中国人为热变化及其对地表能量平衡的影响
|
摘要
利用人口统计、分布数据及能源消费统计资料,对中国1980～2015年人为热通量(Q_a)的时空变化进行了研究,并将其与地表净太阳辐射(R_n)进行了对比分析,以探讨人为热对不同尺度地表能量平衡的影响.结果表明,在研究时段内,全国平均Q_a呈显著升高趋势(0.11W/m~2/10a,P<0.001),从1980年的0.07W/m~2上升到2015年的0.45W/m~2,已经约相当于全球工业革命以来CO_2排放引起辐射强迫(1.68W/m~2)的27%;其中Q_a高值区(≥1.00W/m~2)已由1990年的点状分布变为2015年的面状分布,占到全国面积的10%;全国平均R_n的趋势率(0.18W/m~2/10a)略大于Q_a,但未通过显著性检验(P=0.381).对于参与计算的31个省会城市,2015年市区Q_a平均值在1～32W/m~2之间,平均达17W/m~2,相当于R_n平均值(147W/m~2)的12%;在栅格尺度上(0.5min×0.5min),除拉萨外,其余城市的Q_a像元最大值均超过了120W/m~2,已经导致局地的热平衡发生了本质变化.研究认为,人为热释放因素不但需要在城市气候模拟研究中给予更多考虑,而且在全球和区域气候模拟与评价中以及制定气候变化应对策略时也有必要给予充分考虑,以促进全面认识并减缓气温升高.
The spatio-temporal changes of anthropogenic heat flux(Q_a)in 1980～2015 over China were investigated based on the statistical and gridded population data and the statistics of energy consumption.The surface net solar radiation(R_n)was used to describe the impact of Q_a on land surface energy balance.The results showed that the national average Q_a increased from 0.07W/m~2 in 1980 to 0.45W/m~2 in 2015,with an increasing trend of 0.11W/m~2/10a(P<0.001).The national average Q_a in 2015 accounted for 27% of the global radiative forcing resulting from anthropogenic CO_2 emissions since the beginning of the industrial revolution.The sites with a Q_a more than 1.00W/m~2 extended from spotted distribution to continuous areasfrom 1990 to 2015,and its area accountedfor 10% of China’s total area in 2015.Moreover,the changeof R_n was slightlyfaster than that of Q_a,but not significantly(P=0.381).The mean Q_a in urban areas of the 31provincial capital cities ranged from 1 to 32W/m~2 and the mean intensity was up to17W/m~2 in 2015.The ratio of mean Q_a to mean R_n(149W/m~2)of the 31capital cities on average was approximately12%.Except for Lhasa,the maximum pixel(0.5min×0.5min)value of Q_a exceeded120W/m~2 ineach city that implying the local energy balancehas already been changed substantially.We strongly suggested that anthropogenic heat release should be considered in the study of urban climate simulation,regional climate simulation and assessment,and making coping strategy about climate change for better strategy to slow down the warming trend.
The spatio-temporal changes of anthropogenic heat flux(Q_a)in 1980～2015 over China were investigated based on the statistical and gridded population data and the statistics of energy consumption.The surface net solar radiation(R_n)was used to describe the impact of Q_a on land surface energy balance.The results showed that the national average Q_a increased from 0.07W/m~2 in 1980 to 0.45W/m~2 in 2015,with an increasing trend of 0.11W/m~2/10a(P<0.001).The national average Q_a in 2015 accounted for 27% of the global radiative forcing resulting from anthropogenic CO_2 emissions since the beginning of the industrial revolution.The sites with a Q_a more than 1.00W/m~2 extended from spotted distribution to continuous areasfrom 1990 to 2015,and its area accountedfor 10% of China’s total area in 2015.Moreover,the changeof R_n was slightlyfaster than that of Q_a,but not significantly(P=0.381).The mean Q_a in urban areas of the 31provincial capital cities ranged from 1 to 32W/m~2 and the mean intensity was up to17W/m~2 in 2015.The ratio of mean Q_a to mean R_n(149W/m~2)of the 31capital cities on average was approximately12%.Except for Lhasa,the maximum pixel(0.5min×0.5min)value of Q_a exceeded120W/m~2 ineach city that implying the local energy balancehas already been changed substantially.We strongly suggested that anthropogenic heat release should be considered in the study of urban climate simulation,regional climate simulation and assessment,and making coping strategy about climate change for better strategy to slow down the warming trend.
引文
[1]AMS.Meteorology Glossary[EB/OL].American Meteorological Society.http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Anthropogenic_heat.2012-02-20.
[2]Kato S,Yamaguchi Y.Analysis of urban heat-island effect using ASTER and ETM+Data:Separation of anthropogenic heat discharge and natural heat radiation from sensible heat flux[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,99(1):44-54.
[3]Feng J,Wang J,Yan Z.Impact of Anthropogenic Heat Release on Regional Climate in Three Vast Urban Agglomerations in China[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2014,31(2):363-373.
[4]Lu Y,Wang H,Wang Q,et al.Global anthropogenic heat emissions from energy consumption,1965-2100[J].Climatic Change,2017,145:1-10.
[5]Chen B,Dong L,Liu X,et al.Exploring the possible effect of anthropogenic heat release due to global energy consumption upon global climate:a climate model study[J].International Journal of Climatology,2016,36(15):4790-4796.
[6]佟华,刘辉志,桑建国,等.城市人为热对北京热环境的影响[J].气候与环境研究,2004,9(3):409-421.Tong H,Liu H Z,Sang J G,et al.The Impact of Urban Anthropogenic Heaton Beijing Heat Environment[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2004,9(3):409-421.
[7]Ma S,Pitman A,Hart M,et al.The impact of an urban canopy and anthropogenic heat fluxes on Sydney's climate[J].International Journal of Climatology,2017,37(Suppl.1):255-270.
[8]杨婷,王喜全,张伟,等.人为热排放的引入对北京地区精细模拟的改进[J].气候与环境研究,2017,22(1):1-9.Yang T,Wang X Q,Zhang W,et al.Theimprovementin model simulations of theatmospheric condition in Beijing with consideration ofanthropogenic heat[J].Climatic andEnvironmental Research,2017,22(1):1-9.
[9]Ichinose T,Shimodozono K,Hanaki K.Impact of anthropogenic heat on urban climate in Tokyo[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33:3897-3909.
[10]黄洪峰.土壤·植物·大气相互作用原理及模拟研究[M].北京:气象出版社,1997.Huang H F.Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Interaction Theory and Modeling[M].China Meteorological Press,Beijing,1997.
[11]Miao S G,Dou J X,Chen F,et al.Analysis of observations on the urban surface energy balance in Beijing[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2012,55:1881-1890.
[12]Oke T R.The urban energy balance[J].Progress in Physical Geography,1988,12(4):471-508.
[13]Offerle B,Grimmond CSB,Fortuniak K.Heat storage and anthropogenic heat-flux in relation to the energy balance of a central European city centre[J].International Journal of Climatology,2005,25(10):1405-1419.
[14]肖捷颖,张倩,王燕,等.基于地表能量平衡的城市热环境遥感研究--以石家庄市为例[J].地理科学,2014,34(3):338-343.Xiao J Y,Zhang Q,Wang Y,et al.Urban surface heat flux analysis based on remote sensing:A Case Study of Shijiazhuang City[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(3):338-343.
[15]蒋维楣,陈燕.人为热对城市边界层结构影响研究[J].大气科学,2007,31(1):36-46.Jiang W M,Chen Y.The Impact of Anthropogenic Heat on Urban Boundary Layer Structure[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2007,31(1):36-46.
[16]Park C,Schade G W,Werner N D,et al.Comparative estimates of anthropogenic heat emission in relation to surface energy balance of a subtropical urban neighborhood[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,126:182-191.
[17]王业宁,陈婷婷,孙然好.北京主城区人为热排放的时空特征研究[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(7):2178-2185.Wang Y N,Chen T T,Sun H R.Assessing the spatiotemporal characteristics of anthropogenic heat in Beijing[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(7):2178-2185.
[18]陈兵,石广玉,戴铁,等.中国区域人为热释放的气候强迫[J].气候与环境研究,2011,16(6):717-722.Chen B,Shi G Y,Dai T,et al.Climate Forcing due to Anthropogenic Heat Release over China[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2011,16(6):717-722.
[19]Chen B,Shi G,Wang B,et al.Estimation of the anthropogenic heat release distribution in China from 1992 to 2009[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2012,26(4):507-515.
[20]申彦波,赵宗慈,石广玉.地面太阳辐射的变化、影响因子及其可能的气候效应最新研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2008,23(9):915-924.Shen Y B,Zhao Z C,Shi G Y.The progress in variation of surface solar radiation,factors and probable climatic effects[J].Radiation Advances in Earth Science,2008,23(9):915-924.
[21]李小军,辛晓洲,彭志晴.2003~2012年中国地表太阳辐射时空变化及其影响因子[J].太阳能学报,2017,38(11):3057-3066.Li X J,Xin X Z,Peng Z Q.Change analysis of surface solar radiationin China from 2003 to 2012[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2017,38(11):3057-3066.
[22]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴[EB/OL].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/.National Bureau of statistics of China.China Statistical Yearbook[EB/OL].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/.
[23]谢潇,何金海,祁莉.4种再分析资料在中国区域的适用性研究进展[J].气象与环境学报,2011,27(5):58-65.Xie X,He J H,Qi L.A review on applicability evaluation of four reanalysis datasets in China[J].Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2011,27(5):58-65.
[24]苟娇娇,王飞,金凯,等.黄土高原植被恢复引发区域气温下降[J].生态学报,2018,38(11):3970-3978.Gou J J,Wang F,Jin K,et al.Cooling effect induced by vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau[J].ActaEcologicaSinica,2018,38(11):3970-3978.
[25]Wu X,Ju W,Zhou Y,et al.Evaluation of downward surface solar radiation of three reanalysis products over China from 1979 to 2008[M].Engineering Technology,Engineering Education and Engineering Management,2015.
[26]Elvidge C D,Tuttle B T,Sutton P C,et al.Global Distribution and Density of Constructed Impervious Surfaces[J].Sensors,2007,7(9):1962-1979.
[27]石广玉,戴铁,檀赛春,等.全球年平均人为热释放气候强迫的估算[J].气候变化研究进展,2010,6(2):119-122.Shi G Y,Dai T,Tan S C,et al.Preliminary estimate of the global average annual climate forcing resulted from anthropogenic heat release[J].Advances in Climate Change Research,2010,6(2):119-122.
[28]Sailor D J.A review of methods for estimating anthropogenic heat and moisture emissions in the urban environment[J].International Journal of Climatology,2011,31:189-199.
[29]谢旻,朱宽广,王体健,等.中国地区人为热分布特征研究[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(3):728-734.Xie M,Zhu K G,Wang T J,et al.Study on the distribution of anthropogenic heat flux over China[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(3):728-734.
[30]Yang W,Luan Y,Liu X,et al.A new global anthropogenic heat estimation based on high-resolution nighttime light data[J].Scientific Data,2017,4:170116.
[31]朱新胜,朱宽广,谢昱,等.江苏省人为热排放现状及未来变化趋势分析[J].气候与环境研究,2016,2l(3):306-312.Zhu X S,Zhu K G,Xie M,et a1.Present distribution and future change of anthropogenic heat fluxes in Jiangsu Province[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2016,21(3):306-312.
[32]Voorde T V D,Jacquet W,Canters F.Mapping form and function in urban areas:an approach based on urban metrics and continuous impervious surface data[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2011,102:143-155.
[33]孙然好,王业宁,陈婷婷.人为热排放对城市热环境的影响研究展望[J].生态学报,2017,37(12):3991-3997.Sun R H,Wang Y N,Chen T T.Impacts of anthropogenic heat emissions on urban thermal environment:A review[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(12):3991-3997.
[34]马盼盼,吾娟佳,杨续超,等.基于多源遥感信息的人为热排放量空间化--以浙江省为例[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(1):314-320.Ma P P,Wu J J,Yang X C,et al.Spatialization of anthropogenic heat using multi-sensor remote sensing data:A case study of Zhejiang Province,East China[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(1):314-320.
[35]Feng J M,Wang Y L,Ma Z G,et al.Simulating the regional impacts of urbanization and anthropogenic heat release on climate across China[J].Journal of Climate,2012,25(20):7187-7203.
[36]Wu K,Yang X Q.Urbanization and heterogeneous surface warming in eastern China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58:1363-1373.
[37]Jin K,Wang F,Chen D,et al.Assessment of urban effect on observed warming trends during 1955~2012 over China:A case of 45cities[J].Climatic Chang,2015,132:631-643.
[38]Shao Q,Sun C,Liu J,et al.Impact of urban expansion on meteorological observation data and overestimation to regional air temperature in China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2011,21(6):994-1006.
[39]Jin K,Wang F,Yu Q,et al.Diverse intensification of urbanization effects on the observed surface air temperature trend in China[J].Climate Research,2018,in press.
[40]汪凯,叶红,陈峰,等.中国东南部太阳辐射变化特征、影响因素及其对区域气候的影响[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(5):1119-1124.Wang K,Ye H,Chen F,et al.Long-term change of solar radiation in southeastern China:Variation,factors,and climate forcing[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(5):1119-1124.
[41]齐月,房世波,周文佐.近50年来中国地面太阳辐射变化及其空间分布[J].生态学报,2014,34(24):7444-7453.Qi Y,Fang S B,Zhou W Z.Variation and spatial distribution of surface solar radiation in China over recent50years[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(24):7444-7453.
[42]朱宽广,谢旻,王体健,等.长三角地区人为热时空分布特征研究[J].南京大学学报(自然科学),2015,51(3):543-550.Zhu K G,Xie M,Wang T J,et al.Study of the temporal and spatial variation of anthropogenic heat flux over YRD[J].Journal of Nanjing University(Natural Sciences),2015,51(3):543-550.
[43]Flanner M G.Integrating anthropogenic heat flux with global climate models[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2009,36:L02801.
[44]Zhang G J,Cai M,Hu A X.Energy consumption and the unexplained winter warming over northern Asia and North America[J].Nature Climate Change,2013,3(5):466-470.
[45]Xie M,Liao J,Wang T,et al.Modeling of the anthropogenic heat flux and its effect on air quality over the Yangtze River Delta region,China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2016,15(22):32367-32412.
[46]Zhai J,Liu R,Liu J,et al.Radiative forcing over China due to albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990~2010[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2014,24(5):789-801.
[47]IPCC.Summary for policymakers[R]//Climate change 2013:The physical science basis.Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,United Kingdom and New York,NY,USA,2013.
[48]陆燕,王勤耕,翟一然,等.长江三角洲城市群人为热排放特征研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(2):95-301.Lu Y,Wang Q G,Zhai Y R,et al.Anthropogenic heat emissions in the Yangtze River Deltaregion[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(2):95-301.
[49]朱宽广,赵卫,谢旻,等.华南地区人为热排放特征[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(3):201-206.Zhu K G,Zhao W,Xie M,et al.Characteristics of the Temporal and spatial variation of anthropogenic heat flux in South China[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017,33(3):201-206.
[50]Lu Y,Wang Q,Zhang Y,et al.An estimate of anthropogenic heat emissions in China[J].International Journal of Climatology,2016,36(3):1134-1142.
[51]Yang W,Chen B,Cui X.High-resolution mapping of anthropogenic heat in China from 1992 to 2010[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2014,11(4):4066-4077.
[2]Kato S,Yamaguchi Y.Analysis of urban heat-island effect using ASTER and ETM+Data:Separation of anthropogenic heat discharge and natural heat radiation from sensible heat flux[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,99(1):44-54.
[3]Feng J,Wang J,Yan Z.Impact of Anthropogenic Heat Release on Regional Climate in Three Vast Urban Agglomerations in China[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2014,31(2):363-373.
[4]Lu Y,Wang H,Wang Q,et al.Global anthropogenic heat emissions from energy consumption,1965-2100[J].Climatic Change,2017,145:1-10.
[5]Chen B,Dong L,Liu X,et al.Exploring the possible effect of anthropogenic heat release due to global energy consumption upon global climate:a climate model study[J].International Journal of Climatology,2016,36(15):4790-4796.
[6]佟华,刘辉志,桑建国,等.城市人为热对北京热环境的影响[J].气候与环境研究,2004,9(3):409-421.Tong H,Liu H Z,Sang J G,et al.The Impact of Urban Anthropogenic Heaton Beijing Heat Environment[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2004,9(3):409-421.
[7]Ma S,Pitman A,Hart M,et al.The impact of an urban canopy and anthropogenic heat fluxes on Sydney's climate[J].International Journal of Climatology,2017,37(Suppl.1):255-270.
[8]杨婷,王喜全,张伟,等.人为热排放的引入对北京地区精细模拟的改进[J].气候与环境研究,2017,22(1):1-9.Yang T,Wang X Q,Zhang W,et al.Theimprovementin model simulations of theatmospheric condition in Beijing with consideration ofanthropogenic heat[J].Climatic andEnvironmental Research,2017,22(1):1-9.
[9]Ichinose T,Shimodozono K,Hanaki K.Impact of anthropogenic heat on urban climate in Tokyo[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33:3897-3909.
[10]黄洪峰.土壤·植物·大气相互作用原理及模拟研究[M].北京:气象出版社,1997.Huang H F.Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Interaction Theory and Modeling[M].China Meteorological Press,Beijing,1997.
[11]Miao S G,Dou J X,Chen F,et al.Analysis of observations on the urban surface energy balance in Beijing[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2012,55:1881-1890.
[12]Oke T R.The urban energy balance[J].Progress in Physical Geography,1988,12(4):471-508.
[13]Offerle B,Grimmond CSB,Fortuniak K.Heat storage and anthropogenic heat-flux in relation to the energy balance of a central European city centre[J].International Journal of Climatology,2005,25(10):1405-1419.
[14]肖捷颖,张倩,王燕,等.基于地表能量平衡的城市热环境遥感研究--以石家庄市为例[J].地理科学,2014,34(3):338-343.Xiao J Y,Zhang Q,Wang Y,et al.Urban surface heat flux analysis based on remote sensing:A Case Study of Shijiazhuang City[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(3):338-343.
[15]蒋维楣,陈燕.人为热对城市边界层结构影响研究[J].大气科学,2007,31(1):36-46.Jiang W M,Chen Y.The Impact of Anthropogenic Heat on Urban Boundary Layer Structure[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2007,31(1):36-46.
[16]Park C,Schade G W,Werner N D,et al.Comparative estimates of anthropogenic heat emission in relation to surface energy balance of a subtropical urban neighborhood[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,126:182-191.
[17]王业宁,陈婷婷,孙然好.北京主城区人为热排放的时空特征研究[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(7):2178-2185.Wang Y N,Chen T T,Sun H R.Assessing the spatiotemporal characteristics of anthropogenic heat in Beijing[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(7):2178-2185.
[18]陈兵,石广玉,戴铁,等.中国区域人为热释放的气候强迫[J].气候与环境研究,2011,16(6):717-722.Chen B,Shi G Y,Dai T,et al.Climate Forcing due to Anthropogenic Heat Release over China[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2011,16(6):717-722.
[19]Chen B,Shi G,Wang B,et al.Estimation of the anthropogenic heat release distribution in China from 1992 to 2009[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2012,26(4):507-515.
[20]申彦波,赵宗慈,石广玉.地面太阳辐射的变化、影响因子及其可能的气候效应最新研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2008,23(9):915-924.Shen Y B,Zhao Z C,Shi G Y.The progress in variation of surface solar radiation,factors and probable climatic effects[J].Radiation Advances in Earth Science,2008,23(9):915-924.
[21]李小军,辛晓洲,彭志晴.2003~2012年中国地表太阳辐射时空变化及其影响因子[J].太阳能学报,2017,38(11):3057-3066.Li X J,Xin X Z,Peng Z Q.Change analysis of surface solar radiationin China from 2003 to 2012[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2017,38(11):3057-3066.
[22]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴[EB/OL].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/.National Bureau of statistics of China.China Statistical Yearbook[EB/OL].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/.
[23]谢潇,何金海,祁莉.4种再分析资料在中国区域的适用性研究进展[J].气象与环境学报,2011,27(5):58-65.Xie X,He J H,Qi L.A review on applicability evaluation of four reanalysis datasets in China[J].Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2011,27(5):58-65.
[24]苟娇娇,王飞,金凯,等.黄土高原植被恢复引发区域气温下降[J].生态学报,2018,38(11):3970-3978.Gou J J,Wang F,Jin K,et al.Cooling effect induced by vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau[J].ActaEcologicaSinica,2018,38(11):3970-3978.
[25]Wu X,Ju W,Zhou Y,et al.Evaluation of downward surface solar radiation of three reanalysis products over China from 1979 to 2008[M].Engineering Technology,Engineering Education and Engineering Management,2015.
[26]Elvidge C D,Tuttle B T,Sutton P C,et al.Global Distribution and Density of Constructed Impervious Surfaces[J].Sensors,2007,7(9):1962-1979.
[27]石广玉,戴铁,檀赛春,等.全球年平均人为热释放气候强迫的估算[J].气候变化研究进展,2010,6(2):119-122.Shi G Y,Dai T,Tan S C,et al.Preliminary estimate of the global average annual climate forcing resulted from anthropogenic heat release[J].Advances in Climate Change Research,2010,6(2):119-122.
[28]Sailor D J.A review of methods for estimating anthropogenic heat and moisture emissions in the urban environment[J].International Journal of Climatology,2011,31:189-199.
[29]谢旻,朱宽广,王体健,等.中国地区人为热分布特征研究[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(3):728-734.Xie M,Zhu K G,Wang T J,et al.Study on the distribution of anthropogenic heat flux over China[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(3):728-734.
[30]Yang W,Luan Y,Liu X,et al.A new global anthropogenic heat estimation based on high-resolution nighttime light data[J].Scientific Data,2017,4:170116.
[31]朱新胜,朱宽广,谢昱,等.江苏省人为热排放现状及未来变化趋势分析[J].气候与环境研究,2016,2l(3):306-312.Zhu X S,Zhu K G,Xie M,et a1.Present distribution and future change of anthropogenic heat fluxes in Jiangsu Province[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2016,21(3):306-312.
[32]Voorde T V D,Jacquet W,Canters F.Mapping form and function in urban areas:an approach based on urban metrics and continuous impervious surface data[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2011,102:143-155.
[33]孙然好,王业宁,陈婷婷.人为热排放对城市热环境的影响研究展望[J].生态学报,2017,37(12):3991-3997.Sun R H,Wang Y N,Chen T T.Impacts of anthropogenic heat emissions on urban thermal environment:A review[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(12):3991-3997.
[34]马盼盼,吾娟佳,杨续超,等.基于多源遥感信息的人为热排放量空间化--以浙江省为例[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(1):314-320.Ma P P,Wu J J,Yang X C,et al.Spatialization of anthropogenic heat using multi-sensor remote sensing data:A case study of Zhejiang Province,East China[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(1):314-320.
[35]Feng J M,Wang Y L,Ma Z G,et al.Simulating the regional impacts of urbanization and anthropogenic heat release on climate across China[J].Journal of Climate,2012,25(20):7187-7203.
[36]Wu K,Yang X Q.Urbanization and heterogeneous surface warming in eastern China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58:1363-1373.
[37]Jin K,Wang F,Chen D,et al.Assessment of urban effect on observed warming trends during 1955~2012 over China:A case of 45cities[J].Climatic Chang,2015,132:631-643.
[38]Shao Q,Sun C,Liu J,et al.Impact of urban expansion on meteorological observation data and overestimation to regional air temperature in China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2011,21(6):994-1006.
[39]Jin K,Wang F,Yu Q,et al.Diverse intensification of urbanization effects on the observed surface air temperature trend in China[J].Climate Research,2018,in press.
[40]汪凯,叶红,陈峰,等.中国东南部太阳辐射变化特征、影响因素及其对区域气候的影响[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(5):1119-1124.Wang K,Ye H,Chen F,et al.Long-term change of solar radiation in southeastern China:Variation,factors,and climate forcing[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(5):1119-1124.
[41]齐月,房世波,周文佐.近50年来中国地面太阳辐射变化及其空间分布[J].生态学报,2014,34(24):7444-7453.Qi Y,Fang S B,Zhou W Z.Variation and spatial distribution of surface solar radiation in China over recent50years[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(24):7444-7453.
[42]朱宽广,谢旻,王体健,等.长三角地区人为热时空分布特征研究[J].南京大学学报(自然科学),2015,51(3):543-550.Zhu K G,Xie M,Wang T J,et al.Study of the temporal and spatial variation of anthropogenic heat flux over YRD[J].Journal of Nanjing University(Natural Sciences),2015,51(3):543-550.
[43]Flanner M G.Integrating anthropogenic heat flux with global climate models[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2009,36:L02801.
[44]Zhang G J,Cai M,Hu A X.Energy consumption and the unexplained winter warming over northern Asia and North America[J].Nature Climate Change,2013,3(5):466-470.
[45]Xie M,Liao J,Wang T,et al.Modeling of the anthropogenic heat flux and its effect on air quality over the Yangtze River Delta region,China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2016,15(22):32367-32412.
[46]Zhai J,Liu R,Liu J,et al.Radiative forcing over China due to albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990~2010[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2014,24(5):789-801.
[47]IPCC.Summary for policymakers[R]//Climate change 2013:The physical science basis.Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,United Kingdom and New York,NY,USA,2013.
[48]陆燕,王勤耕,翟一然,等.长江三角洲城市群人为热排放特征研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(2):95-301.Lu Y,Wang Q G,Zhai Y R,et al.Anthropogenic heat emissions in the Yangtze River Deltaregion[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(2):95-301.
[49]朱宽广,赵卫,谢旻,等.华南地区人为热排放特征[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(3):201-206.Zhu K G,Zhao W,Xie M,et al.Characteristics of the Temporal and spatial variation of anthropogenic heat flux in South China[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017,33(3):201-206.
[50]Lu Y,Wang Q,Zhang Y,et al.An estimate of anthropogenic heat emissions in China[J].International Journal of Climatology,2016,36(3):1134-1142.
[51]Yang W,Chen B,Cui X.High-resolution mapping of anthropogenic heat in China from 1992 to 2010[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2014,11(4):4066-4077.