氢扩散与裂纹尖端应力场耦合效应的有限元分析
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摘要
目的研究氢鼓包形成过程中应力诱导下氢原子的扩散聚集行为,并考虑氢原子扩散聚集后对裂纹尖端区域应力场的影响,探究裂纹尖端区域氢浓度、氢气压强、应力强度因子随时间的演化历程。方法采用有限元软件ABAQUS,通过一个完全耦合分析,探究氢扩散与裂纹尖端区域应力场相互影响的动态过程。借助于断裂力学中的裂纹扩展判据判定氢鼓包是否会继续向前扩展。结果在应力诱导作用下,氢原子源源不断地向裂纹尖端高应力区域聚集,裂纹尖端区域的氢浓度、氢压、应力强度因子随时间呈指数型增长。结论在浓度梯度作用下,氢原子会向材料内部扩散。氢压引起的应力场会促进氢原子的扩散聚集行为,且应力场越大,促进作用越明显,使得缺陷处的氢浓度不断增大,氢压也就越来越大。当应力强度因子达到裂纹起裂的临界值时,就会导致开裂,形成氢鼓包,如此循环往复,直至氢鼓包开裂。
The work aims to study the diffusion and aggregation behavior of hydrogen induced by stress during the process of hydrogen blistering formation, with the effect of hydrogen diffusion on the stress field in the crack tip region taken into account. We investigate the evolution of hydrogen concentration, hydrogen pressure and stress intensity factor at the crack tip with time. By using software ABAQUS, the dynamic process of hydrogen diffusion and build-up of stress field at the crack tip, as well as the interaction between hydrogen diffusion and stress concentration are investigated through a fully coupling analysis. Initiation of extension of hydrogen blistering will be determined by crack propagation criterion in fracture mechanics. Under stress induction, hydrogen diffuses towards the vicinity of the crack tip continuously, and hydrogen concentration, hydrogen pressure and stress intensity factor in the regions near crack tip increase exponentially with time. Under the action of concentration gradient, hydrogen diffuses into the interior of material. The stress field induced by hydrogen pressure will promote the diffusion behavior of hydrogen, and the larger the stress field, the more obvious the promoting effect. This makes the hydrogen concentration in the defect increases, and the hydrogen pressure increases as well. When the stress intensity factor reaches the critical value of the crack initiation, the defect will extend and form a hydrogen blister. This process happens again and again until cracking of the hydrogen blister.
The work aims to study the diffusion and aggregation behavior of hydrogen induced by stress during the process of hydrogen blistering formation, with the effect of hydrogen diffusion on the stress field in the crack tip region taken into account. We investigate the evolution of hydrogen concentration, hydrogen pressure and stress intensity factor at the crack tip with time. By using software ABAQUS, the dynamic process of hydrogen diffusion and build-up of stress field at the crack tip, as well as the interaction between hydrogen diffusion and stress concentration are investigated through a fully coupling analysis. Initiation of extension of hydrogen blistering will be determined by crack propagation criterion in fracture mechanics. Under stress induction, hydrogen diffuses towards the vicinity of the crack tip continuously, and hydrogen concentration, hydrogen pressure and stress intensity factor in the regions near crack tip increase exponentially with time. Under the action of concentration gradient, hydrogen diffuses into the interior of material. The stress field induced by hydrogen pressure will promote the diffusion behavior of hydrogen, and the larger the stress field, the more obvious the promoting effect. This makes the hydrogen concentration in the defect increases, and the hydrogen pressure increases as well. When the stress intensity factor reaches the critical value of the crack initiation, the defect will extend and form a hydrogen blister. This process happens again and again until cracking of the hydrogen blister.
引文
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[19]范俊锴,杜凤山,黄华贵,等.钢中微孔隙氢压强度与氢浓度[J].钢铁,2013,48(10):70-75.FAN Jun-kai,DU Feng-shan,HUANG Hua-gui,et al.Hydrogen Pressure and Hydrogen Concentration in Microporous Gap in Steel[J].Steel,2013,48(10):70-75.
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[2]张其敏,徐春碧,陈美宝.在役输气管道鼓泡分层缺陷机理分析[J].油气田地面工程,2013(4):34-35.ZHANG Qi-min,XU Chun-bi,CHEN Mei-bao.Mechanism Analysis of Bubbling Delamination in Inservice Gas Transmission Pipeline[J].Oil and Gas Field Ground Engineering,2013(4):34-35.
[3]TAN E,TARAKCILAR A R,DISPINAR D.Blistering Problems Observed in Strain Induced Melt Activated Aluminium Alloys[J].Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals,2011,64(6):555-563.
[4]张涛,王长朋,刘静.X80管线钢在酸性环境下的氢致开裂行为研究[J].表面技术,2014(6):48-52.ZHANG Tao,WANG Chang-peng,LIU Jing.Study on Hydrogen Induced Cracking Behavior of X80 Pipeline Steel in Acidic Environment[J].Surface Technology,2014(6):48-52.
[5]黄亮,刘智勇,杜翠薇,等.Q235B钢含硫污水罐的腐蚀开裂失效分析[J].表面技术,2015(3):52-56.HUANG Liang,LIU Zhi-yong,DU Cui-wei,et al.Failure Analysis of Corrosion Cracking of Sulfur Containing Water Tank in Q235 B Steel[J].Surface Technology,2015(3):52-56.
[6]IINO M.The Extension of Hydrogen Blister-crack Array in Linepipesteels[J].Metallurgical Transactions A,1978,9(11):1581-1590.
[7]任学冲,单广斌,褚武扬,等.氢鼓泡的形核、长大和开裂[J].科学通报,2005,50(16):1689-1692.REN Xue-chong,SHAN Guang-bin,CHU Wu-yang,et al.Initiating,Growing and Cracking of Hydrogen Blisters[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50(16):1689-1692.
[8]HOSHIHIRA T,OTSUKA T,TANABE T.A Study of Hydrogen Blistering Mechanism for Molybdenum by Tritium Radio-luminography[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2009,390(1):1029-1031.
[9]张恒,曹红蓓.氢鼓包产生机理及防治措施的研究综述[J].制造业自动化,2014(18):23-25.ZHANG Heng,CAO Hong-bei.Review on the Mechanism and Prevention Measures of Hydrogen Bulge Formation[J].Manufacturing Automation,2014(18):23-25.
[10]蒋文春,巩建鸣,唐建群,等.湿H2S环境下16Mn R钢氢鼓泡的有限元模拟[J].吉林大学学报(工),2008,38(1):61-65.JIANG Wen-chun,GONG Jian-ming,TANG Jian-qun,et al.Finite Element Simulation of Hydrogen Bubbling in 16Mn R Steel under Wet H2S Environment[J].Journal of Jilin University,2008,38(1):61-65.
[11]胡军,刘菲,张早校,等.利用Abaqus的含氢鼓包缺陷液化气罐安全分析[J].西安交通大学学报,2010,44(9):38-42.HU Jun,LIU Fei,ZHANG Zao-xiao,et al.Safety Analysis of Liquefied Gas Tank with Hydrogen Bulge Defect Using Abaqus[J].Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University,2010,44(9):38-42.
[12]温吉利,华丽,徐宏,等.2.25Cr-1Mo钢氢致裂纹扩展行为研究[J].腐蚀与防护,2008,29(3):19-22.WEN Ji-li,HUA Li,XU Hong,et al.Study on Hydrogen Induced Crack Propagation Behavior of 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel[J].Corrosion and Protection,2008,29(3):19-22.
[13]ZHANG S,WANG H,HOU F.Influence of the Types of Stress on Hydrogen Induced Damage By Simulating Hydrogen Diffusion[C]//International Conference on Materials,Environmental and Biological Engineering.Shanghai:IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,2015.
[14]MENG G Z,FU J L,SUN F L,et al.Study on Blister of the Coating on Solid Cantilevers of Hydraulic Supports for Coal Mining[J].Science China,2010,53(12):3183-3188.
[15]CRANK J.The Mathematics of Diffusion[M].Oxford:Clarendon Press,1956.
[16]SOFRONIS P,MCMEEKING R.Numerical Analysis of Hydrogen Transport Near a Blunting Crack Tip[J].Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,1989,37(3):317-350.
[17]HIRTH J P.Hydrogen Embrittlement Property of a1700 MPa-class Ultrahigh-strength Tempered Martensitic Steel[J].Metall Trans,1980,11A:861.
[18]KOHIRA K,YATAKE T,YURIOKA N.A Numerical Analysis of the Diffusion and Trapping of Hydrogen in Steels and Its Application to Weldments[J].Journal of the Japan Welding Society,1974,43(9):921-930.
[19]范俊锴,杜凤山,黄华贵,等.钢中微孔隙氢压强度与氢浓度[J].钢铁,2013,48(10):70-75.FAN Jun-kai,DU Feng-shan,HUANG Hua-gui,et al.Hydrogen Pressure and Hydrogen Concentration in Microporous Gap in Steel[J].Steel,2013,48(10):70-75.
[20]中国航空研究院.应力强度因子手册[M].北京:科学出版社,1993:160-165.Chinese Aeronautical Establishment.Handbook of Stress Intensity Factors[M].Beijing:Science Publishing,1993:160-165.
[21]SUN C T,JIN Z H.Fracture Mechanics[M].Boston:Academic Press,2012:20.