. Meyer hardness was fitted with simplified quartic model, and specific energy consumption was fitted with another improved quadratic model. Relaxed density, Meyer hardness and specific energy consumption can be calculated through process parameters with the established model, which was used to predict the experimental result. From the model, we concluded that preheating temperature interacted with raw material moisture content. With preheating temperature and raw material moisture content going up, relaxed density and Meyer hardness can remain the same. When preheating temperature was below 100 ℃, preheating temperature went up and raw material moisture content went down. Specific energy consumption can remain the same. When preheating temperature was above 100 ℃, preheating temperature and raw material moisture content went up, specific energy consumption remained the same. And that was consistent with bonding mechanism of moisture and lignin. Considering the existing biomass pellet fuel standard, the relaxed density shouldn't be less than 1000 kg/m~3. In the meantime, Meyer hardness can meet the practical requirements. So the requirement of optimization was set as: relaxed density not less than 1000 kg/m~3, minimize specific energy consumption. The optimal process parameters were obtained from the model with Design Expert 8.0. The optimal process parameters were: 4 k N(51.0 MPa) for pressure, 110.8 ℃ for temperature and 17% for moisture content. The compression speed and the holding time had little effect on optimization results. Experiment was performed with the optimal process parameters to validate the optimization of process parameters prediction. For relaxed density, Meyer hardness and specific energy consumption relative error between measured and predicted, was 3.01%, 3.79%, 5.54%, respectively.Prediction result was reliable and the model was validated.
The compression process parameters(preheating temperature, raw material moisture content, compression speed,compression force, and the holding time etc.) have great influence on the energy consumption and product quality of biomass pellet. Choosing the optimal parameters can improve the pellet quality, as well as reduce energy consumption of molding. Meyer hardness is an important strength index, it reflects the solid's ability to resist deformation. Meyer strength is used to characterize the durability because it's difficult to measure durability in a single pellet formation experiment with standard method. Response surface method is an effective method of parameter optimization. In this research, we used a five-factor BBD experimental design to determine the effects of the raw material moisture content(8%-24%), the preheating temperature(50-150 ℃), compression speed(10-50 mm/min), compression force(51.0-127.4 MPa), the holding time(10-50 s) to the three technical indicators(pellet relaxed density, Meyer hardness, and specific energy consumption). The result showed that within the scope of selected experimental parameters, preheating temperature, material moisture content, and compression force had a larger influence on the three technical indicators, while the impact of compression speed and the holding time was relatively small. With preheating temperature going up from 50 ℃ to 150 ℃, pellet relaxed density and Meyer hardness increased obviously. When preheating temperature was less than 100 ℃, specific energy consumption reduced with preheating temperature increasing. While preheating temperature was more than 100 ℃, with increase of the preheating temperature, specific energy consumption rose. With raw material moisture content going up from 8% to 24%,pellet relaxed density, Meyer hardness and specific energy consumption decreased rapidly. With compression force going up from 51.0 to127.4 MPa, pellet relaxed density, Meyer hardness and specific energy consumption increased clearly.ANOVA analysis was done with the original data, the model was optimized, and a response surface model was established.Relaxed density was fitted with improved quadratic model. Meyer hardness was fitted with simplified quartic model, and specific energy consumption was fitted with another improved quadratic model. Relaxed density, Meyer hardness and specific energy consumption can be calculated through process parameters with the established model, which was used to predict the experimental result. From the model, we concluded that preheating temperature interacted with raw material moisture content. With preheating temperature and raw material moisture content going up, relaxed density and Meyer hardness can remain the same. When preheating temperature was below 100 ℃, preheating temperature went up and raw material moisture content went down. Specific energy consumption can remain the same. When preheating temperature was above 100 ℃, preheating temperature and raw material moisture content went up, specific energy consumption remained the same. And that was consistent with bonding mechanism of moisture and lignin. Considering the existing biomass pellet fuel standard, the relaxed density shouldn't be less than 1000 kg/m~3. In the meantime, Meyer hardness can meet the practical requirements. So the requirement of optimization was set as: relaxed density not less than 1000 kg/m~3, minimize specific energy consumption. The optimal process parameters were obtained from the model with Design Expert 8.0. The optimal process parameters were: 4 k N(51.0 MPa) for pressure, 110.8 ℃ for temperature and 17% for moisture content. The compression speed and the holding time had little effect on optimization results. Experiment was performed with the optimal process parameters to validate the optimization of process parameters prediction. For relaxed density, Meyer hardness and specific energy consumption relative error between measured and predicted, was 3.01%, 3.79%, 5.54%, respectively.Prediction result was reliable and the model was validated.
引文
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[2]Stelte W,Clemons C,Holm J K,et al.Fuel pellets from whea straw:The effect of lignin glass transition and surface waxes on pelletizing properties[J].Bioenergy Research,2012,5(2):450-458.
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[6]农业部规划设计研究院,北京盛昌绿能科技有限公司,江苏正昌集团公司.生物质固体成型燃料试验方法第8部分:机械耐久性[R].行业标准-农业,2010.
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[9]Lam P S,Sokhansanj S,Bi X T,et al.Energy input and qualit of p Pellets made from steam-exploded douglas fir(Pseudotsug menziesii)[J].Energy&Fuels,2011,25(4):1521-1528.
[10]Zafari A,Kianmehr M H.Factors affecting mechanical propertie of biomass pellet from compost[J].Environmental Technology2014,35(4):478-486.
[11]Tumuluru J S,Tabil L G,Song Y,et al.Impact of process conditions on the density and durability of wheat,oat,canola,and barley straw briquettes[J].Bioenergy Research,2015,8(1):388-401.
[12]谢启强.生物质成型燃料物理性能和燃烧特性研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2008.Xie Qiqiang.Studies on the Physical Performance and Combustion Characteristic of the Biomass Densification Briquetting Fuel[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2008.
[13]Carone M T,Pantaleo A,Pellerano A.Influence of process parameters and biomass characteristics on the durability of pellets from the pruning residues of Olea europaea L[J].Biomass&Bioenergy,2011,35(1):402-410.
[14]Mani S,Tabil L G,Sokhansanj S.Effects of compressive force,particle size and moisture content on mechanical properties of biomass pellets from grasses[J].Biomass&Bioenergy,2006,30(7):648-654.
[15]Van Dam J E G,Van Den Oever M J A,Teunissen W,et al.Process for production of high density/high performance binderless boards from whole coconut husk-Part 1:Lignin as intrinsic thermosetting binder resin[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2004,19(3):207-216.
[16]Kaliyan N,Morey R V.Natural binders and solid bridge type binding mechanisms in briquettes and pellets made from corn stover and switchgrass[J].Bioresource Technology,2010,101(3):1082-1090.
[17]Thomas M,Van Vliet T,Van Der Poel A F B.Physical quality of pelleted animal feed 3.Contribution of feedstuff components[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,1998,70(1/2):59-78.
[18]Irvine G M.The Glass Transitions of lignin and hemicellulose and their measurement by differential Thermal-Analysis[J].Tappi Journal,1984,67(5):118-121.
[19]张静,郭玉明,贠慧星.原料含水率对生物质固体燃料成型效果的影响[J].山西农业科学,2012(1):65-67.
[20]生物质成型燃料---北京市地方标准[C]//2009第三届中国民用炉具研讨会暨产品展示会、2009生物质成型燃料加工设备及技术交流会,2009.
[2]Stelte W,Clemons C,Holm J K,et al.Fuel pellets from whea straw:The effect of lignin glass transition and surface waxes on pelletizing properties[J].Bioenergy Research,2012,5(2):450-458.
[3]Castellano J M,Gomez M,Fernandez M,et al.Study on th effects of raw materials composition and pelletization condition on the quality and properties of pellets obtained from differen woody and non woody biomasses[R].Fuel,2015:629-636.
[4]Lu D,Tabil L G,Wang D,et al.Experimental trials to mak wheat straw pellets with wood residue and binders[J].Biomas and Bioenergy,2014,69:287-296.
[5]涂德浴,李安心,何贵生.水稻秸秆与木屑混合原料热压成型试验[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(20):205-211.Tu Deyu,Li Anxin,He Guisheng.Hot pressing formin experiment of the rice straw and sawdust mixed material[J]Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineerin(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(20):205-211.(in Chines with English abstract)
[6]农业部规划设计研究院,北京盛昌绿能科技有限公司,江苏正昌集团公司.生物质固体成型燃料试验方法第8部分:机械耐久性[R].行业标准-农业,2010.
[7]Li H,Liu X H,Legros R,et al.Pelletization of torrefied sawdus and properties of torrefied pellets[J].Applied Energy,2012,93680-685.
[8]Peng J H,Bi H T,Lim C J,et al.Study on density,hardness,and moisture uptake of torrefied wood pellets[J].Energy&Fuels2013,27(2):967-974.
[9]Lam P S,Sokhansanj S,Bi X T,et al.Energy input and qualit of p Pellets made from steam-exploded douglas fir(Pseudotsug menziesii)[J].Energy&Fuels,2011,25(4):1521-1528.
[10]Zafari A,Kianmehr M H.Factors affecting mechanical propertie of biomass pellet from compost[J].Environmental Technology2014,35(4):478-486.
[11]Tumuluru J S,Tabil L G,Song Y,et al.Impact of process conditions on the density and durability of wheat,oat,canola,and barley straw briquettes[J].Bioenergy Research,2015,8(1):388-401.
[12]谢启强.生物质成型燃料物理性能和燃烧特性研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2008.Xie Qiqiang.Studies on the Physical Performance and Combustion Characteristic of the Biomass Densification Briquetting Fuel[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2008.
[13]Carone M T,Pantaleo A,Pellerano A.Influence of process parameters and biomass characteristics on the durability of pellets from the pruning residues of Olea europaea L[J].Biomass&Bioenergy,2011,35(1):402-410.
[14]Mani S,Tabil L G,Sokhansanj S.Effects of compressive force,particle size and moisture content on mechanical properties of biomass pellets from grasses[J].Biomass&Bioenergy,2006,30(7):648-654.
[15]Van Dam J E G,Van Den Oever M J A,Teunissen W,et al.Process for production of high density/high performance binderless boards from whole coconut husk-Part 1:Lignin as intrinsic thermosetting binder resin[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2004,19(3):207-216.
[16]Kaliyan N,Morey R V.Natural binders and solid bridge type binding mechanisms in briquettes and pellets made from corn stover and switchgrass[J].Bioresource Technology,2010,101(3):1082-1090.
[17]Thomas M,Van Vliet T,Van Der Poel A F B.Physical quality of pelleted animal feed 3.Contribution of feedstuff components[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,1998,70(1/2):59-78.
[18]Irvine G M.The Glass Transitions of lignin and hemicellulose and their measurement by differential Thermal-Analysis[J].Tappi Journal,1984,67(5):118-121.
[19]张静,郭玉明,贠慧星.原料含水率对生物质固体燃料成型效果的影响[J].山西农业科学,2012(1):65-67.
[20]生物质成型燃料---北京市地方标准[C]//2009第三届中国民用炉具研讨会暨产品展示会、2009生物质成型燃料加工设备及技术交流会,2009.