倾转旋翼机多部件对机翼气动干扰的分析及优化
|
摘要
为研究倾转旋翼机各部件对机翼的气动干扰效应,建立了一套适用于倾转旋翼机流场CFD求解方法,提出并生成了一套由三棱柱/四面体组成的适用于倾转旋翼机多种飞行状态的非结构混合网格系统.以三维Navier-Stokes方程为主控方程,采用动量源方法进行倾转旋翼的模拟,并引入了高效的OpenMP并行加速技术等,提出了一套新型的动量源项添加及搜索方法.计算分析了倾转旋翼机旋翼/机身/短舱对于机翼气动特性的干扰影响,得出了一些对设计有指导意义的结论.采用基于径向基函数(RBF)的代理模型方法,根据机翼不同展向位置的干扰程度对各段翼型配置进行气动优化.优化结果表明:考虑气动干扰作用,在巡航速度下优化后的全机升阻比增长达到了36.78%.
For revealing the aerodynamic interaction mechanism between the rotor/fuselage/nacelle and wing of the tiltrotor aircraft,a CFD solution was established.The unstructured hybrid mesh system consist of triangular prism and tetrahedron meshes suitable for solving flowfield of tiltrotor aircraft under multiple flight conditions were established.Three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations was the main control equation and the momentum source method was used to simulate the flowfield of tiltrotor,and data sharing OpenMP parallel strategy was employed to accelerate the calculation as well.A new momentum source adding and searching method was proposed.The aerodynamic interactions of tiltrotor/fuselage/nacelle on wing were simulated respectively,and some valuable conclusions for optimization were obtained.The surrogate model based on radial basis function(RBF)was used for the tiltrotor aerodynamic optimization problem.Considering the interaction effects on different sections of wing,the wing airfoils were used as the design variables in the optimization design process of tiltrotor aircraft,andoptimized life/drag were improved by 36.78% compared with the original model.
For revealing the aerodynamic interaction mechanism between the rotor/fuselage/nacelle and wing of the tiltrotor aircraft,a CFD solution was established.The unstructured hybrid mesh system consist of triangular prism and tetrahedron meshes suitable for solving flowfield of tiltrotor aircraft under multiple flight conditions were established.Three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations was the main control equation and the momentum source method was used to simulate the flowfield of tiltrotor,and data sharing OpenMP parallel strategy was employed to accelerate the calculation as well.A new momentum source adding and searching method was proposed.The aerodynamic interactions of tiltrotor/fuselage/nacelle on wing were simulated respectively,and some valuable conclusions for optimization were obtained.The surrogate model based on radial basis function(RBF)was used for the tiltrotor aerodynamic optimization problem.Considering the interaction effects on different sections of wing,the wing airfoils were used as the design variables in the optimization design process of tiltrotor aircraft,andoptimized life/drag were improved by 36.78% compared with the original model.
引文
[1]WAGNER L S.Theoretical model to calculate aerodynamic interference effects between rotor and wing of tiltrotors[R].Glasgow,UK:The 16th European Rotorcraft Forum,1990.
[2]HORMOZ T,GANESH R.A user's manual for ROTTILT solver:tiltrotor fountain flow field prediction[R].NASA CR-1999-208973,1999.
[3]李鹏,招启军.悬停状态倾转旋翼/机翼干扰流场及气动力的CFD计算[J].航空学报,2013,35(2):361-371.LI Peng,ZHAO Qijun.Calculations on the interaction flowfield and aerodynamic force of tiltrotor/wing in hover[J].Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,2013,35(2):361-371.(in Chinese)
[4]李鹏,招启军.倾转旋翼典型飞行状态气动特性的CFD分析[J].航空动力学报,2016,31(2):421-431.LI Peng,ZHAO Qijun.CFD analyses of aerodynamic characteristics of tilt-rotor under typical flight conditions[J].Journal of Aerospace Power,2016,31(2):421-431.(in Chinese)
[5]FELKER F F,MAISEL M D,BETZINA M D.Full scale tiltrotor hover performance[R].Fort Worth,TX,US:American Helicopter Society 41st Annual Forum,1985.
[6]VIGEVANO L,BEAUMIER P,DECOURS J,et al.Tiltrotor aerodynamics activities during the nice trip project[R].Southampton,UK:The 40th European Rotorcraft Forum,2014.
[7]FELKER F F,MAISEL M D,BETZINA M D.Full-scale tilt-rotor hover performance[J].Journal of the American Helicopter Society,1986,31(2):10-18.
[8]薛立鹏,张呈林.倾转旋翼气动优化设计[J].空气动力学学报,2011,29(4):453-458.XUE Lipeng,ZHANG Chenglin.The aerodynamic optimization design to tilt-rotor[J].Acta Aerodynamic Sinica,2011,29(4):453-458.(in Chinese)
[9]PIRZADEH S.Three-dimensional unstructured viscous grids by the advancing-layers method[J].AIAA Journal,2012,34(1):43-49.
[10]SPALART P R,ALLMARAS S R.A one equation turbulence model for aerodynamic flows[R].Reno,Nevada,US:The 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit,1992.
[11]RAJAGOPALAN R G,LIM C K.Laminar flow analysis of a rotor in hover[J].Journal of the American Helicopter Society,1991,36(1):12-23.
[12]CHANDRA R,MAYDAN D,KOHR D.Parallel programming OpenMp[M].Burlington,US:Morgan Kaufmann Publisher Incorporation,2001.
[13]HELTON J C,DAVIS F J.Latin hypercube sampling and the propagation of uncertainty in analyses of complex systems[J].Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2003,81(1):23-69.
[14]QUEIPO N V,HAFTKA R T,SHYY W,et al.Surrogate based analysis and optimization[J].Progress in Aerospace Sciences,2005,41(1):1-28.
[15]MCKEE J W,NAESETH R L.Experimental investigation of the drag of flat plates and cylinders in the slipstream of a hovering rotor[R].NACA TN 4239,1958.
[16]POLAK D R,WERNER R,GEORGE A R.Effects of an image plane on the tiltrotor fountain flow[J].Journal of the American Helicopter Society,2000,45(2):90-96.
[17]CHIARAMONTE J Y,FAVIER D,MARESCA C.Aerodynamic interaction study of the propeller/wing under different flow configurations[J].Journal of Aircraft,1996,33(1):46-53.
[18]LEISHMAN J G,BI N P.Experimental investigation of rotor/lifting surface interactions[J].Journal of Aircraft,1994,31(4):846-854.
[2]HORMOZ T,GANESH R.A user's manual for ROTTILT solver:tiltrotor fountain flow field prediction[R].NASA CR-1999-208973,1999.
[3]李鹏,招启军.悬停状态倾转旋翼/机翼干扰流场及气动力的CFD计算[J].航空学报,2013,35(2):361-371.LI Peng,ZHAO Qijun.Calculations on the interaction flowfield and aerodynamic force of tiltrotor/wing in hover[J].Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,2013,35(2):361-371.(in Chinese)
[4]李鹏,招启军.倾转旋翼典型飞行状态气动特性的CFD分析[J].航空动力学报,2016,31(2):421-431.LI Peng,ZHAO Qijun.CFD analyses of aerodynamic characteristics of tilt-rotor under typical flight conditions[J].Journal of Aerospace Power,2016,31(2):421-431.(in Chinese)
[5]FELKER F F,MAISEL M D,BETZINA M D.Full scale tiltrotor hover performance[R].Fort Worth,TX,US:American Helicopter Society 41st Annual Forum,1985.
[6]VIGEVANO L,BEAUMIER P,DECOURS J,et al.Tiltrotor aerodynamics activities during the nice trip project[R].Southampton,UK:The 40th European Rotorcraft Forum,2014.
[7]FELKER F F,MAISEL M D,BETZINA M D.Full-scale tilt-rotor hover performance[J].Journal of the American Helicopter Society,1986,31(2):10-18.
[8]薛立鹏,张呈林.倾转旋翼气动优化设计[J].空气动力学学报,2011,29(4):453-458.XUE Lipeng,ZHANG Chenglin.The aerodynamic optimization design to tilt-rotor[J].Acta Aerodynamic Sinica,2011,29(4):453-458.(in Chinese)
[9]PIRZADEH S.Three-dimensional unstructured viscous grids by the advancing-layers method[J].AIAA Journal,2012,34(1):43-49.
[10]SPALART P R,ALLMARAS S R.A one equation turbulence model for aerodynamic flows[R].Reno,Nevada,US:The 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit,1992.
[11]RAJAGOPALAN R G,LIM C K.Laminar flow analysis of a rotor in hover[J].Journal of the American Helicopter Society,1991,36(1):12-23.
[12]CHANDRA R,MAYDAN D,KOHR D.Parallel programming OpenMp[M].Burlington,US:Morgan Kaufmann Publisher Incorporation,2001.
[13]HELTON J C,DAVIS F J.Latin hypercube sampling and the propagation of uncertainty in analyses of complex systems[J].Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2003,81(1):23-69.
[14]QUEIPO N V,HAFTKA R T,SHYY W,et al.Surrogate based analysis and optimization[J].Progress in Aerospace Sciences,2005,41(1):1-28.
[15]MCKEE J W,NAESETH R L.Experimental investigation of the drag of flat plates and cylinders in the slipstream of a hovering rotor[R].NACA TN 4239,1958.
[16]POLAK D R,WERNER R,GEORGE A R.Effects of an image plane on the tiltrotor fountain flow[J].Journal of the American Helicopter Society,2000,45(2):90-96.
[17]CHIARAMONTE J Y,FAVIER D,MARESCA C.Aerodynamic interaction study of the propeller/wing under different flow configurations[J].Journal of Aircraft,1996,33(1):46-53.
[18]LEISHMAN J G,BI N P.Experimental investigation of rotor/lifting surface interactions[J].Journal of Aircraft,1994,31(4):846-854.