纳米银和银离子对土壤中硝化微生物及其氨氧化速率的影响
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摘要
为研究纳米银对土壤硝化微生物及其氮转化的影响,采用土壤培养方式,对不同剂量纳米银(10、50、100 mg·kg~(-1))和银离子(1、5、10 mg·kg~(-1))暴露下黄棕壤和水稻土硝化细菌数量、土壤酶活性、amoA基因丰度、NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N含量变化以及土壤潜在氨氧化速率进行研究.结果表明,纳米银和银离子暴露后,2种土壤亚硝酸细菌和硝酸细菌数量显著减少;土壤酶活性受到抑制,对脲酶的影响大于过氧化氢酶;土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)的amoA基因丰度均降低,对AOB基因丰度的影响大于AOA.在2种土壤中外源添加(NH_4)_2SO_4时,随着纳米银和银离子暴露剂量增加,土壤NH_4~+-N含量累积,NO_3~--N含量减少,氨氧化速率降低,铵态氮向硝态氮的转化受阻.综上所述,纳米银和银离子对土壤硝化微生物产生毒害作用并影响铵态氮转化,且影响程度与土壤理化性质有关.
In order to study the effect of nanosilver on soil nitrification microorganisms and nitrogen transformation,soil culture experiments were carried out. Yellow brown soil and paddy soil were first spiked with different doses of nanosilver(10,50,100 mg·kg~(-1)) and silver ions(1,5,10 mg·kg~(-1)). Then,the number of nitrifying bacteria,activity of soil invertase,amo A gene abundance,NH_4~+-N content,NO_3~--N content,and soil potential ammonia oxidation rate were determined. The results showed that the number of nitrite bacteria and nitrate bacteria decreased significantly when the soils were treated with nanosilver and silver ions. Soil invertases were inhibited,and the effect on urease was greater than that on catalase. The amo A gene abundances of soil ammoniaoxidizing bacteria(AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) decreased,and the effect on the gene abundance of AOB was greater than that of AOA. When(NH_4)_2SO_4 was added to the soil,nanosilver and silver ion pollutants caused NH_4~+-N to accumulate,and the contents of NO_3~--N were reduced,the rate of ammonia oxidation decreased,and the transformation of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen was inhibited. This research suggests that nanosilver and silver ions can have toxic effects on soil nitrification microorganisms and ammonium nitrogen conversion,and the degree of influence was found to be related to the soil physical and chemical properties.
In order to study the effect of nanosilver on soil nitrification microorganisms and nitrogen transformation,soil culture experiments were carried out. Yellow brown soil and paddy soil were first spiked with different doses of nanosilver(10,50,100 mg·kg~(-1)) and silver ions(1,5,10 mg·kg~(-1)). Then,the number of nitrifying bacteria,activity of soil invertase,amo A gene abundance,NH_4~+-N content,NO_3~--N content,and soil potential ammonia oxidation rate were determined. The results showed that the number of nitrite bacteria and nitrate bacteria decreased significantly when the soils were treated with nanosilver and silver ions. Soil invertases were inhibited,and the effect on urease was greater than that on catalase. The amo A gene abundances of soil ammoniaoxidizing bacteria(AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) decreased,and the effect on the gene abundance of AOB was greater than that of AOA. When(NH_4)_2SO_4 was added to the soil,nanosilver and silver ion pollutants caused NH_4~+-N to accumulate,and the contents of NO_3~--N were reduced,the rate of ammonia oxidation decreased,and the transformation of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen was inhibited. This research suggests that nanosilver and silver ions can have toxic effects on soil nitrification microorganisms and ammonium nitrogen conversion,and the degree of influence was found to be related to the soil physical and chemical properties.
引文
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[21] Schlich K,Hund-Rinke K. Influence of soil properties on the effect of silver nanomaterials on microbial activity in five soils[J]. Environmental Pollution,2015,196:321-330.
[22] Broos K,Mertens J,Smolders E. Toxicity of heavy metals in soil assessed with various soil microbial and plant growth assays:a comparative study[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2005,24(3):634-640.
[23] Yang Y,Quensen J,Mathieu J,et al. Pyrosequencing reveals higher impact of silver nanoparticles than Ag+on the microbial community structure of activated sludge[J]. Water Research,2014,48:317-325.
[24] Asadishad B, Chahal S, Akbari A, et al. Amendment of agricultural soil with metal nanoparticles:effects on soil enzyme activity and microbial community composition[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(4):1908-1918.
[25] Samarajeewa A D,Velicogna J R,Princz J I,et al. Effect of silver nano-particles on soil microbial growth, activity and community diversity in a sandy loam soil[J]. Environmental Pollution,2017,220:504-513.
[26] Beddow J,Stolpe B,Cole P A,et al. Nanosilver inhibits nitrification and reduces ammonia-oxidising bacterial but not archaeal amoA gene abundance in estuarine sediments[J].Environmental Microbiology,2017,19(2):500-510.
[27] Choi O,Hu H Q. Size dependent and reactive oxygen species related nanosilver toxicity to nitrifying bacteria[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(12):4583-4588.
[28]杜欢,王玉军,李程程,等.纳米Ag在四种不同性质土壤上的吸附行为研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(6):1069-1075.Du H,Wang Y J,Li C C,et al. Sorption of silver nanoparticles on four soils with different characteristics[J]. Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2015,34(6):1069-1075.
[29] Shin Y J,Kwak J I,An Y J. Evidence for the inhibitory effects of silver nanoparticles on the activities of soil exoenzymes[J].Chemosphere,2012,88(4):524-529.
[30]王秋双,戚兴超,申天琳,等.纳米银与石墨烯对土壤微生物及土壤酶的影响[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(8):3149-3157.Wang Q S, Qi X C, Shen T L, et al. Effect of silver nanoparticles and graphene on soil microorganisms and enzyme activities[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(8):3149-3157.
[31] Gu L G,Li Q L,Quan X C,et al. Comparison of nanosilver removal by flocculent and granular sludge and short-and longterm inhibition impacts[J]. Water Research,2014,58:62-70.
[32] Grün A L,Emmerling C. Long-term effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of silver nanoparticles on major soil bacterial phyla of a loamy soil[J]. Environmental Sciences Europe,2018,30:31.
[33] Giao N T,Limpiyakorn T,Siripattanakul-Ratpukdi S. Inhibition kinetics of ammonia oxidation influenced by silver nanoparticles[J]. Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2012,223(8):5197-5203.
[34] Giao N T,Limpiyakorn T,Kunapongkiti P,et al. Influence of silver nanoparticles and liberated silver ions on nitrifying sludge:ammonia oxidation inhibitory kinetics and mechanism[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(10):9229-9240.
[35] Wang J,Shu K H,Zhang L,et al. Effects of silver nanoparticles on soil microbial communities and bacterial nitrification in suburban vegetable soils[J]. Pedosphere,2017,27(3):482-490.
[2] Reidy B, Haase A, Luch A, et al. Mechanisms of silver nanoparticle release,transformation and toxicity:a critical review of current knowledge and recommendations for future studies and applications[J]. Materials,2013,6(6):2295-2350.
[3] Kora A J,Rastogi L. Enhancement of antibacterial activity of capped silver nanoparticles in combination with antibiotics,on model gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria[J]. Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications,2013,2013:871097.
[4] Mc Gillicuddy E, Murray I, Kavanagh S, et al. Silver nanoparticles in the environment:sources, detection and ecotoxicology[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,575:231-246.
[5] Sun T Y,Gottschalk F,Hungerbühler K,et al. Comprehensive probabilistic modelling of environmental emissions of engineered nanomaterials[J]. Environmental Pollution,2014,185:69-76.
[6] Suresh A K,Pelletier D A,Doktycz M J. Relating nanomaterial properties and microbial toxicity[J]. Nanoscale,2012,5(2):463-474.
[7] Riah-Anglet W,Trinsoutrot-Gattin I,Martin-Laurent F,et al.Soil microbial community structure and function relationships:A heat stress experiment[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2015,86:121-130.
[8] Ke X B,Angel R,Lu Y H,et al. Niche differentiation of ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers in rice paddy soil[J].Environmental Microbiology,2013,15(8):2275-2292.
[9] Puthiya Veettil V,Abdulaziz A,Chekidhenkuzhiyil J,et al.Bacterial domination over archaea in ammonia oxidation in a Monsoon-Driven tropical estuary[J]. Microbial Ecology,2015,69(3):544-553.
[10]李虎,黄福义,苏建强,等.浙江省瓯江氨氧化古菌和氨氧化细菌分布及多样性特征[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4659-4666.Li H,Huang F Y,Su J Q,et al. Distribution and diversity of ammonium-oxidizing archaea and ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in surface sediments of Oujiang River[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4659-4666.
[11] Tian X,Jiang X M,Welch C,et al. Bactericidal effects of silver nanoparticles on Lactobacilli and the underlying mechanism[J].ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2018,10(10):8443-8450.
[12] Yuan Z H, Li J W, Cui L, et al. Interaction of silver nanoparticles with pure nitrifying bacteria[J]. Chemosphere,2013,90(4):1404-1411.
[13] Liang Z H,Das A,Hu Z Q. Bacterial response to a shock load of nanosilver in an activated sludge treatment system[J]. Water Research,2010,44(18):5432-5438.
[14] H?nsch M,Emmerling C. Effects of silver nanoparticles on the microbiota and enzyme activity in soil[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2010,173(4):554-558.
[15]陈铮,罗专溪,邱昭政,等.纳米金、银对氨氧化细菌及其氨氧化作用的影响[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(3):705-712.Chen Z,Luo Z X,Qiu Z Z,et al. Effects of silver and gold nanoparticles on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and its ammoxidation[J]. China Environmental Science,2014,34(3):705-712.
[16] He S Y,Feng Y Z,Ni J,et al. Different responses of soil microbial metabolic activity to silver and iron oxide nanoparticles[J]. Chemosphere,2016,147:195-202.
[17]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[18]李振高,骆永明,滕应.土壤与环境微生物研究法[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[19] Rotthauwe J H, Witzel K P, Liesack W. The ammonia monooxygenase structural gene amoA as a functional marker:molecular fine-scale analysis of natural ammonia-oxidizing populations[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1997,63(12):4704-4712.
[20] Francis C A,Roberts K J,Beman J M,et al. Ubiquity and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in water columns and sediments of the ocean[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2005,102(41):14683-14688.
[21] Schlich K,Hund-Rinke K. Influence of soil properties on the effect of silver nanomaterials on microbial activity in five soils[J]. Environmental Pollution,2015,196:321-330.
[22] Broos K,Mertens J,Smolders E. Toxicity of heavy metals in soil assessed with various soil microbial and plant growth assays:a comparative study[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2005,24(3):634-640.
[23] Yang Y,Quensen J,Mathieu J,et al. Pyrosequencing reveals higher impact of silver nanoparticles than Ag+on the microbial community structure of activated sludge[J]. Water Research,2014,48:317-325.
[24] Asadishad B, Chahal S, Akbari A, et al. Amendment of agricultural soil with metal nanoparticles:effects on soil enzyme activity and microbial community composition[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(4):1908-1918.
[25] Samarajeewa A D,Velicogna J R,Princz J I,et al. Effect of silver nano-particles on soil microbial growth, activity and community diversity in a sandy loam soil[J]. Environmental Pollution,2017,220:504-513.
[26] Beddow J,Stolpe B,Cole P A,et al. Nanosilver inhibits nitrification and reduces ammonia-oxidising bacterial but not archaeal amoA gene abundance in estuarine sediments[J].Environmental Microbiology,2017,19(2):500-510.
[27] Choi O,Hu H Q. Size dependent and reactive oxygen species related nanosilver toxicity to nitrifying bacteria[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(12):4583-4588.
[28]杜欢,王玉军,李程程,等.纳米Ag在四种不同性质土壤上的吸附行为研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(6):1069-1075.Du H,Wang Y J,Li C C,et al. Sorption of silver nanoparticles on four soils with different characteristics[J]. Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2015,34(6):1069-1075.
[29] Shin Y J,Kwak J I,An Y J. Evidence for the inhibitory effects of silver nanoparticles on the activities of soil exoenzymes[J].Chemosphere,2012,88(4):524-529.
[30]王秋双,戚兴超,申天琳,等.纳米银与石墨烯对土壤微生物及土壤酶的影响[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(8):3149-3157.Wang Q S, Qi X C, Shen T L, et al. Effect of silver nanoparticles and graphene on soil microorganisms and enzyme activities[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(8):3149-3157.
[31] Gu L G,Li Q L,Quan X C,et al. Comparison of nanosilver removal by flocculent and granular sludge and short-and longterm inhibition impacts[J]. Water Research,2014,58:62-70.
[32] Grün A L,Emmerling C. Long-term effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of silver nanoparticles on major soil bacterial phyla of a loamy soil[J]. Environmental Sciences Europe,2018,30:31.
[33] Giao N T,Limpiyakorn T,Siripattanakul-Ratpukdi S. Inhibition kinetics of ammonia oxidation influenced by silver nanoparticles[J]. Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2012,223(8):5197-5203.
[34] Giao N T,Limpiyakorn T,Kunapongkiti P,et al. Influence of silver nanoparticles and liberated silver ions on nitrifying sludge:ammonia oxidation inhibitory kinetics and mechanism[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(10):9229-9240.
[35] Wang J,Shu K H,Zhang L,et al. Effects of silver nanoparticles on soil microbial communities and bacterial nitrification in suburban vegetable soils[J]. Pedosphere,2017,27(3):482-490.