武汉市黑碳气溶胶质量浓度空间分布的主导因素分析
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摘要
基于中国东部地区黑碳气溶胶(BC)减排的严峻形势,开展武汉市黑碳气溶胶的水平方向观测和垂直方向模拟工作,了解武汉市黑碳气溶胶的含量和沉降通量的时空变化规律及其主要影响因素,明确黑碳气溶胶释放、输送和沉降规律,对深入地认识黑碳气溶胶的气候和生物地球化学效应具有理论意义。运用Meteoinfolab软件、轨迹分析、相关分析及多种模型拟合等方法,实测武汉市2015年7月—2016年6月黑碳气溶胶水平向分布数据,以WRF-CMAQ模型运行的模拟数据作为垂直向分布的基础数据,分析其空间分布规律;选择气象因子、污染物构成、环流因子、下垫面因子等主导因子,分析它们对武汉市黑碳气溶胶质量浓度空间分布规律的影响。结果表明,(1)BC质量浓度受温度、能见度、气压影响较大,相关系数分别为-0.637、-0.549、0.574。当风速小于2 m?s~(-1)、风向为东北或者东北偏北时,BC质量浓度达到最高值;当风速大于2 pH、风向为西南偏南时,BC质量浓度出现最低值。垂直方向上,低层和高层黑碳浓度主要受风速影响,而中层黑碳浓度则主要受温度影响。(2)BC质量浓度与PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、CO相关系数为0.863、0.657、0.647,同源性强,采用三次曲线模型对BC与三者之间的关系分别进行拟合,效果最佳。(3)后向轨迹分析表明:武汉市高空气流来自于远源及海洋地区;中低空夏秋季节主要受较短距离的运输气流影响。(4)武汉市黑碳质量浓度受与主干道距离、植被覆盖率、水体分布等下垫面因素影响较大,空间分布差异明显。
Black carbon aerosol has become a hotspot in scientific research in recent years because of its environmental effects such as reducing visibility, harming human health, and also affecting the progress of atmospheric chemical reactions, as well as climate effects and biogeochemical effects that change climate characteristics. Based on the severe situation of black carbon aerosol emission reduction in the eastern part of China, this paper attempts to understand the temporal and spatial variations of black carbon aerosol content and deposition flux in Wuhan City and its main influencing factors, and to clarify the laws of black carbon aerosol release, transport, and settlement, which is of theoretical significance for understanding the climate and biogeochemical effects of black carbon aerosols. This paper used Meteoinfolab software, trajectory analysis, correlation analysis, and various model fitting methods to measure the horizontal distribution data of black carbon aerosols from July 2015 to June 2016 in Wuhan, the simulation data ran by WRF-CMAQ model was used as the basic data of vertical distribution, and the spatial distribution law was analyzed. Secondly, the dominant factors such as meteorological factors, circulation factors, underlying surface factors, pollutant composition, etc. were selected to analyze their influence on the spatial distribution of black carbon aerosols in Wuhan. The results showed that the mass concentration of black carbon aerosol had a positive correlation with temperature, visibility, and atmospheric pressure, and had a strong correlation with PM_(2.5), PM_(10), and CO; In the horizontal direction, the maximum value of mass concentration occurred when the wind speed was less than 2 pH and the wind direction was northeast or northeast; the minimum value occurred when the wind speed was less than 2 pH and the wind direction was south-southwest; In the vertical direction, the simulated values of black carbon aerosols in the lower and upper layers were mainly affected by the wind speed. In the middle layer, the simulated values of black carbon aerosols were mainly affected by temperature. Finally, using the HYSPLIT4 model to analyze the backward trajectory of the Wuhan air mass, the results showed that the high air flow in Wuhan came from the far source and the ocean area; the mid-low altitude summer and autumn seasons were mainly affected by the air flow with short transportation distance.
Black carbon aerosol has become a hotspot in scientific research in recent years because of its environmental effects such as reducing visibility, harming human health, and also affecting the progress of atmospheric chemical reactions, as well as climate effects and biogeochemical effects that change climate characteristics. Based on the severe situation of black carbon aerosol emission reduction in the eastern part of China, this paper attempts to understand the temporal and spatial variations of black carbon aerosol content and deposition flux in Wuhan City and its main influencing factors, and to clarify the laws of black carbon aerosol release, transport, and settlement, which is of theoretical significance for understanding the climate and biogeochemical effects of black carbon aerosols. This paper used Meteoinfolab software, trajectory analysis, correlation analysis, and various model fitting methods to measure the horizontal distribution data of black carbon aerosols from July 2015 to June 2016 in Wuhan, the simulation data ran by WRF-CMAQ model was used as the basic data of vertical distribution, and the spatial distribution law was analyzed. Secondly, the dominant factors such as meteorological factors, circulation factors, underlying surface factors, pollutant composition, etc. were selected to analyze their influence on the spatial distribution of black carbon aerosols in Wuhan. The results showed that the mass concentration of black carbon aerosol had a positive correlation with temperature, visibility, and atmospheric pressure, and had a strong correlation with PM_(2.5), PM_(10), and CO; In the horizontal direction, the maximum value of mass concentration occurred when the wind speed was less than 2 pH and the wind direction was northeast or northeast; the minimum value occurred when the wind speed was less than 2 pH and the wind direction was south-southwest; In the vertical direction, the simulated values of black carbon aerosols in the lower and upper layers were mainly affected by the wind speed. In the middle layer, the simulated values of black carbon aerosols were mainly affected by temperature. Finally, using the HYSPLIT4 model to analyze the backward trajectory of the Wuhan air mass, the results showed that the high air flow in Wuhan came from the far source and the ocean area; the mid-low altitude summer and autumn seasons were mainly affected by the air flow with short transportation distance.
引文
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曹军骥,占长林.2011.黑碳在全球气候和环境系统中的作用及其在相关研究中的意义[J].地球科学与环境学报,33(2):177-183.
陈超,何曦,杨乐.2015.杭州市环境空气中黑碳质量浓度变化特征[J].环境监测管理与技术,27(1):60-62.
成海容,王祖武,冯家良,等.2012.武汉市城区大气PM2.5的碳组分与源解析[J].生态环境学报,21(9):1574-1579.
邓雪娇,李菲,吴兑,等.2011.广州地区典型清洁与污染过程的大气湍流与物质交换特征[J].中国环境科学,31(9):1424-1430.
巩文雯,于晓东,韩平.2017.北京市公园土壤黑碳含量特征及来源分析[J].生态环境学报,26(10):1795-1800.
何涛,彭燕,乔利平,等.2017.常州冬季大气污染特征及潜在源区分析[J].环境科学学报(网络出版地址:http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.1827.X.20171116.1640.001.html).
黄超,赵锦慧,何超,等.2018.2015年秋冬季武汉城区黑碳气溶胶的分布及源区分析[J].生态环境学报,27(3):542-549.
卢苗苗,唐晓,王自发,等.2017.武汉地区2014年PM2.5时空分布与来源贡献的数值模拟研究[J].环境科学学报,37(11):4227-4240.
师宇,楼小凤,王广河.2016.气溶胶对北京地区云和降水影响的模拟研究[J].地理研究,35(10):1912-1924.
唐孝炎,张远航,邵敏.2006.大气环境化学[M].第2版.北京:高等教育出版社.
陶俊,朱李华,韩静磊,等.2008.2007年春季广州城区黑碳气溶胶污染特征的初步研究[J].气候与环境研究,13(5):658-662.
王明洁,朱小雅,陈申鹏.2013.1981-2010年深圳市不同等级霾天气特征分析[J].中国环境科学,33(9):1563-1568.
占长林,万的军,张家泉,等.2016.环境中黑碳来源解析方法研究进展[J].生态环境学报,25(9):1575-1583.
张霞,余益军,解淑艳,等.2018.全国大气背景地区黑碳浓度特征[J].中国环境监测,34(1):32-40.
张宇尧.2017.基于气溶胶光学特性对武汉黑碳和有机碳的研究[J].测绘科学技术,5(2):67-75.
赵锦慧.2017.WRF-CMAQ气象化学耦合模型运用及分析——以武汉地区黑碳气溶胶分布特征为例[M].北京:科学出版社.
朱厚玲.2003.我国地区黑碳气溶胶时空分布研究[D].北京:中国气象科学研究院.
CHENG H R,GONG W,WANG Z W,et al.2014.Ionic composition of submicron particles(PM1.0)during the long-lasting haze period in January 2013 in Wuhan,central China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,26(4):810-817.
GONG W,ZHANG T,ZHU Z,et al.2015.Characteristics of PM1.0,PM2.5and PM10,and their relation to black carbon in Wuhan,Central China[J].Atmosphere,6(9):1377-1387.
LYU X P,CHEN N,GUO H,et al.2016.Chemical characteristics and causes of airborne particulate pollution in warm seasons in Wuhan,central China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,16(16):1-35.
NETER J,WASSERMAN W,KUTNER M H.Applied linear statistical models[M].Homewood(IL):Irwin;1990.
SLOANE C S,WATSON J,CHOW J,et al.1991.Size-segregated fine particle measurements by chemical species and their impact on visibility impairment in Denver[J].Atmospheric Environment,Part A.General Topics,25(5):1013-1024.
STREETS D G,GUPTA S,WALDHOFF S T,et al.2001.Black carbon emissions in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,35(25):4281-4296.
WANG Y Q,ZHANG X Y,DRAXLER R R.2009.Traj Stat:GIS-based software that uses various trajectory statistical analysis methods to identify potential sources from long-term air pollution measurement data[J].Environmental Modeling and Software,24(8):938-939.
ZHANG F,WANG Z W,CHENG H R,et al.2015.Seasonal variations and chemical characteristics of PM2.5,in Wuhan,central China[J].Science of the Total Environment,518-519:97-105.
ZHONG Z,HU K,HUANG Z,et al.2014.Characteristic Analysis of OCand EC in PM2.5 of Typical Haze Weather in Wuhan City[J].Meteorological and Environmental Research,5(4):19-22.
曹军骥,占长林.2011.黑碳在全球气候和环境系统中的作用及其在相关研究中的意义[J].地球科学与环境学报,33(2):177-183.
陈超,何曦,杨乐.2015.杭州市环境空气中黑碳质量浓度变化特征[J].环境监测管理与技术,27(1):60-62.
成海容,王祖武,冯家良,等.2012.武汉市城区大气PM2.5的碳组分与源解析[J].生态环境学报,21(9):1574-1579.
邓雪娇,李菲,吴兑,等.2011.广州地区典型清洁与污染过程的大气湍流与物质交换特征[J].中国环境科学,31(9):1424-1430.
巩文雯,于晓东,韩平.2017.北京市公园土壤黑碳含量特征及来源分析[J].生态环境学报,26(10):1795-1800.
何涛,彭燕,乔利平,等.2017.常州冬季大气污染特征及潜在源区分析[J].环境科学学报(网络出版地址:http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.1827.X.20171116.1640.001.html).
黄超,赵锦慧,何超,等.2018.2015年秋冬季武汉城区黑碳气溶胶的分布及源区分析[J].生态环境学报,27(3):542-549.
卢苗苗,唐晓,王自发,等.2017.武汉地区2014年PM2.5时空分布与来源贡献的数值模拟研究[J].环境科学学报,37(11):4227-4240.
师宇,楼小凤,王广河.2016.气溶胶对北京地区云和降水影响的模拟研究[J].地理研究,35(10):1912-1924.
唐孝炎,张远航,邵敏.2006.大气环境化学[M].第2版.北京:高等教育出版社.
陶俊,朱李华,韩静磊,等.2008.2007年春季广州城区黑碳气溶胶污染特征的初步研究[J].气候与环境研究,13(5):658-662.
王明洁,朱小雅,陈申鹏.2013.1981-2010年深圳市不同等级霾天气特征分析[J].中国环境科学,33(9):1563-1568.
占长林,万的军,张家泉,等.2016.环境中黑碳来源解析方法研究进展[J].生态环境学报,25(9):1575-1583.
张霞,余益军,解淑艳,等.2018.全国大气背景地区黑碳浓度特征[J].中国环境监测,34(1):32-40.
张宇尧.2017.基于气溶胶光学特性对武汉黑碳和有机碳的研究[J].测绘科学技术,5(2):67-75.
赵锦慧.2017.WRF-CMAQ气象化学耦合模型运用及分析——以武汉地区黑碳气溶胶分布特征为例[M].北京:科学出版社.
朱厚玲.2003.我国地区黑碳气溶胶时空分布研究[D].北京:中国气象科学研究院.