基于环境风险排序的流域优先污染物筛选
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摘要
在流域生态环境治理中,确定治理水体的优先污染物是首先要考虑的问题.环境风险排序方法可利用污染物的毒性值与该污染的暴露浓度值的比值,快速对流域污染物进行风险排序,确定优先污染物.本文以有多年氟化工生产排放历史的大凌河为研究区域,分季节采集18个样点的水体表层样品,分析全氟辛基磺酸(PFOS)、全氟辛酸(PFOA)以及8种常见重金属,并搜集有关当地物种生态毒性的文献资料,确定其优先污染物.结果发现,2011~2016年间,大凌河水体PFOS和PFOA的中位值浓度分别在0.77~3.57 ng·L~(-1)、82.93~344 ng·L~(-1)之间,参照英国水环境对人体健康的潜在风险值发现其均低于标准限值.重金属和有机氯农药的浓度均低于国家Ⅳ级标准,但Hg和As的最高浓度高于Ⅲ级标准.大凌河环境风险值范围为1.42×10-6~2.3×10-2,环境风险排序结果为Cu>Zn>As>p,p'-DDE>p,p'-DDT>Cd>Pb>Hg>PFOA>γ-HCH>Cr>Ni>α-HCH>PFOS.PFOS和PFOA的环境风险排序较为靠后,说明不是该地区需要优先控制的污染物,但长期风险累积不可忽视.Cu是未来大凌河生态环境治理的优先污染物,应重点控制包括造纸厂在内的主要工业企业的生产排放行为.
The present study focuses on the risk rankings of different contaminants from Daling River in Liaoning Province,China,for categorizing the environmental risk levels in the river. Eighteen surface water samples were collected from Daling River,which has been polluted by the surrounding fluorine industries for years. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid( PFOS),perfluorooctanoic acid( PFOA)and heavy metals were analyzed,and relevant eco-toxicity data obtained from literatures were considered. The median concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were observed as 0. 77-3. 57 ng·L~(-1) and 82. 93-344 ng·L~(-1),respectively,which were lower than the standard limits of the United Kingdom. The concentrations of heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides( OCPs) were found to be lower than level Ⅳof the Chinese national environmental quality standards for surface water. The maximum concentrations of mercury( Hg) and arsenic( As) were higher than the standard level Ⅲ. The environmental risks ranged from 1. 42 × 10~(-6) to 2. 3 × 10~(-2). The order of the risks by potential environmental contaminants was Cu > Zn > As > p,p'-DDE > p,p'-DDT > Cd > Pb > Hg > PFOA > γ-HCH > Cr > Ni > α-HCH > PFOS. The present findings revealed that the environmental risks of PFOS and PFOA were relatively low and these were not taken as priority contaminants,but the accumulation risks could not be overlooked for a long time. Among the contaminants,copper( Cu) was the priority contaminant of Daling River. Hence,necessary measures are recommended to reduce the potential effects of contaminants on the environment.
The present study focuses on the risk rankings of different contaminants from Daling River in Liaoning Province,China,for categorizing the environmental risk levels in the river. Eighteen surface water samples were collected from Daling River,which has been polluted by the surrounding fluorine industries for years. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid( PFOS),perfluorooctanoic acid( PFOA)and heavy metals were analyzed,and relevant eco-toxicity data obtained from literatures were considered. The median concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were observed as 0. 77-3. 57 ng·L~(-1) and 82. 93-344 ng·L~(-1),respectively,which were lower than the standard limits of the United Kingdom. The concentrations of heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides( OCPs) were found to be lower than level Ⅳof the Chinese national environmental quality standards for surface water. The maximum concentrations of mercury( Hg) and arsenic( As) were higher than the standard level Ⅲ. The environmental risks ranged from 1. 42 × 10~(-6) to 2. 3 × 10~(-2). The order of the risks by potential environmental contaminants was Cu > Zn > As > p,p'-DDE > p,p'-DDT > Cd > Pb > Hg > PFOA > γ-HCH > Cr > Ni > α-HCH > PFOS. The present findings revealed that the environmental risks of PFOS and PFOA were relatively low and these were not taken as priority contaminants,but the accumulation risks could not be overlooked for a long time. Among the contaminants,copper( Cu) was the priority contaminant of Daling River. Hence,necessary measures are recommended to reduce the potential effects of contaminants on the environment.
引文
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[23]苏禹龙,徐晓萌,郭志勇,等.条子河中多环芳烃和有机氯农药的时空分布及来源解析[J].吉林大学学报(理学版),2014,52(3):611-622.Su Y L,Xu X M,Guo Z Y,et al.Temporospatial distribution and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in Tiaozi River[J].Journal of Jilin University(Science Edition),2014,52(3):611-622.
[24]张秀芳,董晓丽.辽河中下游水体中有机氯农药的残留调查[J].大连轻工业学院学报,2002,21(2):102-104.Zhang X F,Dong X L.Organic chlorinated pesticides in middle and lower reaches of Liaohe[J].Journal of Dalian Institute of Light Industry,2002,21(2):102-104.
[25]徐美娟,鲍波,陈春燕,等.宁波市地表水重金属污染现状和健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2018,39(2):729-737.Xu M J,Bao B,Chen C Y,et al.Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk of surface waters in the city of Ningbo,China[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(2):729-737.
[26]牛明香,王俊.河口生态系统健康评价研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(7):1977-1982.Niu M X,Wang J.Review on estuary ecosystem health assessment[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(7):1977-1982.
[27]刘静,刘录三,郑丙辉.入海河口区水环境管理问题与对策[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(5):645-653.Liu J,Liu L S,Zheng B H.Problems and countermeasures of water environmental management in estuaries[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(5):645-653.
[2]Zhang M,Shi Y J,Lu Y L,et al.The relative risk and its distribution of endocrine disrupting chemicals,pharmaceuticals and personal care products to freshwater organisms in the Bohai Rim,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,590-591:633-642.
[3]Zhang Y Q,Johnson A C,Su C,et al.Which persistent organic pollutants in the rivers of the Bohai Region of China represent the greatest risk to the local ecosystem?[J].Chemosphere,2017,178:11-18.
[4]Su C,Lu Y L,Johnson A C,et al.Which metal represents the greatest risk to freshwater ecosystem in Bohai Region of China?[J].Ecosystem Health and Sustainability,2017,3(2):e01260.
[5]卜庆伟,王东红,王子健.基于风险分析的流域优先有机污染物筛查:方法构建[J].生态毒理学报,2016,11(1):61-69.Bu Q W,Wang D H,Wang Z J.A risk-based screening approach for priority organic contaminants at the watershed scale:Method development[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2016,11(1):61-69.
[6]刘臣辉,付玲玲,申雨桐,等.欧盟水框架指令优先污染物筛选方法的应用[J].环境工程,2015,33(10):126-129.Liu C H,Fu L L,Shen Y T,et al.The application of a prioritization exercise for the European water framework directive[J].Environmental Engineering,2015,33(10):126-129.
[7]杨彦,李定龙,赵洁,等.基于健康风险的区域水环境优先控制污染物筛选方法[P].中国专利:CN102867116A,2013-01-09.
[8]Donnachie R L,Johnson A C,Moeckel C,et al.Using riskranking of metals to identify which poses the greatest threat to freshwater organisms in the UK[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,194:17-23.
[9]Johnson A C,Jürgens M D,Su C,et al.Which commonly monitored chemical contaminant in the Bohai region and the Yangtze and Pearl rivers of China poses the greatest threat to aquatic wildlife?[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2018,37(4):1115-1121.
[10]Li Q F,Wang T Y,Zhu Z Y,et al.Using hydrodynamic model to predict PFOS and PFOA transport in the Daling River and its tributary,a heavily polluted river into the Bohai Sea,China[J].Chemosphere,2017,167:344-352.
[11]王荦,刘宪杰,郭建国,等.辽宁省大凌河口水体中有机氯农药的污染特征[J].海洋环境科学,2013,32(3):410-413.Wang L,Liu X J,Guo J G,et al.Pollution characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in surface water from Dalinghe river estuary,Liaoning Province[J].Marine Environmental Science,2013,32(3):410-413.
[12]王荦,孙野青,贾宏亮,等.辽宁省大凌河口沉积物重金属污染及生态风险评价[J].海洋环境科学,2013,32(1):28-32.Wang L,Sun Y Q,Jia H L,et al.Pollution and potential ecological risk evaluation of heavy metals in surface sediment from Daling River Estuary,Liaoning Province[J].Marine Environmental Science,2013,32(1):28-32.
[13]Zhu Z Y,Wang T Y,Meng J,et al.Perfluoroalkyl substances in the Daling River with concentrated fluorine industries in China:seasonal variation,mass flow,and risk assessment[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(13):10009-10018.
[14]王佩.环渤海地区全氟烷基酸排放与迁移的生态学过程研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2015.
[15]谭冰,王铁宇,朱朝云,等.洋河流域万全段重金属污染风险及控制对策[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):719-726.Tan B,Wang T Y,Zhu Z Y,et al.Risk assessment and countermeasures of heavy metals pollution in Wanquan segment of Yanghe River[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(2):719-726.
[16]Meng J,Wang T Y,Wang P,et al.Perfluoroalkyl substances in daling river adjacent to fluorine industrial parks:Implication from industrial emission[J].Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology,2015,94(1):34-40.
[17]阜新市环境监测公报[EB/OL].http://hbj.fuxin.gov.cn/hbj/zwgk/ztbd/jcbg/list.html.
[18]Donnachie R L,Johnson A C,Sumpter J P.A rational approach to selecting and ranking some pharmaceuticals of concern for the aquatic environment and their relative importance compared with other chemicals[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2016,35(4):1021-1027.
[19]Wang P,Lu Y L,Wang T Y,et al.Shifts in production of perfluoroalkyl acids affect emissions and concentrations in the environment of the Xiaoqing River Basin,China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,307:55-63.
[20]Ma X X,Shan G Q,Chen M,et al.Riverine inputs and source tracing of perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)in Taihu Lake,China[J].Science of The Total Environment,2018,612:18-25.
[21]Sun Z Y,Zhang C J,Yan H,et al.Spatiotemporal distribution and potential sources of perfluoroalkyl acids in Huangpu River,Shanghai,China[J].Chemosphere,2017,174:127-135.
[22]张兆永,吉力力·阿不都外力,姜逢清.博尔塔拉河河水、表层底泥及河岸土壤重金属的污染和潜在危害评价[J].环境科学,2015,36(7):2422-2429.Zhang Z Y,Jilili Abuduwaili,Jiang F Q.Pollution and potential ecology risk evaluation of heavy metals in river water,top sediments on bed and soils along banks of Bortala River,Northwest China[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(7):2422-2429.
[23]苏禹龙,徐晓萌,郭志勇,等.条子河中多环芳烃和有机氯农药的时空分布及来源解析[J].吉林大学学报(理学版),2014,52(3):611-622.Su Y L,Xu X M,Guo Z Y,et al.Temporospatial distribution and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in Tiaozi River[J].Journal of Jilin University(Science Edition),2014,52(3):611-622.
[24]张秀芳,董晓丽.辽河中下游水体中有机氯农药的残留调查[J].大连轻工业学院学报,2002,21(2):102-104.Zhang X F,Dong X L.Organic chlorinated pesticides in middle and lower reaches of Liaohe[J].Journal of Dalian Institute of Light Industry,2002,21(2):102-104.
[25]徐美娟,鲍波,陈春燕,等.宁波市地表水重金属污染现状和健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2018,39(2):729-737.Xu M J,Bao B,Chen C Y,et al.Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk of surface waters in the city of Ningbo,China[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(2):729-737.
[26]牛明香,王俊.河口生态系统健康评价研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(7):1977-1982.Niu M X,Wang J.Review on estuary ecosystem health assessment[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(7):1977-1982.
[27]刘静,刘录三,郑丙辉.入海河口区水环境管理问题与对策[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(5):645-653.Liu J,Liu L S,Zheng B H.Problems and countermeasures of water environmental management in estuaries[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(5):645-653.