中国民用燃煤排放细颗粒物中水溶性离子清单及减排启示
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摘要
基于稀释通道采样系统和室内模拟燃烧实验,实测采集两种民用燃煤(蜂窝煤和块煤)燃烧排放的细颗粒物(PM_(2.5)),利用离子色谱分析样品中的Na~+、NH_4~+、Mg~(2+)、K~+、Ca~(2+)、F~-、Cl~-、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)等9种水溶性离子,计算得到相关排放因子,并结合能源统计年鉴,基于"自上而下"方法获得2013年全国(除港、澳、台地区)民用燃煤排放PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的排放总量,以人口密度数据作为空间分布权重因子,建立全国1km×1km的网格化清单.结果表明,除Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)以外,蜂窝煤燃烧排放水溶性离子排放因子普遍高于块煤燃烧排放,因而需对块煤加工成蜂窝煤的多种有害组分的减排效果进行系统评估.9种水溶性离子中SO_4~(2-)离子排放因子远高于其他水溶性离子的排放因子;对于蜂窝煤和块煤,分别为494mg/kg和105mg/kg.从阴阳离子当量浓度之比(2.0~2.5)来看,民用燃煤排放一次颗粒物呈酸性.民用燃煤水溶性离子人均排放量最多的省份是山东、河北和北京,分别为520.2,401.1,362.7g/人;单位面积排放强度最高的是山东、北京和上海,分别为323.9,287.3,197.9kg/km~2.从民用燃煤离子单位面积排放强度和人均排放量来看,北京和山东均需要对该类源减排引起足够重视.高分辨率空间分布显示民用燃煤排放水溶性离子分布有以下几个特点:(1)东部高于西部;(2)平原、盆地多;山地、高原少;(3)受到自然地理环境因素和经济发展水平制约,主要集中分布于平原、盆地及河谷地区人口密布,从应对冬季大气重污染过程的角度,需加大对民用燃煤排放水溶性离子及其气态前体物的管控力度.
Emission factors(EFs) for 9water-soluble ions of Na+, NH_4~+, Mg~(2+), K~+, Ca~(2+), F~-, Cl~-, NO_3~- and SO_4~(2-) in PM_(2.5)from raw coal and honeycomb coal burning were obtained by dilution sampling system and domestic burning test. The total emission amounts of water-soluble ions from residential coal burning in 2013 of China were calculated. An 1km×1km grid cell-based emission inventory was established. Results showed that the EFs of water soluble ions from honeycomb coal burning were higher than those emitted from the raw coal burning except for Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+). It is urgently to assess the emission reduction effect of hazardous chemical components of changing the raw coal into honey coal. The EFs of SO_4~(2-) were highest than other ions, which were 494mg/kg and 105mg/kg for honey coal and raw coal, respectively. The particles emitted from domestic coal burning were acidity, with ∑anion/∑cation ratios ranging in 2.0~2.5. For per capita emission, Shandong, Hebei and Beijing were the top three provinces with higher emission amounts, which were 520.16, 401.1 and 362.7gram per capita, respectively. For emission intensity, Shandong, Beijing and Shanghai hold the highest values, as 323.9, 287.3 and 197.9kg/km2, respectively. The emission of ions from domestic coal burning in Beijing and Shandong should be paid more attention. For the high spatial resolution emission inventories of ions from domestic coal burning, they exhibited the following features:(1) eastern China exhibited higher values than those for western China;(2) they were higher in plains and basins than those in plateau and mountainous region;(3) they mainly constraint by the geographical environment factors and economic development level, which maybe related with the historical trend of population evolution. Human beings are mainly concentrated in the main plains, basins and river valleys, therefore from the view of alleviating heavy air pollution processes in winter, the water-soluble ions and their gaseous precusors should be strictly reduced.
Emission factors(EFs) for 9water-soluble ions of Na+, NH_4~+, Mg~(2+), K~+, Ca~(2+), F~-, Cl~-, NO_3~- and SO_4~(2-) in PM_(2.5)from raw coal and honeycomb coal burning were obtained by dilution sampling system and domestic burning test. The total emission amounts of water-soluble ions from residential coal burning in 2013 of China were calculated. An 1km×1km grid cell-based emission inventory was established. Results showed that the EFs of water soluble ions from honeycomb coal burning were higher than those emitted from the raw coal burning except for Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+). It is urgently to assess the emission reduction effect of hazardous chemical components of changing the raw coal into honey coal. The EFs of SO_4~(2-) were highest than other ions, which were 494mg/kg and 105mg/kg for honey coal and raw coal, respectively. The particles emitted from domestic coal burning were acidity, with ∑anion/∑cation ratios ranging in 2.0~2.5. For per capita emission, Shandong, Hebei and Beijing were the top three provinces with higher emission amounts, which were 520.16, 401.1 and 362.7gram per capita, respectively. For emission intensity, Shandong, Beijing and Shanghai hold the highest values, as 323.9, 287.3 and 197.9kg/km2, respectively. The emission of ions from domestic coal burning in Beijing and Shandong should be paid more attention. For the high spatial resolution emission inventories of ions from domestic coal burning, they exhibited the following features:(1) eastern China exhibited higher values than those for western China;(2) they were higher in plains and basins than those in plateau and mountainous region;(3) they mainly constraint by the geographical environment factors and economic development level, which maybe related with the historical trend of population evolution. Human beings are mainly concentrated in the main plains, basins and river valleys, therefore from the view of alleviating heavy air pollution processes in winter, the water-soluble ions and their gaseous precusors should be strictly reduced.
引文
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