以椰壳生物质炭为燃料的直接炭固体氧化物燃料电池
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摘要
通过热裂解制得椰壳炭,表征了其结构和组成,并将其用于电解质为钇稳定化氧化锆(YSZ)、电极材料为银和钆掺杂氧化铈(Ag-GDC)的固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)的燃料,对所构成的直接炭固体氧化物燃料电池(DC-SOFC)的性能进行了测试研究。结果表明,所制得的椰壳炭颗粒粒径在微米级别,具有介孔结构,而且椰壳炭中含有K、Ca等元素,可用作Boudouard反应催化剂。当使用椰壳炭作为DC-SOFC燃料时,在800℃下电池最大功率密度为255 mW/cm~2;负载Fe催化剂后,最大功率密度提升为274 mW/cm~2。以0.5 A/cm~2的恒电流放电,0.5 g负载Fe椰壳炭燃料电池能够连续工作17.6 h,燃料利用率为39%,表明椰壳炭作为DC-SOFC燃料具有优异的性能和潜力。
Coconut char is prepared by pyrolysis and used as the fuel for the direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell(DC-SOFCs), which are composed of yttrium-stabilized zirconia(YSZ) electrolyte and silver and gadolinium-doped ceria(Ag-GDC) cermet electrodes. The microstructure and composition of coconut char are characterized and the performances of DC-SOFCs with coconut char as fuel was investigated. The results show that the as-prepared coconut biochar has a mesoporous structure and a particle size of several microns; moreover, it contains K and Ca elements, favorable for the Boudouard reaction. A peak power density of 255 mW/cm~2 is observed for the DC-SOFC operated at 800 ℃ with coconut char as fuel; it increases to 274 mW/cm~2 when the char is loaded with Fe as a promoter to improve the reverse Boudouard reaction. The discharging time of the cell with 0.5 g Fe-loaded coconut char operated at a constant current density of 0.5 A/cm~2 lasts for 17.6 h, representing a fuel conversion of 39%, demonstrating the feasibility and superiority of coconut char as a fuel for DC-SOFCs.
Coconut char is prepared by pyrolysis and used as the fuel for the direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell(DC-SOFCs), which are composed of yttrium-stabilized zirconia(YSZ) electrolyte and silver and gadolinium-doped ceria(Ag-GDC) cermet electrodes. The microstructure and composition of coconut char are characterized and the performances of DC-SOFCs with coconut char as fuel was investigated. The results show that the as-prepared coconut biochar has a mesoporous structure and a particle size of several microns; moreover, it contains K and Ca elements, favorable for the Boudouard reaction. A peak power density of 255 mW/cm~2 is observed for the DC-SOFC operated at 800 ℃ with coconut char as fuel; it increases to 274 mW/cm~2 when the char is loaded with Fe as a promoter to improve the reverse Boudouard reaction. The discharging time of the cell with 0.5 g Fe-loaded coconut char operated at a constant current density of 0.5 A/cm~2 lasts for 17.6 h, representing a fuel conversion of 39%, demonstrating the feasibility and superiority of coconut char as a fuel for DC-SOFCs.
引文
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[4] 王媛媛, 秦海棠, 邓福明, 弓淑芳, 刘蕊, 郑小蔚, 范海阔. 基于世界粮农组织2000-2016年统计数据库的全球椰子种植业发展概况及趋势研究[J]. 世界热带农业信息, 2018, 5: 1-13.(WANG Yuan-yuan, QIN Hai-tang, DENG Fu-ming, GONG Shu-fang, ZHENG Xiao-wei, FAN Hai-kuo. Overview and trend study of global coconut plantation industry development based on faostat from 2000 to 2016[J]. World Trop Agri Inform, 2018, 5: 1-13.)
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[6] MINH N Q. Ceramic fuel cells[J]. J Am Ceram Soc, 1993, 76(3): 563-588.
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[8] JABOBSON A J. Materials for solid oxide fuel cells[J]. Chem Mater, 2010, 22(3): 660-674.
[9] CAO D, SUN Y, WANG G. Direct carbon fuel cell: Fundamentals and recent developments[J]. J Power Sources, 2007, 167(2): 250-257.
[10] RADY A C, GIDDEY S, BADWAL S P S, LADEWIG B P, BHATTACHARYA S. Review of fuels for direct carbon fuel cells[J]. Energy Fuels, 2012, 26(3):1471-1488.
[11] GIDDEY S, BADWAL S P S, KULKARNI A, MUMMINGS C. A comprehensive review of direct carbon fuel cell technology[J]. Prog Energy Combust, 2012, 38(3): 360-399.
[12] 谢永敏, 李江霖, 侯金醒, 吴沛佳, 刘江, 刘庆生. 固体氧化物燃料电池直接以焦炭为燃料的电性能[J]. 燃料化学学报, 2018, 46(10): 1168-1174.(XIE Yong-min, LI Jiang-lin, HOU Jin-xing, WU Pei-jia, LIU Jiang, LIU Qing-sheng. Direct use of coke in solid oxide fuel cell[J]. J Fuel Chem Technol, 2018, 46(10): 1168-1174.)
[13] XIE Y M, TANG Y B, LIU J. A verification of the reaction mechanism of direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells[J]. J Solid State Electr, 2013, 17(1): 121-127.
[14] TANG Y, LIU J, SUI J. A novel direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell[J]. Ecs Trans, 2009, 25(2): 1109-1114.
[15] TANG Y B, LIU J. Fueling solid oxide fuel cells with activated carbon[J]. Acta Phys Chim Sin, 2010, 26(5): 1191-1194.
[16] BAI Y H, LIU Y, TANG Y B, XIE Y M, LIU J. Direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell-a potential high performance battery[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36(15): 9189-9194.
[17] CAI W Z, LIU J, XIE Y, XIAO J, LIU M. An investigation on the kinetics of direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells[J]. J Solid State Electrochem, 2016, 20(8): 2207-2216.
[18] LIU J, ZHOU M Y, ZHANG Y P, LIU Z J, XIE Y M, CAI W Z, YU F Y, ZHOU Q, WANG X Q, NI M, LIU M L. Electrochemical oxidation of carbon at high temperature: Principles and applications[J]. Energy Fuels, 2017, 32(4): 4107-4117.
[19] ZHOU Q, CAI W.Z, ZHANG Y P, LIU J, YUAN L L, YU F Y, WANG X Q, LIU M L. Electricity generation from corn cob char though a direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell[J]. Biomass Bioenergy, 2016, 91: 250-258.
[20] DUDEK M, TOMCZYK P, SOCHA R, SKRZYPKIEWCZ M, JEWULSKI J. Biomass fuels for direct carbon fuel cell with solid oxide electrolyte[J]. Int J Electrochem Sci, 2013, 8: 3229-3253.
[21] CAI W, LIU J, LIU P, LIU Z, XU H, CHEN B, LI Y, ZHOU Q, LIU M, NI M. A direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell fueled with char from wheat straw[J]. Int Energy Res, 2018, 110.
[22] CAI W, ZHOU Q, XIE Y, LIU J, LONG G, CHENG S, LIU M. A direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell operated on a plant derived biofuel with natural catalyst[J]. Appl Energy, 2016, 179: 1232-1241.
[23] MUNNINGS C, KULKARNI A, GIDDEY S, BADWALAD S P S, Biomass to power conversion in a direct carbon fuel cell[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(23): 12377-12385.
[24] 余亮, 于方永, 苑莉莉, 蔡位子, 刘江, 杨成浩, 刘美林.银基陶瓷复合电极的电性能及其在固体氧化物燃料电池中的应用[J]. 物理化学学报, 2016, 32(2): 503-509.(YU Liang, YU Fang-yong, YUAN Li-li, CAI Wei-zi, LIU Jiang, YANG Cheng-hao, LIU Mei-lin. Electrical performance of Ag-based ceramic composite electrodeds and theire application in solid oxide fuel cells[J]. Acta Phys Chim Sin, 2016, 32(2): 503-509.)
[25] KOPUSCINSKI J, RAHMAN M, GUPTA R, MIMS C A, HILL J M. K2CO3 catalyzed CO2 gasification of ash-free coal. Interactions of the catalyst with carbon in N2 and CO2 atmosphere[J]. Fuel, 2014, 117: 1181-1189.
[26] PERANDER M, DEMARTINI N, BRINK A, KRAMB J, KARLSTROM O, HEMMING J, MOILANEN A, KONTTINEN J, HUPA M. Catalytic effect of Ca and K on CO2 gasification of spruce wood char[J]. Fuel, 2015, 150: 464-472.
[27] JI Y, LU Z, ZHAO X, HE T M, SU W. Study on the properties of Al2O3-doped (ZrO2)0.92 (Y2O3)0.08 electrolyte[J]. Solid State Ionics, 1999, 126(3): 277-283.
[28] TANAKA S, UEMURA T, ISHIZAKI K-I, NAGAYOSHI K, IKENAGA N-O, OHME H, SUZUKI T, YAMASHITA H, AMPO M. CO2 gasification of iron-loaded carbons: Activation of the iron catalyst with CO[J]. Energy Fuels, 1995, 9(1): 45-52.Biochar derived from coconut as fuel for the direct carbon solid oxide fuel cellQIU Qian-yuan CHEN Qian-yang LIU Zhi-jun LIU Jiang天然的椰壳炭可用作直接炭固体氧化物燃料电池的燃料,为农业废弃物的资源化利用提供了新的技术路径。J Fuel Chem Technol, 2019, 47(3): 361-369Co-Ce共掺杂对TiO2催化剂室温可见光催化脱硝性能的影响王淑勤武金锦杜志辉
[2] CHEN J, LI C, RISTOVSKI Z, MILIC A, GU Y, ISLAM M S, WANG S, HAO J, ZHANG H, HE C, GUO H, FU H, MILJEVIC B, MORAWSKA L, THAI P, LAM Y F, PEREIRA G, DING A, HUANG X, DUMKA U C. A review of biomass burning: Emissions and impacts on air quality, health and climate in China[J]. Sci Total Environ, 2017, 579: 1000-1034.
[3] 潘根兴, 林振衡, 李恋卿, 张阿凤, 郑金伟, 张旭辉. 试论我国农业和农村有机废弃物生物质碳产业化[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2011, 13(1): 75-82.(PAN Gen-xing, LING Zhen-heng, LI Lian-qing, ZHANG A-feng, ZHENG Jin-wei, ZHANG Xu-hui. Prospective on biomass carbon industrialization of organic waste from agriculture and rural areas in China[J]. J Agri Sci Technol, 2011, 13(1): 75-82.)
[4] 王媛媛, 秦海棠, 邓福明, 弓淑芳, 刘蕊, 郑小蔚, 范海阔. 基于世界粮农组织2000-2016年统计数据库的全球椰子种植业发展概况及趋势研究[J]. 世界热带农业信息, 2018, 5: 1-13.(WANG Yuan-yuan, QIN Hai-tang, DENG Fu-ming, GONG Shu-fang, ZHENG Xiao-wei, FAN Hai-kuo. Overview and trend study of global coconut plantation industry development based on faostat from 2000 to 2016[J]. World Trop Agri Inform, 2018, 5: 1-13.)
[5] 卢琨. 2015-2016年我国椰子产业的生产与贸易发展形势分析[J]. 世界热带农业信息, 2017, 9/10: 1-6.(LU Kun. Analysisi of production and trade development situation of chinese coconut industry[J]. World Trop Agri Inform, 2017, 9/10: 1-6.)
[6] MINH N Q. Ceramic fuel cells[J]. J Am Ceram Soc, 1993, 76(3): 563-588.
[7] HAJIMOLANA S A, HUSSAIN M A, DAUD W M A W, SOROUSH M, SHAMIRI A. Mathematical modeling of solid oxide fuel cells: A review[J]. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev, 2011, 15(4):1893-1917.
[8] JABOBSON A J. Materials for solid oxide fuel cells[J]. Chem Mater, 2010, 22(3): 660-674.
[9] CAO D, SUN Y, WANG G. Direct carbon fuel cell: Fundamentals and recent developments[J]. J Power Sources, 2007, 167(2): 250-257.
[10] RADY A C, GIDDEY S, BADWAL S P S, LADEWIG B P, BHATTACHARYA S. Review of fuels for direct carbon fuel cells[J]. Energy Fuels, 2012, 26(3):1471-1488.
[11] GIDDEY S, BADWAL S P S, KULKARNI A, MUMMINGS C. A comprehensive review of direct carbon fuel cell technology[J]. Prog Energy Combust, 2012, 38(3): 360-399.
[12] 谢永敏, 李江霖, 侯金醒, 吴沛佳, 刘江, 刘庆生. 固体氧化物燃料电池直接以焦炭为燃料的电性能[J]. 燃料化学学报, 2018, 46(10): 1168-1174.(XIE Yong-min, LI Jiang-lin, HOU Jin-xing, WU Pei-jia, LIU Jiang, LIU Qing-sheng. Direct use of coke in solid oxide fuel cell[J]. J Fuel Chem Technol, 2018, 46(10): 1168-1174.)
[13] XIE Y M, TANG Y B, LIU J. A verification of the reaction mechanism of direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells[J]. J Solid State Electr, 2013, 17(1): 121-127.
[14] TANG Y, LIU J, SUI J. A novel direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell[J]. Ecs Trans, 2009, 25(2): 1109-1114.
[15] TANG Y B, LIU J. Fueling solid oxide fuel cells with activated carbon[J]. Acta Phys Chim Sin, 2010, 26(5): 1191-1194.
[16] BAI Y H, LIU Y, TANG Y B, XIE Y M, LIU J. Direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell-a potential high performance battery[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36(15): 9189-9194.
[17] CAI W Z, LIU J, XIE Y, XIAO J, LIU M. An investigation on the kinetics of direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells[J]. J Solid State Electrochem, 2016, 20(8): 2207-2216.
[18] LIU J, ZHOU M Y, ZHANG Y P, LIU Z J, XIE Y M, CAI W Z, YU F Y, ZHOU Q, WANG X Q, NI M, LIU M L. Electrochemical oxidation of carbon at high temperature: Principles and applications[J]. Energy Fuels, 2017, 32(4): 4107-4117.
[19] ZHOU Q, CAI W.Z, ZHANG Y P, LIU J, YUAN L L, YU F Y, WANG X Q, LIU M L. Electricity generation from corn cob char though a direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell[J]. Biomass Bioenergy, 2016, 91: 250-258.
[20] DUDEK M, TOMCZYK P, SOCHA R, SKRZYPKIEWCZ M, JEWULSKI J. Biomass fuels for direct carbon fuel cell with solid oxide electrolyte[J]. Int J Electrochem Sci, 2013, 8: 3229-3253.
[21] CAI W, LIU J, LIU P, LIU Z, XU H, CHEN B, LI Y, ZHOU Q, LIU M, NI M. A direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell fueled with char from wheat straw[J]. Int Energy Res, 2018, 110.
[22] CAI W, ZHOU Q, XIE Y, LIU J, LONG G, CHENG S, LIU M. A direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell operated on a plant derived biofuel with natural catalyst[J]. Appl Energy, 2016, 179: 1232-1241.
[23] MUNNINGS C, KULKARNI A, GIDDEY S, BADWALAD S P S, Biomass to power conversion in a direct carbon fuel cell[J]. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(23): 12377-12385.
[24] 余亮, 于方永, 苑莉莉, 蔡位子, 刘江, 杨成浩, 刘美林.银基陶瓷复合电极的电性能及其在固体氧化物燃料电池中的应用[J]. 物理化学学报, 2016, 32(2): 503-509.(YU Liang, YU Fang-yong, YUAN Li-li, CAI Wei-zi, LIU Jiang, YANG Cheng-hao, LIU Mei-lin. Electrical performance of Ag-based ceramic composite electrodeds and theire application in solid oxide fuel cells[J]. Acta Phys Chim Sin, 2016, 32(2): 503-509.)
[25] KOPUSCINSKI J, RAHMAN M, GUPTA R, MIMS C A, HILL J M. K2CO3 catalyzed CO2 gasification of ash-free coal. Interactions of the catalyst with carbon in N2 and CO2 atmosphere[J]. Fuel, 2014, 117: 1181-1189.
[26] PERANDER M, DEMARTINI N, BRINK A, KRAMB J, KARLSTROM O, HEMMING J, MOILANEN A, KONTTINEN J, HUPA M. Catalytic effect of Ca and K on CO2 gasification of spruce wood char[J]. Fuel, 2015, 150: 464-472.
[27] JI Y, LU Z, ZHAO X, HE T M, SU W. Study on the properties of Al2O3-doped (ZrO2)0.92 (Y2O3)0.08 electrolyte[J]. Solid State Ionics, 1999, 126(3): 277-283.
[28] TANAKA S, UEMURA T, ISHIZAKI K-I, NAGAYOSHI K, IKENAGA N-O, OHME H, SUZUKI T, YAMASHITA H, AMPO M. CO2 gasification of iron-loaded carbons: Activation of the iron catalyst with CO[J]. Energy Fuels, 1995, 9(1): 45-52.Biochar derived from coconut as fuel for the direct carbon solid oxide fuel cellQIU Qian-yuan CHEN Qian-yang LIU Zhi-jun LIU Jiang天然的椰壳炭可用作直接炭固体氧化物燃料电池的燃料,为农业废弃物的资源化利用提供了新的技术路径。J Fuel Chem Technol, 2019, 47(3): 361-369Co-Ce共掺杂对TiO2催化剂室温可见光催化脱硝性能的影响王淑勤武金锦杜志辉