控释氮肥减量配施对土壤氨挥发和N_2O排放的影响
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摘要
施用控释氮肥是提高氮素利用效率、减少氮素损失的重要途径.为研究聚合物包膜氮肥与普通尿素配比减量施用对旱作棕壤氨挥发和N_2O排放的影响,利用15N同位素标记技术,通过5个不同氮肥施用量处理,分析施肥后土壤的氨挥发和N_2O排放规律以及玉米的当季氮肥利用率.结果表明:(1)土壤氨挥发主要出现在施肥后的前2周,普通尿素氨挥发速率最大可达4. 04kg/(hm~2·d),最大值出现在施肥后第7天,施用配比包膜氮肥氨挥发峰值出现时间比普通尿素延迟2 d,且氨挥发总量明显降低,为2. 15 kg/(hm~2·d).(2)对于各处理下的氨挥发总量,无氮处理(CK)为3. 69 kg/hm~2,常规尿素处理(NU)为18. 64 kg/hm~2,配比控释氮肥处理(PU1)为9. 39 kg/hm~2,减量配比控释氮肥处理(PU2)为6. 44 kg/hm~2,再减量配比控释氮肥处理(PU3)为5. 02kg/hm~2.(3)N_2O排放规律呈现先平稳后升高的趋势,较高的N_2O排放通量集中在施肥后的55～91 d之间. N_2O排放峰值最高的是常规尿素处理,在施肥后第79天出现,达到0. 299 mg/(m~2·h),施用配比包膜氮肥N_2O排放峰值均低于常规尿素处理.(4)施用配比包膜氮肥玉米产量高于普通尿素处理,减量配比包膜氮肥不会降低玉米产量.(5)土壤氨挥发总量与施氮量呈显著正相关.施用配比包膜氮肥相比于普通尿素可显著减少土壤氨挥发,减量配施氮肥相比于全量施肥可显著减少土壤氨挥发.因此,施用配比包膜氮肥,可在保证粮食产量的前提下减少氮肥投入,降低氮肥的气态损失,从而降低环境风险.
The application of controlled-release of nitrogen fertilizer is an important method for reducing nitrogen loss and increasing nitrogen use efficiency. But reducing the gaseous nitrogen losses by mixing the coated urea with normal urea requires further exploration. In our study,pot experiments with five different nitrogen rates treatments were conducted to demonstrate the characteristics of ammonia volatilization and nitrogen oxide emissions from rainfed brown soil treated with a reduced application of blending fertilizer of polymer-coated urea and normal urea. The15 N isotope labeling technique was used in the experiments to estimate nitrogen use efficiency of maize. The results showed that:( 1) Ammonia volatilization mainly occurred in the first two weeks after fertilization. The peak of ammonia volatilization of normal urea treatment reached 4. 04 kg/( hm~2·d) on the 7thday after fertilization.( 2) Compared with the normal urea treatment,the peak of ammonia volatilization was delayed 2 days by the application of blending fertilizer of polymer-coated urea and normal urea. The peak value of ammonia volatilization was also decreased by 2. 15 kg/( hm~2·d). The total ammonia volatilization for treatments of zero nitrogen fertilizer( CK),normal urea( NU),blending controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer with urea( PU1),reducedapplication of PU1( PU2) and reduced application of PU2( PU3) were 3. 69,18. 64,9. 39,6. 44,5. 02 kg/hm~2,respectively.(3) Nitrous oxide emission exhibited a trend of leveling off followed by ascending. The higher values of nitrous oxide emission flux occurred between 55 and 91 days after fertilization. The peak value of nitrous oxide emission flux for the NU treatment was the highest(0. 299 mg/(m~2·h)),which occurred on the 79 thday after fertilization. The peak values of N_2 O emission for all blending coated and uncoated urea treatments were lower than that of NU treatment.(4) The maize yields of blending urea treatments were higher than that of normal urea treatment. Moreover,the reduced application of the blending coated and the uncoated urea did not decrease the maize yield.(5) Ammonia volatilization showed a positive correlation with nitrogen rate. The equal or reduced application of blending coated and uncoated urea significantly decreased ammonia volatilization of normal urea. Therefore,blending polymer-coated urea with normal urea could reduce the amount of fertilizer application,decrease nitrous oxide emission,and alleviate environment risk. Simultaneously,blending polymer-coated urea with normal urea could guarantee food production.
The application of controlled-release of nitrogen fertilizer is an important method for reducing nitrogen loss and increasing nitrogen use efficiency. But reducing the gaseous nitrogen losses by mixing the coated urea with normal urea requires further exploration. In our study,pot experiments with five different nitrogen rates treatments were conducted to demonstrate the characteristics of ammonia volatilization and nitrogen oxide emissions from rainfed brown soil treated with a reduced application of blending fertilizer of polymer-coated urea and normal urea. The15 N isotope labeling technique was used in the experiments to estimate nitrogen use efficiency of maize. The results showed that:( 1) Ammonia volatilization mainly occurred in the first two weeks after fertilization. The peak of ammonia volatilization of normal urea treatment reached 4. 04 kg/( hm~2·d) on the 7thday after fertilization.( 2) Compared with the normal urea treatment,the peak of ammonia volatilization was delayed 2 days by the application of blending fertilizer of polymer-coated urea and normal urea. The peak value of ammonia volatilization was also decreased by 2. 15 kg/( hm~2·d). The total ammonia volatilization for treatments of zero nitrogen fertilizer( CK),normal urea( NU),blending controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer with urea( PU1),reducedapplication of PU1( PU2) and reduced application of PU2( PU3) were 3. 69,18. 64,9. 39,6. 44,5. 02 kg/hm~2,respectively.(3) Nitrous oxide emission exhibited a trend of leveling off followed by ascending. The higher values of nitrous oxide emission flux occurred between 55 and 91 days after fertilization. The peak value of nitrous oxide emission flux for the NU treatment was the highest(0. 299 mg/(m~2·h)),which occurred on the 79 thday after fertilization. The peak values of N_2 O emission for all blending coated and uncoated urea treatments were lower than that of NU treatment.(4) The maize yields of blending urea treatments were higher than that of normal urea treatment. Moreover,the reduced application of the blending coated and the uncoated urea did not decrease the maize yield.(5) Ammonia volatilization showed a positive correlation with nitrogen rate. The equal or reduced application of blending coated and uncoated urea significantly decreased ammonia volatilization of normal urea. Therefore,blending polymer-coated urea with normal urea could reduce the amount of fertilizer application,decrease nitrous oxide emission,and alleviate environment risk. Simultaneously,blending polymer-coated urea with normal urea could guarantee food production.
引文
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[8] MANDAL S,THANGARAJAN R,BOLAN N S,et al. Biocharinduced concomitant decrease in ammonia volatilization and increase in nitrogen use efficiency by wheat[J]. Chemosphere,2016,142:120-127.
[9] SUN Haijun,ZHANG Hailin,MIN Ju,et al. Controlled-release fertilizer, floating duckweed, and biochar affect ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission from rice paddy fields irrigated wit[J].Paddy and Water Environment,2016,14:105-111.
[10] AR R,JS D,RW P. Nitrous oxide(N2O):the dominant ozonedepleting substance emitted in the 21stcentury[J].Science,2009,326(5949):123-125.
[11] SYAKILA A,KROEZE C.The global nitrous oxide budget revisited[J]. Greenhouse Gas Measurement&Management,2011,1(1):17-26.
[12] ZHANG Afeng,CUI Liqiang,PAN Gengxing,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on yield and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice paddy from Tai Lake plain,China[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2010,139(4):469-475.
[13] NELE A,PETER M,STEFAAN D N,et al. Biochar-induced N2O emission reductions after field incorporation in a loam soil[J].Geoderma,2016,267:10-16.
[14] SAARNIO S,HEIMONEN K,KETTUNEN R. Biochar addition indirectly affects N2O emissions via soil moisture and plant N uptake[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2013,58:99-106.
[15] HALVORSON A D,SNYDER C S,BLAYLOCK A D,et al.Enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers:potential role in nitrous oxide emission mitigation[J]. Agronomy Journal,2014,106(2):715-722.
[16] AKIYAMA H,YAN X,YAGI K. Evaluation of effectiveness of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers as mitigation options for N2O and NO emissions from agricultural soils:meta-analysis[J]. Global Change Biology,2010,16(6):1837-1846.
[17] GRANT C A,WU R,SELLES F,et al. Crop yield and nitrogen concentration with controlled release urea and split applications of nitrogen as compared to non-coated urea applied at seeding[J].Field Crops Research,2012,127(1):170-180.
[18] KELLYA N,SARAM P,PETERP M.Effect of polymer coated urea,irrigation,and drainage on nitrogen utilization and yield of corn in a claypan soil[J].Agronomy Journal,2009,101(3):681-687.
[19] HALVORSON A D,GROSSO S J D,ALLUVIONE F. Tillage and inorganic nitrogen source effects on nitrous oxide emissions from irrigated cropping systems[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2010,74(2):436-445.
[20] HYATT C R,VENTEREA R T,ROSEN C J,et al.Polymer-coated urea maintains potato yields and reduces nitrous oxide emissions in a Minnesota loamy sand.[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2010,74(2):419-428.
[21] CHEN Songling,YANG Ming,BA Chuang,et al. Preparation and characterization of slow-release fertilizer encapsulated by biocharbased waterborne copolymers[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018(615):431-437.
[22]王朝辉,刘学军,巨晓棠,等.北方冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤氨挥发的原位测定[J].生态学报,2002,8(2):205-209.WANG Zhaohui,LIU Xuejun,JU Xiaotang,et al. Field in situ determination of ammonia volatilization from soil:venting method[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2002,8(2):205-209.
[23] BOLAN N S,SAGGAR S,LUO J,et al. Gaseous emissions of nitrogen from grazed pastures:processes,measurements and modelling,environmental implications,and mitigation[J].Advances in Agronomy,2004,84:37-120.
[24] SOARES J R,CANTARELLA H,MLDC M.Ammonia volatilization losses from surface-applied urea with urease and nitrification inhibitors[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2012,52(8):82-89.
[25]周丽平,杨俐苹,白由路,等.不同氮肥缓释化处理对夏玉米田间氨挥发和氮素利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(6):1449-1457.ZHOU Liping,YANG Liping,BAI Youlu,et al. Comparison of several slow-released nitrogen fertilizers in ammonia volatilization and nitrogen utilization in summer maize field[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(6):1449-1457.
[26] LI Pengfei,LU Jianwei,HOU Wenfeng,et al. Reducing nitrogen losses through ammonia volatilization and surface runoff to improve apparent nitrogen recovery of double cropping of late rice using controlled release urea[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(12):11722-11733.
[27] MA B L,WU T Y,TREMBLAY N,et al.On-farm assessment of the amount and timing of nitrogen fertilizer on ammonia volatilization[J].Agronomy Journal,2010,102(1):134-144.
[28] SAGGAR S,ANDREW R M,TATE K R,et al. Modelling nitrous oxide emissions from dairy-grazed pastures[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2004,68(3):243-255.
[29]朱晓旭.生物质炭包膜控释尿素的制备及性能研究[D].长春:吉林农业大学,2016.
[30] HAYAKAWA A,AKIYAMA H,SUDO S,et al. N2O and NO emissions from an Andisol field as influenced by pelleted poultry manure[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2009,41(3):521-529.
[31] SAGGAR S,HEDLEY C B,GILTRAP D L,et al. Measured and modeled estimates of nitrous oxide emission and methane consumption from a sheep-grazed pasture[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2007,122(3):357-365.
[32] CASE S D C,MCNAMARA N P,REAY D S,et al. Biochar suppresses N2O emissions while maintaining N availability in a sandy loam soil[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2015,81:178-185.
[33] HARTMANN T E,YUE S,SCHULZ R,et al. Yield and N use efficiency of a maize-wheat cropping system as affected by different fertilizer management strategies in a farmer's field of the North China Plain[J].Field Crops Research,2015,174:30-39.
[34] ZHENG Wenkui,SUI Changling,LIU Zhiguang,et al. Long-term effects of controlled-release urea on crop yields and soil fertility under wheat-corn double cropping systems[J]. Agronomy Journal,2016,108(4):1703-1716.
[35] JU Xiaotang,XING Guangxi,CHEN Xinping,et al. Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(9):3041-3046.
[2] SMIL V.Nitrogen in crop production:an account of global flows[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1999,13(2):647-662.
[3] SUN B,ZHANG L,YANG L,et al. Agricultural non-point source pollution in China:causes and mitigation measures[J]. Ambio,2012,41(4):370-379.
[4] KHALIL M I,GILKES R J,PRAKONGKEP N. Physical and chemical manipulation of urea fertilizer for reducing the emission of gaseous nitrogen species[C]//IUSS. 19thWorld Congress of Soil Science:soil solutions for a changing world. Brisbane,Australia:IUSS,2010:195-198.
[5] BOUWMAN A F,BOUMANS L,BATJES N H.Estimation of global NH3volatilization loss from synthetic fertilizers and animal manure applied to arable lands and grasslands[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2002.doi:10. 1029/2000GB001389.
[6] PAN B,LAM S K,MOSIER A,et al. Ammonia volatilization from synthetic fertilizers and its mitigation strategies:a global synthesis[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2016,232:283-289.
[7] HUANG Xin,SONG Yu,LI Mengmeng,et al. A high-resolution ammonia emission inventory in China[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2012,26(1):1-14.
[8] MANDAL S,THANGARAJAN R,BOLAN N S,et al. Biocharinduced concomitant decrease in ammonia volatilization and increase in nitrogen use efficiency by wheat[J]. Chemosphere,2016,142:120-127.
[9] SUN Haijun,ZHANG Hailin,MIN Ju,et al. Controlled-release fertilizer, floating duckweed, and biochar affect ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission from rice paddy fields irrigated wit[J].Paddy and Water Environment,2016,14:105-111.
[10] AR R,JS D,RW P. Nitrous oxide(N2O):the dominant ozonedepleting substance emitted in the 21stcentury[J].Science,2009,326(5949):123-125.
[11] SYAKILA A,KROEZE C.The global nitrous oxide budget revisited[J]. Greenhouse Gas Measurement&Management,2011,1(1):17-26.
[12] ZHANG Afeng,CUI Liqiang,PAN Gengxing,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on yield and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice paddy from Tai Lake plain,China[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2010,139(4):469-475.
[13] NELE A,PETER M,STEFAAN D N,et al. Biochar-induced N2O emission reductions after field incorporation in a loam soil[J].Geoderma,2016,267:10-16.
[14] SAARNIO S,HEIMONEN K,KETTUNEN R. Biochar addition indirectly affects N2O emissions via soil moisture and plant N uptake[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2013,58:99-106.
[15] HALVORSON A D,SNYDER C S,BLAYLOCK A D,et al.Enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers:potential role in nitrous oxide emission mitigation[J]. Agronomy Journal,2014,106(2):715-722.
[16] AKIYAMA H,YAN X,YAGI K. Evaluation of effectiveness of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers as mitigation options for N2O and NO emissions from agricultural soils:meta-analysis[J]. Global Change Biology,2010,16(6):1837-1846.
[17] GRANT C A,WU R,SELLES F,et al. Crop yield and nitrogen concentration with controlled release urea and split applications of nitrogen as compared to non-coated urea applied at seeding[J].Field Crops Research,2012,127(1):170-180.
[18] KELLYA N,SARAM P,PETERP M.Effect of polymer coated urea,irrigation,and drainage on nitrogen utilization and yield of corn in a claypan soil[J].Agronomy Journal,2009,101(3):681-687.
[19] HALVORSON A D,GROSSO S J D,ALLUVIONE F. Tillage and inorganic nitrogen source effects on nitrous oxide emissions from irrigated cropping systems[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2010,74(2):436-445.
[20] HYATT C R,VENTEREA R T,ROSEN C J,et al.Polymer-coated urea maintains potato yields and reduces nitrous oxide emissions in a Minnesota loamy sand.[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2010,74(2):419-428.
[21] CHEN Songling,YANG Ming,BA Chuang,et al. Preparation and characterization of slow-release fertilizer encapsulated by biocharbased waterborne copolymers[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018(615):431-437.
[22]王朝辉,刘学军,巨晓棠,等.北方冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤氨挥发的原位测定[J].生态学报,2002,8(2):205-209.WANG Zhaohui,LIU Xuejun,JU Xiaotang,et al. Field in situ determination of ammonia volatilization from soil:venting method[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2002,8(2):205-209.
[23] BOLAN N S,SAGGAR S,LUO J,et al. Gaseous emissions of nitrogen from grazed pastures:processes,measurements and modelling,environmental implications,and mitigation[J].Advances in Agronomy,2004,84:37-120.
[24] SOARES J R,CANTARELLA H,MLDC M.Ammonia volatilization losses from surface-applied urea with urease and nitrification inhibitors[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2012,52(8):82-89.
[25]周丽平,杨俐苹,白由路,等.不同氮肥缓释化处理对夏玉米田间氨挥发和氮素利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(6):1449-1457.ZHOU Liping,YANG Liping,BAI Youlu,et al. Comparison of several slow-released nitrogen fertilizers in ammonia volatilization and nitrogen utilization in summer maize field[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(6):1449-1457.
[26] LI Pengfei,LU Jianwei,HOU Wenfeng,et al. Reducing nitrogen losses through ammonia volatilization and surface runoff to improve apparent nitrogen recovery of double cropping of late rice using controlled release urea[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(12):11722-11733.
[27] MA B L,WU T Y,TREMBLAY N,et al.On-farm assessment of the amount and timing of nitrogen fertilizer on ammonia volatilization[J].Agronomy Journal,2010,102(1):134-144.
[28] SAGGAR S,ANDREW R M,TATE K R,et al. Modelling nitrous oxide emissions from dairy-grazed pastures[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2004,68(3):243-255.
[29]朱晓旭.生物质炭包膜控释尿素的制备及性能研究[D].长春:吉林农业大学,2016.
[30] HAYAKAWA A,AKIYAMA H,SUDO S,et al. N2O and NO emissions from an Andisol field as influenced by pelleted poultry manure[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2009,41(3):521-529.
[31] SAGGAR S,HEDLEY C B,GILTRAP D L,et al. Measured and modeled estimates of nitrous oxide emission and methane consumption from a sheep-grazed pasture[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2007,122(3):357-365.
[32] CASE S D C,MCNAMARA N P,REAY D S,et al. Biochar suppresses N2O emissions while maintaining N availability in a sandy loam soil[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2015,81:178-185.
[33] HARTMANN T E,YUE S,SCHULZ R,et al. Yield and N use efficiency of a maize-wheat cropping system as affected by different fertilizer management strategies in a farmer's field of the North China Plain[J].Field Crops Research,2015,174:30-39.
[34] ZHENG Wenkui,SUI Changling,LIU Zhiguang,et al. Long-term effects of controlled-release urea on crop yields and soil fertility under wheat-corn double cropping systems[J]. Agronomy Journal,2016,108(4):1703-1716.
[35] JU Xiaotang,XING Guangxi,CHEN Xinping,et al. Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(9):3041-3046.