SPAMS打击率影响因素与仪器状态分析
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摘要
在北京市环境保护监测中心空气质量综合观测实验室,使用气溶胶单颗粒飞行时间质谱(SPAMS)对2013年1~12月空气颗粒物开展综合观测。实验结果表明,SPAMS打击率与测径颗粒数(siz)、大气相对湿度、颗粒物组分以及粒径有关。仪器状态正常时,打击率在siz数量小、大气相对湿度低时较高,与含K~+、HSO_4~-、OCEC、NO_3~-的颗粒物以及粒径为0.2~0.3μm、0.3~0.4μm、0.4~0.5μm的颗粒物数量呈正相关,与0.1~0.2μm、0.5~0.6μm、0.6~0.7μm的颗粒物数量呈负相关,含NH_4~+、SiO_3~-颗粒物数量的关系与污染特征及其他环境有关。本研究通过分析打击率数值及打击率与各影响因素的关系判断仪器状态是否正常,这为提前发现常规方法难以发现的仪器故障提供了一种思路。
Online analysis of particle source based on single particle aerosol mass spectrometry(SPAMS)was widely used in Beijing,Guangzhou,Shijiazhuang and many other cities in China,because its operation,maintenance and data processing was relatively simple.The differences of different regions and pollution processes can be obtained by building sites all around and analyzing data through networking.And because the monitoring results of SPAMS with different time and place need to be compared,and SPAMS is a semi-quantitative detecting method for particulate,so it is especially important to ensure the reliability of the SPAMS's data.Atmospheric monitoring was conducted in air quality integrated observation laboratory of Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center by SPAMS during January to December of 2013.The results showed that the hit-rate of SPAMS was related to amount of particles,relativehumidity of atmosphere,particle components and particle size.When the instrument was in normal state,the hit-rate was high when the amount of particle was small and the atmospheric relative humidity was low.The hit-rate was positively related to the amount of particles which contained K~+,HSO_4~-,OCEC,NO_3~- as well as particles with the size of 0.2-0.3μm,0.3-0.4μm,0.4-0.5μm,and was inversely related to the amount of particles with the size of 0.1-0.2μm,0.5-0.6μm,0.6-0.7μm.The relationship between the hit-rate and amount of NH_4~+,SiO_3~- particles was related to the pollution characteristics and so on.The hit-rate was low and the relationship between the hit-rate and the impact factors changed when the instrument was in poor condition.This study provided a possible method for judging the status of the instrument,finding the instrument's failures in advance,and then improving the data quality by analyzing the hit-rate and the relationship between the hit-rate and the impact factors.Through the method,the fault parts of which the state parameters could not be displayed in the instrument control software could be found.These fault parts mainly refered to diameter measurement and ionization part,such as the deviation of laser light path,the change of spot size,the loss of the mirror and so on.Usually these components were tested only when the data were obviously abnormal while the state of other parts were normal.
Online analysis of particle source based on single particle aerosol mass spectrometry(SPAMS)was widely used in Beijing,Guangzhou,Shijiazhuang and many other cities in China,because its operation,maintenance and data processing was relatively simple.The differences of different regions and pollution processes can be obtained by building sites all around and analyzing data through networking.And because the monitoring results of SPAMS with different time and place need to be compared,and SPAMS is a semi-quantitative detecting method for particulate,so it is especially important to ensure the reliability of the SPAMS's data.Atmospheric monitoring was conducted in air quality integrated observation laboratory of Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center by SPAMS during January to December of 2013.The results showed that the hit-rate of SPAMS was related to amount of particles,relativehumidity of atmosphere,particle components and particle size.When the instrument was in normal state,the hit-rate was high when the amount of particle was small and the atmospheric relative humidity was low.The hit-rate was positively related to the amount of particles which contained K~+,HSO_4~-,OCEC,NO_3~- as well as particles with the size of 0.2-0.3μm,0.3-0.4μm,0.4-0.5μm,and was inversely related to the amount of particles with the size of 0.1-0.2μm,0.5-0.6μm,0.6-0.7μm.The relationship between the hit-rate and amount of NH_4~+,SiO_3~- particles was related to the pollution characteristics and so on.The hit-rate was low and the relationship between the hit-rate and the impact factors changed when the instrument was in poor condition.This study provided a possible method for judging the status of the instrument,finding the instrument's failures in advance,and then improving the data quality by analyzing the hit-rate and the relationship between the hit-rate and the impact factors.Through the method,the fault parts of which the state parameters could not be displayed in the instrument control software could be found.These fault parts mainly refered to diameter measurement and ionization part,such as the deviation of laser light path,the change of spot size,the loss of the mirror and so on.Usually these components were tested only when the data were obviously abnormal while the state of other parts were normal.
引文
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[10]周静博,任毅斌,洪纲,等.利用SPAMS研究石家庄市冬季连续灰霾天气的污染特征及成因[J].环境科学,2015,36(11):3 973-3 980.ZHOU Jingbo,REN Yibin,HONG Gang,et al.Characteristics and formation mechanism of a multi-day haze in the winter of Shijiazhuang using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer(SPAMS)[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(11):3 973-3 980(in Chinese).
[11]LI L,HUANG Z X,DONG J G,et al.Realtime bipolar time-off light mass spectrometer for analyzing single aerosol particles[J].International Journal of Mass Spectrometry,2011,303(2/3):118-124.
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[14]ALLEN J.YAADA:software toolkit to analyze single-particle mass spectral data[EB/OL].http:∥www.yaada.org.
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[16]吴志军,胡敏,刘尚,等.北京城市大气颗粒物数谱分布[C].第18届国际污染控制学术论坛论文集,2006:1 371-1 382.
[17]YAO X H,CHAN C K,FANG M,et al.The water-soluble ionic composition of PM2.5 in shanghai and Bejing,china[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(26):4 223-4 234.
[18]WANG Y,ZHUANG G,TANG A,et al.The ion chemistry and the source of PM2.5aerosol in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(21):3 771-3 784.
[19]张凯,王跃思,温天雪,等.北京夏末秋初大气细粒子中水溶性盐连续在线观测研究[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(3):459-465.ZHANG Kai,WANG Yuesi,WEN Tianxue,et al.On-line analysis the water-soluble chemical of PM2.5in late summer and early autumn in Bejing[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2007,27(3):459-465(in Chinese).
[20]黄正旭,高伟,董俊国,等.实时在线单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪的研制[J].质谱学报,2010,31(6):331-341.HUANG Zhengxu,GAO Wei,DONG Junguo,et al.Development of a real-time single particle aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer[J].Journal of Chinese Mass Spectrometry Society,2011,31(6):331-341(in Chinese).
[21]刘术林,陈赣中.微通道板离子探测器[J].应用光学,2001,22(1):16-19.LIU Shulin,CHEN Ganzhong.Microchannel plate ion detectors[J].Journal of Applied Optics,2001,22(1):16-19(in Chinese).
[22]赵冰,沈学静.飞行时间质谱分析技术的发展[J].现代科学仪器,2006,(4):30-33.ZHAO Bing,SHEN Xuejing.The development of TOF MS analysis technique[J].Modern Scientific Instruments,2006,(4):30-33(in Chinese).
[23]BI X H,ZHANG G H,LI L,et al.Mixing state of biomass burning particles by single particle aerosol mass spectrometer in the urban area of PRD,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(20):3 447-3 453.
[24]WANG H L,AN J L,SHEN L J,et al.Mechanism for the formation and microphysical characteristics ofsubmicron aerosol during heavy haze pollution episode in the Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,(490):501-508.
[25]CHEN K,YIN Y,KONG S F,et al.Sizeresolved chemical composition of atmospheric particles during a straw burning period at Mt.Huang(the Yellow Mountain)of China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,84(1):380-389.
[26]ZHANG G H,BI X H,HE J J,et al.Variation of secondary coatings associated with elemental carbon bysingle particle analysis[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,(92):162-170.
[27]黄正旭,李梅,李磊,等.单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪研究进展[J].上海大学学报,2011,17(4):562-566.HUANG Zhengxu,LI Mei,LI Lei,et al.Progress in research of single particle aerosol mass spectrometer[J].Journal of Shanghai University,2011,17(4):562-566(in Chinese).
[2]RICHARDS L W,ALCORN S H,MCDADE C,et al.Optical properties of the San Joaquin Valley aerosol collected during the 1995integrated monitoring study[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(29):4 787-4 795.
[3]RISOM L,MOLLER P,LOFT S.Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage by particulate airpollution[J].Mutation Research Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis,2005,592(1/2):119-137.
[4]朱先磊,张远航,曾立民,等.北京市大气细颗粒物PM2.5的来源研究[J].环境科学研究,2005,18(5):3-5.ZHU Xianlei,ZHANG Yuanhang,ZENG Limin,et al.Source identification of ambient PM2.5in Beijing[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2005,18(5):3-5(in Chinese).
[5]HUANG S,RAHN K A,ARIMOTO R.Testing and optimizing two factor-analysis techniques on aerosol at Narragansett,Rhode Island[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(14):2 169-2 185.
[6]LEE E,CHAN C K,PAATERO P.Application of positive matrix factorization in source apportionment of particle pollutants in Hong Kong[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(19):3 201-3 212.
[7]蔡靖,郑玫,闫才青,等.单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪在细颗粒物研究中的应用和进展[J].分析化学评述与进展,2015,43(5):765-774.CAI Jing,ZHENG Mei,YAN Caiqing,et al.Application and progress of single particle aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer in fine particulate matter research[J].Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2015,43(5):765-774(in Chinese).
[8]GAO J,ZHANG Y C,ZHANG M,et al.Photochemical properties and source of pollutants during continuous pollution episodes in Beijing,October,2011[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2014,26(1):44-53.
[9]陈多宏,李梅,黄渤,等.区域大气细粒子污染特征及快速来源解析[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(3):651-659.CHEN Duohong,LI Mei,HUANG Bo.The pollution characteristics and source apportionment of regional atmospheric fine particles[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(3):651-659(in Chinese).
[10]周静博,任毅斌,洪纲,等.利用SPAMS研究石家庄市冬季连续灰霾天气的污染特征及成因[J].环境科学,2015,36(11):3 973-3 980.ZHOU Jingbo,REN Yibin,HONG Gang,et al.Characteristics and formation mechanism of a multi-day haze in the winter of Shijiazhuang using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer(SPAMS)[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(11):3 973-3 980(in Chinese).
[11]LI L,HUANG Z X,DONG J G,et al.Realtime bipolar time-off light mass spectrometer for analyzing single aerosol particles[J].International Journal of Mass Spectrometry,2011,303(2/3):118-124.
[12]NOBLE C A,PRATHER K A.Real-time single particle mass spectrometry:a historical review of quarter century of the chemical analysis of aerosols[J].Mass Spectrometry Reviews,2000,19(4):248-274.
[13]MURPHY D M.The design of single particle laser mass spectrometers[J].Mass Spectrometry Reviews,2007,26(2):150-165.
[14]ALLEN J.YAADA:software toolkit to analyze single-particle mass spectral data[EB/OL].http:∥www.yaada.org.
[15]邱新法,曾燕,缪启龙.我国沙尘暴的时空分布规律及其源地和移动路径[J].地理学报,2001,56(3):316-322.QIU Xinfa,ZENG Yan,MIAO Qilong.Temporal-spatial distribution as well as tracks and source areas of sand-dust storms in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2001,56(3):316-322(in Chinese).
[16]吴志军,胡敏,刘尚,等.北京城市大气颗粒物数谱分布[C].第18届国际污染控制学术论坛论文集,2006:1 371-1 382.
[17]YAO X H,CHAN C K,FANG M,et al.The water-soluble ionic composition of PM2.5 in shanghai and Bejing,china[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(26):4 223-4 234.
[18]WANG Y,ZHUANG G,TANG A,et al.The ion chemistry and the source of PM2.5aerosol in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(21):3 771-3 784.
[19]张凯,王跃思,温天雪,等.北京夏末秋初大气细粒子中水溶性盐连续在线观测研究[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(3):459-465.ZHANG Kai,WANG Yuesi,WEN Tianxue,et al.On-line analysis the water-soluble chemical of PM2.5in late summer and early autumn in Bejing[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2007,27(3):459-465(in Chinese).
[20]黄正旭,高伟,董俊国,等.实时在线单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪的研制[J].质谱学报,2010,31(6):331-341.HUANG Zhengxu,GAO Wei,DONG Junguo,et al.Development of a real-time single particle aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer[J].Journal of Chinese Mass Spectrometry Society,2011,31(6):331-341(in Chinese).
[21]刘术林,陈赣中.微通道板离子探测器[J].应用光学,2001,22(1):16-19.LIU Shulin,CHEN Ganzhong.Microchannel plate ion detectors[J].Journal of Applied Optics,2001,22(1):16-19(in Chinese).
[22]赵冰,沈学静.飞行时间质谱分析技术的发展[J].现代科学仪器,2006,(4):30-33.ZHAO Bing,SHEN Xuejing.The development of TOF MS analysis technique[J].Modern Scientific Instruments,2006,(4):30-33(in Chinese).
[23]BI X H,ZHANG G H,LI L,et al.Mixing state of biomass burning particles by single particle aerosol mass spectrometer in the urban area of PRD,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(20):3 447-3 453.
[24]WANG H L,AN J L,SHEN L J,et al.Mechanism for the formation and microphysical characteristics ofsubmicron aerosol during heavy haze pollution episode in the Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,(490):501-508.
[25]CHEN K,YIN Y,KONG S F,et al.Sizeresolved chemical composition of atmospheric particles during a straw burning period at Mt.Huang(the Yellow Mountain)of China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,84(1):380-389.
[26]ZHANG G H,BI X H,HE J J,et al.Variation of secondary coatings associated with elemental carbon bysingle particle analysis[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,(92):162-170.
[27]黄正旭,李梅,李磊,等.单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪研究进展[J].上海大学学报,2011,17(4):562-566.HUANG Zhengxu,LI Mei,LI Lei,et al.Progress in research of single particle aerosol mass spectrometer[J].Journal of Shanghai University,2011,17(4):562-566(in Chinese).