西北太平洋热带气旋活动影响区域大尺度环流的数值模拟研究
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摘要
本文利用"模式手术"方法研究了西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)对东亚—西北太平洋区域大尺度环流的影响.结果表明,夏季频繁的西北太平洋TC活动导致东亚夏季风增强,季风槽加深;西太平洋副热带高压东退,位置偏北;东亚副热带高空急流强度增强,北太平洋(东亚大陆)上急流轴偏北(偏南);热带地区(副热带地区)的对流层中低层出现异常上升气流(下沉气流),并且从低纬向高纬呈现异常上升气流和异常下沉气流交替分布特征.在中国东南沿海,TC降水导致夏季降水量明显增加;而在长江中下游和华北地区,TC活动引起的异常下沉气流使夏季降水量显著减少.因此,夏季西北太平洋TC活动对东亚—西北太平洋区域气候有显著影响.
The impact of tropical cyclone(TC)activities over the western North Pacific on the East Asia-western North Pacific large-scale regional circulation is investigated by use of the"modeling surgery"method.Our results show that the summertime frequent TC activities over the western North Pacific strengthen the East Asian summer monsoon and deepen the monsoon trough.Meanwhile,the Western Pacific subtropical high retreats further eastward and shifts further northward.Moreover,the East Asian subtropical upper-level jet intensifies,with the northward(southward)shift of the jet axis over the North Pacific(the East Asia).The abnormal ascending motion(descending motion)in the middle and lower troposphere induced by TC activities occurs over the tropics(subtropics).Furthermore,the abnormal ascending flows and the abnormal descending flows alternate from the low latitudes to high latitudes.As a result,frequent TC activities can bring abundant precipitation to coastal regions of the southeastern China,leading to more precipitation there in summer.However,in the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River valley and North China,the summertime precipitation decreases due to the abnormal descending motion induced by TC activities.Therefore,the East Asia-western North Pacific regional climate is significantly affected by the summertime TC activities over the western North Pacific.
The impact of tropical cyclone(TC)activities over the western North Pacific on the East Asia-western North Pacific large-scale regional circulation is investigated by use of the"modeling surgery"method.Our results show that the summertime frequent TC activities over the western North Pacific strengthen the East Asian summer monsoon and deepen the monsoon trough.Meanwhile,the Western Pacific subtropical high retreats further eastward and shifts further northward.Moreover,the East Asian subtropical upper-level jet intensifies,with the northward(southward)shift of the jet axis over the North Pacific(the East Asia).The abnormal ascending motion(descending motion)in the middle and lower troposphere induced by TC activities occurs over the tropics(subtropics).Furthermore,the abnormal ascending flows and the abnormal descending flows alternate from the low latitudes to high latitudes.As a result,frequent TC activities can bring abundant precipitation to coastal regions of the southeastern China,leading to more precipitation there in summer.However,in the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River valley and North China,the summertime precipitation decreases due to the abnormal descending motion induced by TC activities.Therefore,the East Asia-western North Pacific regional climate is significantly affected by the summertime TC activities over the western North Pacific.
引文
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Ge X Y,Li T,Peng S M.2013.Tropical cyclone genesis efficiency:mid-level versus bottom vortex.Journal of Tropical Meteorology,19(3):197-213.
Grams C M,Archambault M H.2016.The key role of diabatic outflow in amplifying the midlatitude flow:a representative case study of weather systems surrounding western North Pacific extratropical transition.Monthly Weather Review,144(10):3847-3869,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-15-0419.1.
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Lu R Y.2004.Associations among the components of the East Asian summer monsoon system in the meridional direction.Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan.Ser.II,82(1):155-165.
Lu R Y,Lin Z D.2009.Role of subtropical precipitation anomalies in maintaining the summertime meridional teleconnection over the western North Pacific and East Asia.Journal of Climate,22(8):2058-2072,doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2444.1.
Lu R Y,Ye H,Jhun J G.2011.Weakening of interannual variability in the summer East Asian upper-tropospheric westerly jet since the mid-1990s.Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,28(6):1246-1258,doi:10.1007/s00376-011-0222-5.
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Ren F M,Wu G X,Dong W J,et al.2006.Changes in tropical cyclone precipitation over China.Geophysical Research Letters,33(20):L20702,doi:10.1029/2006GL027951.
Ritchie E A,Holland G J.1999.Large-scale patterns associated with tropical cyclogenesis in the western Pacific.Monthly Weather Review,127(9):2027-2043,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127〈2027:LSPAWT〉2.0.CO;2.
Skamarock C W,Klemp B J,Dudhia J,et al.2008.A description of the advanced research WRF version 3.NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-475+STR,doi:10.5065/D68S4MVH.
Su Z Z,Yu J H,Sun C H,et al.2010.The initial evaluation of tropical cyclone potential predictability in the Northwestern Pacific using the IPRC regional climate model.Journal of Tropical Meteorology(in Chinese),26(2):165-173.
Sun X Z,Zhong Z,Jiang J.2017.Linear regression analysis of the influence of western North Pacific tropical cyclones on their large-scale environment.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),60(3):903-911,doi:10.6038/cjg20170305.
Sun Y,Zhong Z,Lu W,et al.2014.Why are tropical cyclone tracks over the western North Pacific sensitive to the cumulus parameterization scheme in regional climate modeling?A case study for Megi(2010).Monthly Weather Review,142(3):1240-1249,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-13-00232.1.
Sun Y,Zhong Z,Dong H,et al.2015.Sensitivity of tropical cyclone track simulation over the western North Pacific to different heating/drying rates in the Betts-Miller-Janjic′scheme.Monthly Weather Review,143(9):3478-3494,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-14-00340.1.
Wang B,Chan J C L.2002.How strong ENSO events affect tropical storm activity over the western North Pacific.JournalofClimate,15(13):1643-1658,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015〈1643:HSEEAT〉2.0.CO;2.
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Wang H,Ding Y H,He J H.2006.Influence of western North Pacific summer monsoon changes on typhoon genesis.Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),64(3):345-356.
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Wang Y X,Zhong Z,Sun Y,et al.2017.The mechanism analysis of the track deviation of tropical cyclone Megi(2010)simulated with two planetary boundary layer schemes.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),60(7):2545-2555,doi:10.6038/cjg20170704.
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Chan J C L.2000.Tropical cyclone activity over the western North Pacific associated with El Ni1o and La Ni1a events.Journal of Climate,13(16):2960-2972,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013〈2960:TCAOTW〉2.0.CO;2.
Chen T C,Wang S Y,Yen M C,et al.2004.Role of the monsoon gyre in the interannual variation of tropical cyclone formation over the western North Pacific.Weather and Forecasting,19(4):776-785,doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019〈0776:ROTMGI〉2.0.CO;2.
Chen X,Zhong Z,Lu W,et al.2014.Distribution characteristics and the possible mechanism of mesoscale disturbance in the subtropical upper-level jet stream over East Asia.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),57(8):2455-2464,doi:10.6038/cjg20140807.
Chen X,Zhong Z,Lu W.2017.Association of the poleward shift of East Asian subtropical upper-level jet with frequent tropical cyclone activities over the western north pacific in summer.Journal of Climate,30(14):5597-5603,doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0334.1.
Choi K S,Cha Y M,Kim H D,et al.2016.Possible relationship between East Asian summer monsoon and western North Pacific tropical cyclone genesis frequency.Theoretical and Applied Climatology,124(1-2):81-90,doi:10.1007/s00704-015-1383-4.
Fu B,Peng S M,Li T,et al.2012.Developing versus nondeveloping disturbances for tropical cyclone formation.Part II:western North Pacific.Monthly Weather Review,140(4):1067-1080,doi:10.1175/2011MWR3618.1.
Fumin R,Gleason B,Easterling D.2002.Typhoon impacts on China′s precipitation during 1957-1996.Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,19(5):943-952.
Ge X Y,Li T,Peng S M.2013.Tropical cyclone genesis efficiency:mid-level versus bottom vortex.Journal of Tropical Meteorology,19(3):197-213.
Grams C M,Archambault M H.2016.The key role of diabatic outflow in amplifying the midlatitude flow:a representative case study of weather systems surrounding western North Pacific extratropical transition.Monthly Weather Review,144(10):3847-3869,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-15-0419.1.
Ha Y,Zhong Z,Hu Y J,et al.2013.Influences of ENSO on western North Pacific tropical cyclone kinetic energy and its meridional transport.Journal of Climate,26(1):322-332,doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00543.1.
Hsu H H,Hung C H,Lo A K,et al.2008.Influence of tropical cyclones on the estimation of climate variability in the tropical western north Pacific.Journal of Climate,21(12):2960-2975,doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1847.1.
Huffman J G,Adler F R,Bolvin T D,et al.2009.Improving the global precipitation record:GPCP Version 2.1.Geophysical Research Letters,36(17):L17808,doi:10.1029/2009GL040000.
Kawamura R,Ogasawara T.2006.On the role of typhoons in generating P-J teleconnection patterns over the western north pacific in late Summer.SOLA,2(2):37-40,doi:10.2151/sola.2006-010.
Kim D,Jin C S,Ho C H,et al.2015.Climatological features of WRF-simulated tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific.Climate Dynamics,44(11-12):3223-3235,doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2410-3.
Landman A W,Seth A,Camargo J S.2005.The effect of regional climate model domain choice on the simulation of tropical cyclone-like vortices in the southwestern Indian Ocean.Journal of Climate,18(8):1263-1274,doi:10.1175/JCLI3324.1.
Li J,Jiang J,Zhang Y J.2011.The relation between Meiyu of Yangtze and Huaihe and Tropic of Pacific Ocean.Journal of Yunnan University(Natural Sciences Edition)(in Chinese),33(S1):197-199.
Liao Z J,Zhang Y C.2013.Concurrent variation between the East Asian subtropical jet and polar front jet during persistent snowstorm period in 2008winter over southern China.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,118(12):6360-6373,doi:10.1002/jgrd.50558.
Lu R Y.2004.Associations among the components of the East Asian summer monsoon system in the meridional direction.Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan.Ser.II,82(1):155-165.
Lu R Y,Lin Z D.2009.Role of subtropical precipitation anomalies in maintaining the summertime meridional teleconnection over the western North Pacific and East Asia.Journal of Climate,22(8):2058-2072,doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2444.1.
Lu R Y,Ye H,Jhun J G.2011.Weakening of interannual variability in the summer East Asian upper-tropospheric westerly jet since the mid-1990s.Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,28(6):1246-1258,doi:10.1007/s00376-011-0222-5.
Manganello V J,Hodges I K,Kinter L J,et al.2012.Tropical cyclone climatology in a 10-km global atmospheric GCM:toward weather-resolving climate modeling.Journal of Climate,25(11):3867-3893,doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00346.1.
Matsuura T,Yumoto M,Lizuka S.2003.A mechanism of interdecadal variability of tropical cyclone activity over the western North Pacific.Climate Dynamics,21(2):105-117,doi:10.1007/s00382-003-0327-3.
Nitta T.1987.Convective activities in the tropical western Pacific and their impact on the northern hemisphere summer circulation.Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan.Ser.II,65(3):373-390,doi:10.2151/jmsj1965.65.3_373.
Oouchi K,Yoshimura J,Yoshimura H,et al.2006.Tropical cyclone climatology in a global-warming climate as simulated in a 20km-mesh global atmospheric model:frequency and wind intensity analyses.Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan.Ser.II,84(2):259-276,doi:10.2151/jmsj.84.259.
Ren F M,Wu G X,Dong W J,et al.2006.Changes in tropical cyclone precipitation over China.Geophysical Research Letters,33(20):L20702,doi:10.1029/2006GL027951.
Ritchie E A,Holland G J.1999.Large-scale patterns associated with tropical cyclogenesis in the western Pacific.Monthly Weather Review,127(9):2027-2043,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127〈2027:LSPAWT〉2.0.CO;2.
Skamarock C W,Klemp B J,Dudhia J,et al.2008.A description of the advanced research WRF version 3.NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-475+STR,doi:10.5065/D68S4MVH.
Su Z Z,Yu J H,Sun C H,et al.2010.The initial evaluation of tropical cyclone potential predictability in the Northwestern Pacific using the IPRC regional climate model.Journal of Tropical Meteorology(in Chinese),26(2):165-173.
Sun X Z,Zhong Z,Jiang J.2017.Linear regression analysis of the influence of western North Pacific tropical cyclones on their large-scale environment.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),60(3):903-911,doi:10.6038/cjg20170305.
Sun Y,Zhong Z,Lu W,et al.2014.Why are tropical cyclone tracks over the western North Pacific sensitive to the cumulus parameterization scheme in regional climate modeling?A case study for Megi(2010).Monthly Weather Review,142(3):1240-1249,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-13-00232.1.
Sun Y,Zhong Z,Dong H,et al.2015.Sensitivity of tropical cyclone track simulation over the western North Pacific to different heating/drying rates in the Betts-Miller-Janjic′scheme.Monthly Weather Review,143(9):3478-3494,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-14-00340.1.
Wang B,Chan J C L.2002.How strong ENSO events affect tropical storm activity over the western North Pacific.JournalofClimate,15(13):1643-1658,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015〈1643:HSEEAT〉2.0.CO;2.
Wang B,Ho L,Zhang Y S,et al.2004.Definition of South China Sea monsoon onset and commencement of the East Asia summer Monsoon.Journal of Climate,17(4):699-710,doi:10.1175/2932.1.
Wang H,Ding Y H,He J H.2006.Influence of western North Pacific summer monsoon changes on typhoon genesis.Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),64(3):345-356.
Wang Y M,Ren F M,Wang X L,et al.2006.The study on the objective technique for partitioning tropical cyclone precipitation in China.Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),32(3):6-10.
Wang Y M,Ren F M,Li W J,et al.2008.Climatic characteristics of typhoon precipitation over China.Journal of Tropical Meteorology,14(2):125-128.
Wang Y X,Zhong Z,Sun Y,et al.2017.The mechanism analysis of the track deviation of tropical cyclone Megi(2010)simulated with two planetary boundary layer schemes.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),60(7):2545-2555,doi:10.6038/cjg20170704.
Webster P J,Holland G J,Curry J A,et al.2005.Changes in tropical cyclone number,duration,and intensity in a warming environment.Science,309(5742):1844-1846,doi:10.1126/science.1116448.
Yamada K,Kawamura R.2007.Dynamical link between typhoon activity and the PJ teleconnection pattern from early summer to autumn as revealed by the JRA-25reanalysis.SOLA,3(623):65-68,doi:10.2151/sola.2007-017.
Zhang J Y,Wu L G,Ren F M,et al.2013.Changes in tropical cyclone rainfall in China.Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan.Ser.II,91(5):585-595,doi:10.2151/jmsj.2013-502.
Zhang Y C,Kuang X Y,Guo W D,et al.2006.Seasonal evolution of the upper-tropospheric westerly jet core over East Asia.Geophysical Research Letters,33(11):L11708,doi:10.1029/2006GL026377.
Zhong Z,Hu Y J.2007.Impacts of tropical cyclones on the regional climate:an East Asian summer monsoon case.Atmospheric Science Letter,8(4):93-99,doi:10.1002/asl.158.
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