桑沟湾养殖海带生长的模型预测
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摘要
海带(Saccharinajaponica)是一种常见的大型经济褐藻,是海洋生态系统重要的初级生产者,也是我国北方沿海主要的养殖藻类。本研究旨在建立海带个体生长数值模型,并以此预测中国北方近海大规模筏式养殖条件下海带的生长情况。本研究以桑沟湾养殖海带为例,利用可视化模型软件STELLA描述海带生长的关键过程及其与环境参数的关系,以净生长量(N_(growth))=总生长量(G_(growth))–呼吸作用(resp)–枯烂(E_(kelp))为基本框架,模拟和预测海带的生物量和叶片长度变化。海带的总生长用光照、温度、盐度、海带体内营养盐(包括N和P)等强制函数定义,其中,光照参数来自桑沟湾气象记录,盐度、温度和营养盐为现场调查实测值。模型模拟桑沟湾养殖海带的长度与干重结果与实测值的拟合度R~2值分别为0.936、0.963,说明该模型能够很好反映海带的真实生长情况。可靠的个体生长模型是评估海带养殖容量的基础,并可为水产养殖区的空间规划提供决策依据。
Saccharina japonica is a major economically important brown macroalgae. It is an important primary producer in the marine ecosystem and is also cultured under long-line in coastal northern China. The aim of this work was to develop an individual growth model capable of simulating the growth of the large-scale raft-cultured kelp in the north of China. The model can provide data support,to some extent, to northern kelp farming. The key processes for kelp growth and its relationship with environmental parameters were analyzed, using the Sanggou Bay aquaculture zone as the study area. We used the visualization model software STELLA, which simulated and predicted the growth of the length and dry weight of kelp. The individual growth model basic framework was N_(growth) = G_(growth)–resp–E_(kelp),where, net growth was defined as gross growth minus respiration and erosion consumption. The gross growth of kelp was defined as a function of light, temperature, salinity, and internal nutrient(N and P)content in kelp, whereas the light parameters were obtained from the Sanggou Bay meteorological records,and salinity, temperature, and nutrient(N and P) measurements were observed at the site in Sanggou Bay.According to the model simulated results, model predictions are well within the observed results. The individual growth model simulated the length results and measured values of the kelp, with the fitting degree R~2 in the high, medium, and low zones as 0.936, whereas dry weight simulated results and measured values of the kelp had fitting degree R~2 in the high, medium, and low zones as 0.963. According to the results, the model can accurately reflect the true growth process of kelp. A reliable individual growth model is the basis for the assessment of aquaculture carrying capacity. In addition, the individual growth model may provide a scientific foundation for aquaculture spatial planning and management.
Saccharina japonica is a major economically important brown macroalgae. It is an important primary producer in the marine ecosystem and is also cultured under long-line in coastal northern China. The aim of this work was to develop an individual growth model capable of simulating the growth of the large-scale raft-cultured kelp in the north of China. The model can provide data support,to some extent, to northern kelp farming. The key processes for kelp growth and its relationship with environmental parameters were analyzed, using the Sanggou Bay aquaculture zone as the study area. We used the visualization model software STELLA, which simulated and predicted the growth of the length and dry weight of kelp. The individual growth model basic framework was N_(growth) = G_(growth)–resp–E_(kelp),where, net growth was defined as gross growth minus respiration and erosion consumption. The gross growth of kelp was defined as a function of light, temperature, salinity, and internal nutrient(N and P)content in kelp, whereas the light parameters were obtained from the Sanggou Bay meteorological records,and salinity, temperature, and nutrient(N and P) measurements were observed at the site in Sanggou Bay.According to the model simulated results, model predictions are well within the observed results. The individual growth model simulated the length results and measured values of the kelp, with the fitting degree R~2 in the high, medium, and low zones as 0.936, whereas dry weight simulated results and measured values of the kelp had fitting degree R~2 in the high, medium, and low zones as 0.963. According to the results, the model can accurately reflect the true growth process of kelp. A reliable individual growth model is the basis for the assessment of aquaculture carrying capacity. In addition, the individual growth model may provide a scientific foundation for aquaculture spatial planning and management.
引文
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EPA(Environmental Protection Agency,USA).Rates,constants,and kinetics formulations in surface water quality modeling.Research,1985:455
Ferreira JG,Ramos L.A model for the estimation of annual production rates of macrophyte algae.Aquatic Botany 1989,33(1):53-70
Ji ZQ.Study on nearshore ecological remediation of nitrogen and phosphorous pollution and bioenergy extraction from macroalgae.Master’s Thesis of Zhejiang University,2011,71-73[季仲强.近岸海域氮磷污染生态修复与大型海藻生物能源提取研究.浙江大学硕士研究生学位论文,2011,71-73]
Li JY,Murauchi Y,Ichinomiya M,et al.Seasonal changes in photosynthesis and nutrient uptake in Laminaria japonica(Laminariaceae:Phaeophyta).Aquaculture Science,2007,55:587-597
Liu JW,Hong CL,Liu HP,et al.Regional differences of large algal nutrient elements and their potential models for the restoration of ecological environment.Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2017,45(8):264-268[刘嘉伟,洪春来,刘会萍,等.大型海藻营养元素的区域性差异及其修复生态环境的潜在模式.江苏农业科学,2017,45(8):264-268]
Marianne Alunno-Bruscia,van Der Veer HW,Kooijman SALM.The Aquadeb project(phase i):Analysing the physiological flexibility of aquatic species and connecting physiological diversity to ecological and evolutionary processes by using dynamic energy budgets.Journal of Sea Research,200962(2-3):43-48
Martins I,Marques JC.A model for the growth of opportunistic macroalgae(Enteromorpha sp.)in tidal estuaries.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2002,55(2):247-257
Mizuta H,Maita Y,Yanada M.Seasonal changes of nitrogen metabolism in the sporophyte of Laminaria japonica(Phaeophyceae).Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,1994,58:2345-2350
Mizuta H,Ogawa S,Yasui H.Phosphorus requirement of the sporophyte of Laminaria japonica(Phaeophyceae).Aquatic Botany,2003,76(2):117-126
Parsons TR,Takahashi M,Hargrave B.Biological Oceanographic Processes.Oxford,1973,186pp
Radach G,and Moll A.Estimation of the variability of production by simulating annual cycles of phytoplankton in the central North Sea.Progress in Oceanog Raphy.199331(4):339-419
J?rgensen SE,et al.Ecological model foundation.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2008:158-165[扬戈逊等.生态模型基础.北京:高等教育出版社,2008:158-165]
Shen SF.Bioremedian of Laminaria japonica and the establishment of its Gametophyte Clones.Master’s Thesis of Fujian Normal University,2013,25-29[沈淑芬.海带的生物修复作用及无性繁殖系的建立.福建师范大学硕士研究生学位论文,2013,25-29]
Sies H.Strategies of antioxidant defense.European Journal of Biochemistry,1993,215(2):213-219
Solidoro C,Pecenik G,Pastres R,et al.Modelling macroalgae(Ulva rigida)in the Venice lagoon:Model structure identification and first parameters estimation.Ecological Modelling,1997,94(2-3):191-206
Steele JH.Environmental control of photosynthesis in the sea.Limnology and Oceanography,1962,7(2):137-150
Suzuki S,Furuya K,Kawai T,et al.Effect of seawater temperature on the productivity of Laminaria japonica in the Uwa Sea,southern Japan.Journal of Applied Phycology,2008,20(5):833-844
Wang H,Li LY.The development of algae growth model based on hydrodynamics in small and medium-sized reservoir and the simulation studies on the on the algae blooms.Energy Environmental Protection,2012,26(1):21-25[汪浩,李玲燕.基于水动力学的中小水库藻类生长模型及蓝藻暴发的模拟.能源环境保护,2012,26(1):21-25]
Wang WL.Determination of ammonia nitrogen in water by nessler's reagent colorimetric method.Environmental Monitoring in China,2009,25(1):29-32[王文雷.纳氏试剂比色法测定水体中氨氮影响因素的探讨.中国环境监测,2009,25(1):29-32]
Wu RJ,Zhang XL,Zhu MY,et al.A model for the growth of Haidai(Laminaria Japonica)in aquaculture.Marine Science Bullentin,2009,28(2):34-40[吴荣军,张学雷,朱明远,等.养殖海带的生长模型研究.海洋通报,2009,28(2):34-40]
Yao HQ.Biological characteristics of a new Saccharina“Haitian No.1”.Master’s Thesis of Shanghai Ocean University,2016,11-15[姚海芹.“海天1号”海带新品系生物学特征的研究.上海海洋大学硕士研究生学位论文,2016,11-15]
Zeng CK,Wu CY,Ren GZ.The influence of temperature on the growth and development of the Haidai(Laminaria Japonica)gametophytes.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,1962,4(l):22-28[曾呈奎,吴超元,任国忠.温度对海带配子体的生长发育的影响.海洋与湖沼,1962,4(l):22-28]
Zhang DM,Liao GR,Yang QM.Research on the relationship between the coastal current and Laminaria japonica raisingⅡ:an experiment of comparsion between the current speed and Laminaria japonica growth.Journal of Shandong College of Oceanology Natural science,1982(3):73-79[张定民,缪国荣,杨清明.沿岸流与海带养殖关系的研究Ⅱ:流速对海带生长的影响.山东海洋学院学报(自然科学版),1982(3):73-79]
Zhang JH,Wu W,Ren JS,et al.A model for the growth of mariculture kelp Saccharina japonica in Sanggou Bay,China.Aquaculture Environment Interactions,2016,8:273-283
Zhang QX.Relationship between kelp growth and light.China Fisheries,1994(6):34-35[张起信.海带生长与光照的关系.中国水产,1994(6):34-35]
Zhang WX.Sanggou Bay mariculture.Beijing:Ocean Press.1992:59-68[张为先.桑沟湾增养殖.北京:海洋出版社.1992:59-68]
Duarte P,Meneses R,Hawkins AJS,et al.Mathematical modelling to assess the carrying capacity for multi-species culture within coastal waters.Ecological Modelling,2003,168(1):109-143
EPA(Environmental Protection Agency,USA).Rates,constants,and kinetics formulations in surface water quality modeling.Research,1985:455
Ferreira JG,Ramos L.A model for the estimation of annual production rates of macrophyte algae.Aquatic Botany 1989,33(1):53-70
Ji ZQ.Study on nearshore ecological remediation of nitrogen and phosphorous pollution and bioenergy extraction from macroalgae.Master’s Thesis of Zhejiang University,2011,71-73[季仲强.近岸海域氮磷污染生态修复与大型海藻生物能源提取研究.浙江大学硕士研究生学位论文,2011,71-73]
Li JY,Murauchi Y,Ichinomiya M,et al.Seasonal changes in photosynthesis and nutrient uptake in Laminaria japonica(Laminariaceae:Phaeophyta).Aquaculture Science,2007,55:587-597
Liu JW,Hong CL,Liu HP,et al.Regional differences of large algal nutrient elements and their potential models for the restoration of ecological environment.Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2017,45(8):264-268[刘嘉伟,洪春来,刘会萍,等.大型海藻营养元素的区域性差异及其修复生态环境的潜在模式.江苏农业科学,2017,45(8):264-268]
Marianne Alunno-Bruscia,van Der Veer HW,Kooijman SALM.The Aquadeb project(phase i):Analysing the physiological flexibility of aquatic species and connecting physiological diversity to ecological and evolutionary processes by using dynamic energy budgets.Journal of Sea Research,200962(2-3):43-48
Martins I,Marques JC.A model for the growth of opportunistic macroalgae(Enteromorpha sp.)in tidal estuaries.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2002,55(2):247-257
Mizuta H,Maita Y,Yanada M.Seasonal changes of nitrogen metabolism in the sporophyte of Laminaria japonica(Phaeophyceae).Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi,1994,58:2345-2350
Mizuta H,Ogawa S,Yasui H.Phosphorus requirement of the sporophyte of Laminaria japonica(Phaeophyceae).Aquatic Botany,2003,76(2):117-126
Parsons TR,Takahashi M,Hargrave B.Biological Oceanographic Processes.Oxford,1973,186pp
Radach G,and Moll A.Estimation of the variability of production by simulating annual cycles of phytoplankton in the central North Sea.Progress in Oceanog Raphy.199331(4):339-419
J?rgensen SE,et al.Ecological model foundation.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2008:158-165[扬戈逊等.生态模型基础.北京:高等教育出版社,2008:158-165]
Shen SF.Bioremedian of Laminaria japonica and the establishment of its Gametophyte Clones.Master’s Thesis of Fujian Normal University,2013,25-29[沈淑芬.海带的生物修复作用及无性繁殖系的建立.福建师范大学硕士研究生学位论文,2013,25-29]
Sies H.Strategies of antioxidant defense.European Journal of Biochemistry,1993,215(2):213-219
Solidoro C,Pecenik G,Pastres R,et al.Modelling macroalgae(Ulva rigida)in the Venice lagoon:Model structure identification and first parameters estimation.Ecological Modelling,1997,94(2-3):191-206
Steele JH.Environmental control of photosynthesis in the sea.Limnology and Oceanography,1962,7(2):137-150
Suzuki S,Furuya K,Kawai T,et al.Effect of seawater temperature on the productivity of Laminaria japonica in the Uwa Sea,southern Japan.Journal of Applied Phycology,2008,20(5):833-844
Wang H,Li LY.The development of algae growth model based on hydrodynamics in small and medium-sized reservoir and the simulation studies on the on the algae blooms.Energy Environmental Protection,2012,26(1):21-25[汪浩,李玲燕.基于水动力学的中小水库藻类生长模型及蓝藻暴发的模拟.能源环境保护,2012,26(1):21-25]
Wang WL.Determination of ammonia nitrogen in water by nessler's reagent colorimetric method.Environmental Monitoring in China,2009,25(1):29-32[王文雷.纳氏试剂比色法测定水体中氨氮影响因素的探讨.中国环境监测,2009,25(1):29-32]
Wu RJ,Zhang XL,Zhu MY,et al.A model for the growth of Haidai(Laminaria Japonica)in aquaculture.Marine Science Bullentin,2009,28(2):34-40[吴荣军,张学雷,朱明远,等.养殖海带的生长模型研究.海洋通报,2009,28(2):34-40]
Yao HQ.Biological characteristics of a new Saccharina“Haitian No.1”.Master’s Thesis of Shanghai Ocean University,2016,11-15[姚海芹.“海天1号”海带新品系生物学特征的研究.上海海洋大学硕士研究生学位论文,2016,11-15]
Zeng CK,Wu CY,Ren GZ.The influence of temperature on the growth and development of the Haidai(Laminaria Japonica)gametophytes.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,1962,4(l):22-28[曾呈奎,吴超元,任国忠.温度对海带配子体的生长发育的影响.海洋与湖沼,1962,4(l):22-28]
Zhang DM,Liao GR,Yang QM.Research on the relationship between the coastal current and Laminaria japonica raisingⅡ:an experiment of comparsion between the current speed and Laminaria japonica growth.Journal of Shandong College of Oceanology Natural science,1982(3):73-79[张定民,缪国荣,杨清明.沿岸流与海带养殖关系的研究Ⅱ:流速对海带生长的影响.山东海洋学院学报(自然科学版),1982(3):73-79]
Zhang JH,Wu W,Ren JS,et al.A model for the growth of mariculture kelp Saccharina japonica in Sanggou Bay,China.Aquaculture Environment Interactions,2016,8:273-283
Zhang QX.Relationship between kelp growth and light.China Fisheries,1994(6):34-35[张起信.海带生长与光照的关系.中国水产,1994(6):34-35]
Zhang WX.Sanggou Bay mariculture.Beijing:Ocean Press.1992:59-68[张为先.桑沟湾增养殖.北京:海洋出版社.1992:59-68]